Anatomical Locations (anatomical + locations)

Distribution by Scientific Domains


Selected Abstracts


Pain and Anatomical Locations of Radiofrequency Ablation as Predictors of Esophageal Temperature Rise During Pulmonary Vein Isolation

JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 1 2008
ARASH ARYANA M.D.
Introduction: Esophageal temperature rise (ETR) during ablation inside left atrium has been reported as a marker for esophageal thermal injury. We sought to investigate the possible relationships between chest pain and ETR during radiofrequency (RF) ablation, and ETR and locations of RF application, in patients undergoing pulmonary vein (PV) isolation under moderate sedation. Methods and Results: We analyzed anatomical locations of each RF application and its association with esophageal temperature and presence/absence of pain. Data from 40 consecutive patients (mean age: 56 ± 10 years) were analyzed. There were a total of 4,071 RF applications resulting in 291 episodes of pain (7.1%) and 223 ETRs (5.5%). Thirty-five patients (87.5%) experienced at least one pain episode and 32 (80.0%) had at least one ETR. While 77.4% of posterior wall applications that caused pain also corresponded to an ETR (P < 0.0001), only 0.8% of pain-free posterior wall applications were associated with ETRs (P < 0.0001). The sensitivity and specificity of pain during ablation for ETR were 94% and 98%, respectively. No ETRs were observed during anterior wall applications. ETRs occurred more frequently during ablation on the left (86.1%) versus the right (13.9%), and in inferior (70.4%) versus superior (29.6%) segments. Conclusion: In patients undergoing PV isolation, ETR was encountered when ablating in the posterior left atrium with the distribution left > right and inferior > superior. Pain during ablation was associated with ETR, and lack of pain was strongly associated with absence of ETR. Pain during RF ablation may thus serve as a predictor of esophageal heating and potential injury. [source]


Group-level variations in motor representation areas of thenar and anterior tibial muscles: Navigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Study

HUMAN BRAIN MAPPING, Issue 8 2010
Eini Niskanen
Abstract Navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can be used to stimulate functional cortical areas at precise anatomical location to induce measurable responses. The stimulation has commonly been focused on anatomically predefined motor areas: TMS of that area elicits a measurable muscle response, the motor evoked potential. In clinical pathologies, however, the well-known homunculus somatotopy theory may not be straightforward, and the representation area of the muscle is not fixed. Traditionally, the anatomical locations of TMS stimulations have not been reported at the group level in standard space. This study describes a methodology for group-level analysis by investigating the normal representation areas of thenar and anterior tibial muscle in the primary motor cortex. The optimal representation area for these muscles was mapped in 59 healthy right-handed subjects using navigated TMS. The coordinates of the optimal stimulation sites were then normalized into standard space to determine the representation areas of these muscles at the group-level in healthy subjects. Furthermore, 95% confidence interval ellipsoids were fitted into the optimal stimulation site clusters to define the variation between subjects in optimal stimulation sites. The variation was found to be highest in the anteroposterior direction along the superior margin of the precentral gyrus. These results provide important normative information for clinical studies assessing changes in the functional cortical areas because of plasticity of the brain. Furthermore, it is proposed that the presented methodology to study TMS locations at the group level on standard space will be a suitable tool for research purposes in population studies. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]


Pain and Anatomical Locations of Radiofrequency Ablation as Predictors of Esophageal Temperature Rise During Pulmonary Vein Isolation

JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 1 2008
ARASH ARYANA M.D.
Introduction: Esophageal temperature rise (ETR) during ablation inside left atrium has been reported as a marker for esophageal thermal injury. We sought to investigate the possible relationships between chest pain and ETR during radiofrequency (RF) ablation, and ETR and locations of RF application, in patients undergoing pulmonary vein (PV) isolation under moderate sedation. Methods and Results: We analyzed anatomical locations of each RF application and its association with esophageal temperature and presence/absence of pain. Data from 40 consecutive patients (mean age: 56 ± 10 years) were analyzed. There were a total of 4,071 RF applications resulting in 291 episodes of pain (7.1%) and 223 ETRs (5.5%). Thirty-five patients (87.5%) experienced at least one pain episode and 32 (80.0%) had at least one ETR. While 77.4% of posterior wall applications that caused pain also corresponded to an ETR (P < 0.0001), only 0.8% of pain-free posterior wall applications were associated with ETRs (P < 0.0001). The sensitivity and specificity of pain during ablation for ETR were 94% and 98%, respectively. No ETRs were observed during anterior wall applications. ETRs occurred more frequently during ablation on the left (86.1%) versus the right (13.9%), and in inferior (70.4%) versus superior (29.6%) segments. Conclusion: In patients undergoing PV isolation, ETR was encountered when ablating in the posterior left atrium with the distribution left > right and inferior > superior. Pain during ablation was associated with ETR, and lack of pain was strongly associated with absence of ETR. Pain during RF ablation may thus serve as a predictor of esophageal heating and potential injury. [source]


Facial Soft Tissue Thicknesses in Australian Adult Cadavers,

JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES, Issue 1 2006
Monica Domaracki B.Sc.
ABSTRACT: Craniofacial identification methods heavily rely on the knowledge of average soft tissue depths. This study measured soft tissue thicknesses of an Australian cadaver sample (N=33) using published needle puncture techniques at 13 anatomical locations. Data were compared and contrasted with other studies that used essentially identical samples and methods. Full descriptive statistics were calculated for measurements made in this study and means, medians, and modes were reported. Differences between mean values for males and females were found to be minimal (2.2 mm or less) and considerable overlap was found between the groups. There were no statistically significant differences between the soft tissue depths of the sexes (P>0.05). These findings indicate that differences between male and female soft tissue depths are of little practical significance for craniofacial identification and, therefore, data (means, standard deviations, and sample sizes) reported for Australians were pooled across the sexes and the studies. Although these new pooled means have increased statistical power, data distributions at some landmarks were skewed and thus emphasis is placed on median and modes reported for this study rather than upon the collapsed data means. [source]


Viscosity and emulsifying capacity in pota and octopus muscle during frozen storage

JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 11 2003
C Ruiz-Capillas
Abstract The functional quality of pota and octopus muscle during frozen storage for up to 12 months was evaluated periodically by determining viscosity and emulsifying capacity levels. In both species the effect on different anatomical locations (mantle and arms) in mature and young male and female individuals was studied. Apparent viscosity and emulsifying capacity levels were greater in octopus than in pota. While in pota a sharp decrease was observed in viscosity levels, falling to virtually nil, viscosity levels in octopus increased in the first 2 months and only slight decreases were observed at the end of storage. The change in emulsifying capacity, however, was quite similar in the two species, with not very sharp decreases. According to these results, emulsifying capacity measurement could be a suitable technique for showing the changes that occur in the muscle proteins of these species when they are stored frozen. No differences were observed by sex, but there were differences depending on the stage of maturity and anatomical location. Thus pota and octopus mantles present greater stability in frozen storage than the arms, and there is a tendency, although not always significant, that the mantles of young pota and octopus specimens are more stable in frozen storage than the mantles of adult individuals. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry [source]


Pain management in horses and farm animals

JOURNAL OF VETERINARY EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE, Issue 4 2005
Alexander Valverde DVM, DACVA
Abstract Objective: This review discusses the different analgesic drugs and routes of administration used in large animals for acute pain management. General guidelines and doses are given to assist in choosing techniques that provide effective analgesia. Etiology: Noxious stimuli are perceived, recognized, and localized by specialized sensory systems located at spinal and supraspinal levels. Diagnosis: Localizing the source of the noxious stimulus as well as understanding the behavioral aspects and physiological changes that result from such insult is important to adequately diagnose and treat pain. Pain assessment is far from being definite and objective; not only are there species differences, but also individual variation. In addition, the behavioral and physiological manifestations vary with the acute or chronic nature of pain. Therapy: Pain management should include (1) selecting drugs that better control the type of pain elicited by the insult; (2) selecting techniques of analgesic drug administration that act on pathways or anatomical locations where the nociceptive information is being processed or originating from; (3) combining analgesic drugs that act on different pain pathways; and (4) provide the best possible comfort for the animal. Prognosis: Providing pain relief improves the animal's well being and outcome; however, interpreting and diagnosing pain remains difficult. Continuing research in pain management will contribute to the evaluation of the pathophysiology of pain, pain assessment, and newer analgesic drugs and techniques. [source]


Blubber testosterone: A potential marker of male reproductive status in short-beaked common dolphins

MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, Issue 3 2009
Nicholas M. Kellar
Abstract A novel molecular technique was used to measure blubber testosterone (BT) in 114 male short-beaked common dolphins, Delphinus delphis, collected from incidental fishery bycatch and strandings. When these concentrations were compared across maturity states, the mean (± SEM) BT levels of mature D. delphis (14.3 ± 3.0 ng/g) were significantly higher than those of pubertal (2.5 ± 0.5 ng/g, P= 0.006) and immature animals (2.2 ± 0.3 ng/g, P < 0.0001). BT concentrations in mature males were significantly higher in summer months (53.9 ± 2.0 ng/g) than during the rest of the year (7.9 ± 0.69 ng/g, P < 0.0001), indicating reproductive seasonality. An analysis of BT in different anatomical locations showed that hormone concentrations were not homogenous throughout the body; the levels in the dorsal fin were significantly lower than in most other areas (F= 5.39, P= 0.043). Conversely, we found no significant differences in BT concentration with respect to subepidermal depth (F= 2.09, P= 0.146). Finally, testosterone levels in biopsies from 138 free-swimming male D. delphis, of unknown maturity state, sampled off California were found to be of concentrations similar to those from the fishery bycatch and stranding samples and revealed an analogous trend with respect to ordinal date. [source]


Age estimation from stages of union of the vertebral epiphyses of the ribs

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 2 2009
Luis Ríos
Abstract This study attempts to fill a persistent gap in the literature by documenting the timing of epiphyseal union at the vertebral end of the ribs in a sample of modern Portuguese skeletons. The skeletal remains of 53 females and 45 males, between the ages of 11 and 30, were taken from the Lisbon documented skeletal collection. Individuals in the sample have been previously described as being representative of a middle-to-low socioeconomic segment of the early 20th century Lisbon population. Three anatomical locations were examined for epiphyseal union: the head, the articular tubercle and the nonarticular tubercle. The first epiphysis to show partial union is that of the nonarticular tubercle (females, 11,19 years; males, 11,19 years), followed by the epiphysis of the articular tubercle (females, 11,20 years; males, 16,20 years), and finally by the head epiphysis (females, 15,24 years; males, 16,22 years), which can still show incomplete epiphyseal closure at 25 and 24 years for females and males, respectively. A trend for earlier female maturation was observed, but the statistical tests only confirmed this result for some ribs and age groups. No directional asymmetry was found, but a significant fluctuating asymmetry was observed in all three epiphyses. A preliminary analysis showed that the asymmetric group of individuals in the study sample includes all the rural-to-urban migrants, relative to the symmetric group. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]


Lymph node mapping in patients with bladder cancer undergoing radical cystectomy and lymph node dissection to the level of the inferior mesenteric artery

BJU INTERNATIONAL, Issue 2 2010
Jørgen B. Jensen
Study Type , Therapy (case series) Level of Evidence 4 OBJECTIVE To evaluate extended lymph node dissection (LND) as a nodal staging tool in the treatment of invasive carcinoma of the urinary bladder and to suggest a reasonable proximal limit of the dissection. PATIENTS AND METHODS In all, 170 patients underwent radical cystectomy with extended LND up to the level of the inferior mesenteric artery. Specimens were evaluated as 13 separate packages from pre-designated anatomical locations. The number of LNs and presence of positive LNs (LN+) at each location was prospectively registered. RESULTS The median (range) number of LNs removed was 24 (6,62). In all, 25.3% of the patients had LN+. The median (range) number of LN+ was 2 (1,20). Advanced T-stage was correlated with a higher risk of LN+ but not to the specific location of the LN+. Two patients had LN+ above the common iliac bifurcation with no LN+ more distally located within the pelvic region. All other patients with LN+ above the common iliac bifurcation had more distally located LN+. There were no skip lesions to LNs above the aortic bifurcation. CONCLUSIONS Extended LND above the common iliac bifurcation including the presacral area provides a more accurate LN staging compared with a standard pelvic LND. Extending the limits above the aortic bifurcation is not necessary from a staging perspective. [source]


Resection of ectopic mediastinal parathyroid glands with the da Vinci® robotic system

BRITISH JOURNAL OF SURGERY (NOW INCLUDES EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SURGERY), Issue 3 2010
M. Ismail
Background: Mediastinal ectopic parathyroid adenoma is a frequent cause of persistent or recurrent hyperparathyroidism, traditionally treated by open surgery. Thoracoscopic access is associated with reduced morbidity in mediastinal surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of robot-assisted dissection for mediastinal ectopic parathyroid glands. Methods: Two patients with recurrent secondary hyperparathyroidism and three with complicated primary hyperparathyroidism were operated on between July 2004 and August 2008 for ectopic mediastinal parathyroid glands. Fusion of single-photon emission computed tomography and computed tomography led to an exact identification of the culprit glands. Surgery was performed thoracoscopically with the da Vinci® robotic system using a three-trocar approach. Results: All procedures were completed successfully with the robotic system. No perioperative morbidity or mortality was noted. Median operating time was 58 (range 42,125) min. Intraoperative parathyroid hormone reduction indicated complete resection. Median hospital stay was 3 (range 2,4) days. Conclusion: Robot-assisted dissection is a promising approach for resection of ectopic parathyroid glands in remote narrow anatomical locations such as the mediastinum. Copyright © 2010 British Journal of Surgery Society Ltd. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]


Synchronous hepatic, mesenteric and pulmonary Epstein,Barr virus-associated smooth muscle tumors in a renal transplant recipient

CLINICAL TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 5 2010
T. Al Hussain
Al Hussain T, Haleem A, Alsaad KO. Synchronous hepatic, mesenteric and pulmonary Epstein,Barr virus-associated smooth muscle tumors in a renal transplant recipient. Clin Transplant 2010. DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0012.2009.01206.x © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Abstract:, Epstein,Barr virus-associated smooth muscle tumors (EBV-SMT) are distinct lesions that occur in immunocompromised patients. EBV-SMT following solid organ transplantation are rare and generally have an indolent biological behavior. Post-transplant EBV-SMT have been reported in various anatomical locations. This report describes a synchronous and multicentric development of EBV-SMT in liver, mesentery, and lung of a 33-yr-old male patient, 10 yr after a deceased allograft renal transplantation. The hepatic and mesenteric tumors were available for study. These tumors were composed of bland looking, desmin-positive, spindle-shaped cells which showed a strong nuclear staining for EBV with in situ hybridization technique. A literature review of post solid organ transplant EBV-SMT in the liver and lung, particularly regarding their pathogenesis, synchronicity and biological behavior would be provided. [source]