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Ideal
Kinds of Ideal Terms modified by Ideal Selected AbstractsPOLICE, MINORITIES, AND THE FRENCH REPUBLICAN IDEAL,CRIMINOLOGY, Issue 4 2003RENÉE ZAUBERMAN This paper examines the strained relationship between French police agencies and ethnic minorities and discusses evidence of ethnic discrimination by the police and the criminal justice system. Until recently, the idea that ethnic composition of a police force ought to reflect, to some degree, the community it polices, seemed odd in France. We argue that there are two main reasons for this viewpoint: first, a conception of the role of the police in the State as accountable to the government rather than to the citizens; secondly, a conception of Republic and citizenship denying any political significance to the personal identities of citizens. We conclude that ethnic diversification of police forces is but one aspect of a more encompassing struggle against discrimination that requires a degree of accommodation with the present legal and statistical invisibility of racial/ethnic groups. [source] Performance analysis of IDEAL algorithm for three-dimensional incompressible fluid flow and heat transfer problemsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN FLUIDS, Issue 10 2009Dong-Liang Sun Abstract Recently, an efficient segregated algorithm for incompressible fluid flow and heat transfer problems, called inner doubly iterative efficient algorithm for linked equations (IDEAL), has been proposed by the present authors. In the algorithm there exist inner doubly iterative processes for pressure equation at each iteration level, which almost completely overcome two approximations in SIMPLE algorithm. Thus, the coupling between velocity and pressure is fully guaranteed, greatly enhancing the convergence rate and stability of solution process. However, validations have only been conducted for two-dimensional cases. In the present paper the performance of the IDEAL algorithm for three-dimensional incompressible fluid flow and heat transfer problems is analyzed and a systemic comparison is made between the algorithm and three other most widely used algorithms (SIMPLER, SIMPLEC and PISO). By the comparison of five application examples, it is found that the IDEAL algorithm is the most robust and the most efficient one among the four algorithms compared. For the five three-dimensional cases studied, when each algorithm works at its own optimal under-relaxation factor, the IDEAL algorithm can reduce the computation time by 12.9,52.7% over SIMPLER algorithm, by 45.3,73.4% over SIMPLEC algorithm and by 10.7,53.1% over PISO algorithm. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Multiecho reconstruction for simultaneous water-fat decomposition and T2* estimation,JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING, Issue 4 2007Huanzhou Yu PhD Abstract Purpose To describe and demonstrate the feasibility of a novel multiecho reconstruction technique that achieves simultaneous water-fat decomposition and T2* estimation. The method removes interference of water-fat separation with iron-induced T2* effects and therefore has potential for the simultaneous characterization of hepatic steatosis (fatty infiltration) and iron overload. Materials and Methods The algorithm called "T2*-IDEAL" is based on the IDEAL water-fat decomposition method. A novel "complex field map" construct is used to estimate both R2* (1/T2*) and local B0 field inhomogeneities using an iterative least-squares estimation method. Water and fat are then decomposed from source images that are corrected for both T2* and B0 field inhomogeneity. Results It was found that a six-echo multiecho acquisition using the shortest possible echo times achieves an excellent balance of short scan and reliable R2* measurement. Phantom experiments demonstrate the feasibility with high accuracy in R2* measurement. Promising preliminary in vivo results are also shown. Conclusion The T2*-IDEAL technique has potential applications in imaging of diffuse liver disease for evaluation of both hepatic steatosis and iron overload in a single breath-hold. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007;26:1153,1161. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Turboprop IDEAL: A motion-resistant fat,water separation techniqueMAGNETIC RESONANCE IN MEDICINE, Issue 1 2009Donglai Huo Abstract Suppression of the fat signal in MRI is very important for many clinical applications. Multi-point water,fat separation methods, such as IDEAL (Iterative Decomposition of water and fat with Echo Asymmetry and Least-squares estimation), can robustly separate water and fat signal, but inevitably increase scan time, making separated images more easily affected by patient motions. PROPELLER (Periodically Rotated Overlapping ParallEL Lines with Enhanced Reconstruction) and Turboprop techniques offer an effective approach to correct for motion artifacts. By combining these techniques together, we demonstrate that the new TP-IDEAL method can provide reliable water,fat separation with robust motion correction. The Turboprop sequence was modified to acquire source images, and motion correction algorithms were adjusted to assure the registration between different echo images. Theoretical calculations were performed to predict the optimal shift and spacing of the gradient echoes. Phantom images were acquired, and results were compared with regular FSE-IDEAL. Both T1- and T2-weighted images of the human brain were used to demonstrate the effectiveness of motion correction. TP-IDEAL images were also acquired for pelvis, knee, and foot, showing great potential of this technique for general clinical applications. Magn Reson Med 61:188,195, 2009. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Generalized k -space decomposition with chemical shift correction for non-cartesian water-fat imagingMAGNETIC RESONANCE IN MEDICINE, Issue 5 2008Ethan K. Brodsky Abstract Chemical-shift artifacts associated with non-Cartesian imaging are more complex to model and less clinically acceptable than the bulk fat shift that occurs with conventional spin-warp Cartesian imaging. A novel k -space based iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetry and least-squares estimation (IDEAL) approach is introduced that decomposes multiple species while simultaneously correcting distortion of off-resonant species. The new signal model accounts for the additional phase accumulated by off-resonant spins at each point in the k -space acquisition trajectory. This phase can then be corrected by adjusting the decomposition matrix for each k -space point during the final IDEAL processing step with little increase in reconstruction time. The technique is demonstrated with water-fat decomposition using projection reconstruction (PR)/radial, spiral, and Cartesian spin-warp imaging of phantoms and human subjects, in each case achieving substantial correction of chemical-shift artifacts. Simulations of the point-spread-function (PSF) for off-resonant spins are examined to show the nature of the chemical-shift distortion for each acquisition. Also introduced is an approach to improve the signal model for species which have multiple resonant peaks. Many chemical species, including fat, have multiple resonant peaks, although such species are often approximated as a single peak. The improved multipeak decomposition is demonstrated with water-fat imaging, showing a substantial improvement in water-fat separation. Magn Reson Med 59:1151,1164, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] RESTRAINT ON REASONS AND REASONS FOR RESTRAINT: A PROBLEM FOR RAWLS' IDEAL OF PUBLIC REASONPACIFIC PHILOSOPHICAL QUARTERLY, Issue 1 2006MICAH LOTT I will argue, however, that in certain cases Rawls' ideal of public reason is unable to provide a person with good reason for exercising such restraint, even if the person is already committed to Rawls' ideal of public reason. Because it is plausible to believe that such cases are widespread, the issue I am raising represents a serious problem for Rawls' account of public reason. After posing this problem, I consider potential responses on behalf of Rawls' view, and I reply to those responses. The moral of this story, as I see it, is that the kind of duty an ideal of public reason aims to place on citizens must be more modest than Rawls supposes. [source] IDEAL: high-dose atorvastatin in secondary prevention of MIPRESCRIBER, Issue 8 2006DipPresSci, MFPMMCPP, Peter Burrill MRPharmS No abstract is available for this article. [source] WHY THE BEST ISN'T SO BAD: MODERATION AND IDEALS IN EDUCATIONAL REFORMEDUCATIONAL THEORY, Issue 5 2009Deborah Kerdeman In Moderating the Debate: Rationality and the Promise of American Education, Michael Feuer counsels reformers to "satisfice": moderate their expectations and accept that flawed reforms can be good enough. Implicit in Feuer's view of satisficing is the assumption that moderating expectations entails eschewing ideals and replacing optimal goals with modest, real-world solutions. In this essay, Deborah Kerdeman agrees with Feuer that moderation is vital for reform, but maintains that embracing moderation does not contradict pursuing goals. To show how goals and moderation work in concert to promote reform, Kerdeman examines and reframes Feuer's assumptions about ideals. She also distinguishes moderation from satisficing and argues that satisficing, not ideals, can be deleterious to reform. Kerdeman concludes that sensible policy and research, while important, will not necessarily help reformers embrace moderation; cultivating moderation instead requires ongoing self-examination. [source] IDEALS, EDUCATION, AND HAPPY FLOURISHINGEDUCATIONAL THEORY, Issue 1 2007Doret De Ruyter The argument consists of two parts. First, de Ruyter shows how ideals are important to construing the meaning of objective goods. Second, she contends that educating children with ideals is important to motivating them to strive for something higher or better. De Ruyter's analysis rests on two key concepts: "ideals," which refer to things one believes to be superb, excellent, or perfect, but that are as yet unrealized, and "happy flourishing," which describes the fulfillment of objectively identifiable generic goods and the person's satisfactory meaningful interpretation of these goods. [source] Translating the Ideal of Deliberative Democracy into Democratic Education: Pure Utopia?EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY AND THEORY, Issue 3 2010David Lefrançois Abstract Is the idea that the self-determination of all citizens influences progress towards democracy not merely a dream that breaks itself against the hard historical reality of political societies? Is not the same fate reserved for all pedagogical innovations in democratic education that depend on this great dream? It is commonplace to assert this logic to demonstrate the inapplicability of the ideas of both democracy and of democratic education. Though this argument is prominent and recurring in the history of political and educative ideas, in response we can ask ourselves if the gap between the ideal and the reality is effectively insuperable and must be considered an incontestable fact. The double objective of this article is to determine explicitly the meaning and extent of this gap in the context of democracy and of education and to demonstrate that this gap is neither static nor permanent, but is susceptible to being narrowed, from generation to generation. [source] Approaching Perpetual Peace: Kant's Defence of a League of States and his Ideal of a World FederationEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY, Issue 3 2004Pauline Kleingeld First page of article [source] Patients' attitudes to medicines and expectations for prescriptionsHEALTH EXPECTATIONS, Issue 3 2002Nicky Britten MA MSc PhD Abstract Background, Recent research has shown that patients' expectations for prescriptions influence doctors' prescribing decisions, but little is known of the antecedents of these expectations. Objectives, To test earlier qualitative research about patients' views of medicines; to describe the demographic characteristics of those holding orthodox and unorthodox views of medicines; to investigate the relationship between patients' ideal and predicted expectations for prescriptions; and to determine the relative effects of attitudinal, demographic, organizational and illness variables on these expectations. Design, Questionnaire survey of patients consulting general practitioners. Setting and participants, A total of 544 patients and 15 doctors in four general practices. Main variables studied, Patients' attitudes to medicines; patients' demographic characteristics; organizational variables; aspects of patients' presenting problems. Outcome measures, Patients' ideal and predicted expectations for prescriptions. Results, Orthodox and unorthodox attitudes to medicines can be measured quantitatively, and ethnicity was the only demographic variable associated with both. Ideal and predicted expectations for prescriptions were closely related to each other but differed in their antecedents. Both types of expectations were associated with attitudinal, demographic, organizational and illness variables. Ideal expectations were influenced by orthodox and unorthodox attitudes to medicines, while predicted expectations were only influenced by orthodox attitudes. Conclusions, Future studies of patients' expectations for health services should distinguish between ideal and predicted expectations, and should consider the range of possible influences on these expectations. In particular, the effect of the organization and context of health services should be investigated. [source] Corpus Meum: Disintegrating Bodies and the Ideal of IntegrityHYPATIA, Issue 3 2005DIANE PERPICH This essay shows that Jean-Luc Nancy's reconceptualization of corporeality in such texts as L'Intrus and Corpus can be an important ally to feminist theories of body. I introduce Nancy's ontology and argue that his rejection of the unified, integrated body of humanist discourses in favor of dis-integrated bodies constituted by multiple alterities and his consequent reinterpretation of body as a "being-exscribed" begin the task of thinking bodies beyond traditional dualisms and their ahistorical and rationalist frameworks. I then address three potential criticisms of Nancy's work and suggest that though there may be reasons to move cautiously in adopting the framework he provides, his work harbors resources directly beneficial to critiques of prevailing forms of gender normativity. Quel étrange moi! ,Jean-Luc Nancy, Corpus [source] Silk as a Biomimetic Ideal for Structural PolymersADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 4 2009David Porter Two factors are critical for understanding silks: the nanoscale semicrystalline folding structure, which gives high strength and toughness, and the degree of hydration of the disordered fraction, which modifies these material properties. The combination of these two factors allows for a massive range of mechanical properties. Understanding and controlling these two factors are the key to the functionality of protein elastomers. [source] In Search of the Comprehensive Ideal: By Way of and IntroductionJOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION, Issue 4 2007GRAHAM HAYDON This introductory article first gives a brief overview of the articles in the remainder of this special issue. It then considers what we can learn about the comprehensive ideal, and what questions still remain about it, from the treatment it receives in these articles. After an initial discussion of the nature of the common school, two dimensions are identified in which interpretations of the comprehensive ideal often differ: how fully the content of such schooling is filled in, and what its scope is considered to be. Six categories of values are identified to which arguments both for and against the comprehensive ideal may appeal: educational values; values of community; justice and equality; respect; freedom; and non-discrimination. It is suggested that in a context of value-pluralism there can be no canonical interpretation of the comprehensive ideal. [source] In Defense of a Common Ideal for a Human LifeMIDWEST STUDIES IN PHILOSOPHY, Issue 1 2000E. M. Adams [source] Cabinet Government: An Elusive Ideal?PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, Issue 4 2003Patrick Weller This article will explore the proposition that cabinet government is dead by examining the different ways in which cabinet government is conceptualized and by suggesting that the lack of precision in the debates has undermined much of the criticism. It will seek to draw the strands of research together in a way that can emphasize how cabinet government has evolved while remaining at the core of government. The article will draw evidence from three countries, Australia, Canada and Britain, in each of which, despite the common heritage, cabinet has evolved in different ways. [source] Religious Pluralism in America: The Contentious History of a Founding IdealTHE JOURNAL OF AMERICAN CULTURE, Issue 3 2004Clifford Putney No abstract is available for this article. [source] Republican Constitutionalism: A Roman IdealTHE JOURNAL OF POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY, Issue 3 2001Nicholas Buttle First page of article [source] Why Isn,t the N20 Dodecahedron Ideal for Three-Coordinate Nitrogen?CHEMINFORM, Issue 19 2005Douglas L. Strout Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text. [source] Organocatalytic Direct Vinylogous Michael Addition of ,,,-Unsaturated ,-Butyrolactam to ,,,-Unsaturated Aldehydes and an Illustration to Scaffold Diversity SynthesisCHEMISTRY - A EUROPEAN JOURNAL, Issue 34 2010Xin Feng Ideal for scaffold diversity synthesis: The first organocatalytic direct vinylogous Michael addition of N -Boc ,,,-unsaturated ,-butyrolactam to ,,,-unsaturated aldehydes has been developed. The products with multiple orthogonal sets of functionalities were transformed into diverse enantioenriched natural-product-like or drug-like molecules with fused bi-, tri-, or polycyclic scaffolds (see scheme), which might have potential for biologically related studies. [source] Max Weber on the Relation between Power Politics and Political IdealsCONSTELLATIONS: AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CRITICAL AND DEMOCRATIC THEORY, Issue 4 2007Marcus Llanque First page of article [source] Gendered Work Ideals in Swedish IT Firms: Valued and Not Valued WorkersGENDER, WORK & ORGANISATION, Issue 4 2007Helen Peterson The analysis in this article draws on interviews with managers and employees in the Swedish IT consultant sector, a sector characterized by widespread redundancies in the first three years of the 21st century. The article suggests that the interviewees' distinction between and assessment of workers of value and workers without value to justify and explain these lay-offs, are permeated by stereotyped images of gendered qualities and reflect a gendered work ideal. As the interviewees argued, not everybody had the necessary and valued competence of an ideal consultant and those who failed to fulfil the requirements of an ideal consultant were subsequently laid off. Since the behaviour, qualities, technical skills and knowledge considered necessary for the effective and competent performance of an ideal IT consultant are associated with hegemonic masculinity, male qualities and men's experiences, these arguments justify the exclusion of women from this occupation. [source] Paths to nursing leadershipJOURNAL OF NURSING MANAGEMENT, Issue 5 2006TERESE BONDAS PhD Aim, The aim was to explore why nurses enter nursing leadership and apply for a management position in health care. The study is part of a research programme in nursing leadership and evidence-based care. Background, Nursing has not invested enough in the development of nursing leadership for the development of patient care. There is scarce research on nurses' motives and reasons for committing themselves to a career in nursing leadership. Method, A strategic sample of 68 Finnish nurse leaders completed a semistructured questionnaire. Analytic induction was applied in an attempt to generate a theory. Findings, A theory, Paths to Nursing Leadership, is proposed for further research. Four different paths were found according to variations between the nurse leaders' education, primary commitment and situational factors. They are called the Path of Ideals, the Path of Chance, the Career Path and the Temporary Path. Conclusion, Situational factors and role models of good but also bad nursing leadership besides motivational and educational factors have played a significant role when Finnish nurses have entered nursing leadership. The educational requirements for nurse leaders and recruitment to nursing management positions need serious attention in order to develop a competent nursing leadership. [source] Karma Lekshe Tsomo, ed.: Buddhist Women and Social Justice: Ideals, Challenges, and AchievementsJOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS HISTORY, Issue 2 2006Olivia M. F. Rawlings-Way No abstract is available for this article. [source] Contested Ideals: Understanding Moral Disagreements over Education PolicyJOURNAL OF SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY, Issue 4 2004Michele S. Moses First page of article [source] A Comment on Roberta Fiske-Rusciano's Review of Crumbling Walls and Tarnished Ideals: An Ethnography of East Germany before and after Unification, by Hans BaerAMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST, Issue 4 2001Michael Cohn No abstract is available for this article. [source] VI,My Station and its Duties: Ideals and the Social Embeddedness of VirtuePROCEEDINGS OF THE ARISTOTELIAN SOCIETY (HARDBACK), Issue 1 2002Julia Annas In the Stoics we find a combination of two perspectives which are commonly thought to conflict: the embedded perspective from within one's social context, and the universal perspective of the member of the moral community of rational beings. I argue that the Stoics do have a unified theory, one which avoids problems that trouble some modern theories which try to unite these perspectives. [source] The Unfreedom of the Moderns in Comparison to Their Ideals of Constitutional DemocracyTHE MODERN LAW REVIEW, Issue 2 2002James Tully The paper is a critical survey of the last ten years of research on the principles of legitimacy of constitutional democracy and their application in practice in Europe and North America. A constitutional democracy is legitimate if it meets the test of two principles: the principles of democracy or popular sovereignty and of constitutionalism or the rule of law. There are three contemporary trends which tend to conflict with the principle of democracy and thus diminish democratic freedom. There are three responses to the lack of legitimacy of these three trends. The first is to downplay the principle of democracy in order to endorse the three trends. The second is to uphold the principle of democracy, in the form of deliberative constitutional democracy, in order to criticise aspects of the three trends and to call for further democratisation. The third trend deepens this critical response by tying the test of democratic legitimacy more closely to case studies of attempts by citizens to exercise their democratic freedom. [source] Reconciling Humanistic Ideals and Scientific Clinical PracticeCLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY: SCIENCE AND PRACTICE, Issue 3 2003Kennon M. Sheldon A rift currently exists between two camps in clinical psychology: mental health practitioners, who resonate to concepts such as self-actualization and personal growth, and research scientists, who often shun such concepts as overly value-laden or as empirically indefensible. In the present article we first suggest that this gap is bridged by self-determination theory (SDT), which incorporates aspects of humanistic theories and also stands up to rigorous scientific investigation (Deci & Ryan, 1985, 2000). We then demonstrate how self-determination principles may be applied in the context of empirically supported medical and clinical treatments, to promote enhanced client motivation and treatment compliance. We conclude that scientifically supported treatments and the humanistic tenets of SDT actually facilitate one another, such that clinicians who ignore either of the two aspects may shortchange their clients. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||