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I Clinical Trials (i + clinical_trials)
Kinds of I Clinical Trials Selected AbstractsBayesian Optimal Designs for Phase I Clinical TrialsBIOMETRICS, Issue 3 2003Linda M. Haines Summary. A broad approach to the design of Phase I clinical trials for the efficient estimation of the maximum tolerated dose is presented. The method is rooted in formal optimal design theory and involves the construction of constrained Bayesian c - and D -optimal designs. The imposed constraint incorporates the optimal design points and their weights and ensures that the probability that an administered dose exceeds the maximum acceptable dose is low. Results relating to these constrained designs for log doses on the real line are described and the associated equivalence theorem is given. The ideas are extended to more practical situations, specifically to those involving discrete doses. In particular, a Bayesian sequential optimal design scheme comprising a pilot study on a small number of patients followed by the allocation of patients to doses one at a time is developed and its properties explored by simulation. [source] A Curve-Free Method for Phase I Clinical TrialsBIOMETRICS, Issue 2 2000Mauro Gasparini Summary. Consider the problem of finding the dose that is as high as possible subject to having a controlled rate of toxicity. The problem is commonplace in oncology Phase I clinical trials. Such a dose is often called the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) since it represents a necessary trade-off between efficacy and toxicity. The continual reassessment method (CRM) is an improvement over traditional up-and-down schemes for estimating the MTD. It is based on a Bayesian approach and on the assumption that the dose-toxicity relationship follows a specific response curve, e.g., the logistic or power curve. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how the assumption of a specific curve used in the CRM is not necessary and can actually hinder the efficient use of prior inputs. An alternative curve-free method in which the probabilities of toxicity are modeled directly as an unknown multidimensional parameter is presented. To that purpose, a product-of-beta prior (PBP) is introduced and shown to bring about logical improvements. Practical improvements are illustrated by simulation results. [source] LBY135, a novel anti-DR5 agonistic antibody induces tumor cell,specific cytotoxic activity in human colon tumor cell lines and xenografts,DRUG DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH, Issue 2 2008Jing Li Abstract TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) induces apoptosis on binding to DR4 and DR5 receptors on the surface of tumor cells. These receptors are of particular interest in the development of cancer therapeutics as they preferentially mediate tumor cell apoptosis. We have generated a chimeric anti-DR5 agonistic antibody, LBY135, from its murine parental antibody, LCR211, identified using hybridoma technology. Both LCR211 and LBY135 specifically bind to DR5 with nanomolar affinity, mimic TRAIL to induce cell death in tumor cells, and have little effect on non-transformed cells in vitro. The anti-DR5 antibody reduced viability in 45% of a panel of 40 human colon cancer cell lines with IC50 values of 20,nM or less. In vivo, using human colorectal tumor xenograft mouse models, LCR211 induced tumor regression and showed enhanced efficacy when combined with 5-FU. Both in vitro evaluation of ADCC (antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity) and CDC (complement-dependent cytotoxicity), and in vivo studies using a non-functional DR5 specific antibody or SCID-Beige mice, suggested ADCC and CDC are unlikely to be the mechanism to ablate tumors in vivo. LBY135 and LCR211 appear to mediate cell death and tumor regression mainly through apoptosis, as demonstrated by the activation of caspase 3, caspase 8, M30, and TUNEL assay. In addition, the discovery of synergy between cross-linked LBY135 and TRAIL not only revealed the unique epitope of LBY135, but also demonstrated an additional mechanism of action for LBY135 in vivo. LBY135 demonstrates promise as a novel therapeutic for cancer treatment and is currently in Phase I clinical trials. Drug Dev Res 69: 69,82, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Cell microarray platform for anticancer drug development,DRUG DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH, Issue 5 2007Min-Jung Lee Abstract Pharmacodynamic assessment of whether a drug has interacted with and modified its target is an essential component of molecularly targeted clinical trials. Although many trials are written with the intent to assess tumor biopsies, if available, thus far the great majority of early drug trials have used peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) as a tumor surrogate. Typically, PBMC are studied by low-throughput techniques such as Western blot. We present the use of a cell-based tissue microarray for assessment of anticancer drug activity in vivo. We demonstrate the utility of this technique for analysis of protein hyperacetylation in response to treatment with the histone deacetylase inhibitor, SNDX-275 in PBMC treated in vitro and in PBMC and bone marrow aspirates from patients in Phase I clinical trials with SNDX-275. We demonstrate that the cell microarray can be used to measure drug response in a high-throughput manner, allowing analysis of an entire trial on one or two glass slides. The cell microarray technique brings the advantages of the tissue microarray platform to the pharmacodynamic assessment of single cells, such as those isolated from bone marrow aspirates, fine needle aspirates, or malignant effusions, and to analysis of PBMC, the most commonly studied surrogate in oncology trials. Drug Dev Res 68:226,234, 2007. Published 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Gene therapy in epilepsyEPILEPSIA, Issue 1 2009Véronique Riban Summary Results from animal models suggest gene therapy is a promising new approach for the treatment of epilepsy. Several candidate genes such as neuropeptide Y and galanin have been demonstrated in preclinical studies to have a positive effect on seizure activity. For a successful gene therapy-based treatment, efficient delivery of a transgene to target neurons is also essential. To this end, advances have been made in the areas of cell transplantation and in the development of recombinant viral vectors for gene delivery. Recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors in particular show promise for gene therapy of neurological disorders due to their neuronal tropism, lack of toxicity, and stable persistence in neurons, which results in robust, long-term expression of the transgene. rAAV vectors have been recently used in phase I clinical trials of Parkinson's disease with an excellent safety profile. Prior to commencement of phase I trials for gene therapy of epilepsy, further preclinical studies are ongoing including evaluation of the therapeutic benefit in chronic models of epileptogenesis, as well as assessment of safety in toxicological studies. [source] Improvement of the comprehension of written information given to healthy volunteers in biomedical research: a single-blind randomized controlled studyFUNDAMENTAL & CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Issue 2 2007Adeline Paris Abstract Writing an informed consent form (ICF) for biomedical research is a difficult task. We conducted a multicenter single-blind randomized controlled trial to identify whether a working group or the systematic improvement in lexico-syntactic readability or an association of the two could increase the comprehension of the written information given to healthy volunteers enrolled in biomedical research. Participants were randomized to read one of four versions of the ICF: unchanged ICF (A), ICF with systematic lexico-syntactic readability improvement (B), ICF modified by a working group (C), and ICF modified by the working group followed by systematic lexico-syntactic improvement (D). The primary end-point was the objective comprehension score at day 0 for each study group. The scores of objective comprehension at day 0 were statistically different between the four study groups (anovaP = 0.020). The pairwise analysis showed an improvement in the working group vs. the unchanged group (P = 0.003), and a tendency to improvement in the group who read the ICF modified using lexico-syntactic readability and in the group who read the ICF modified using the two methods (P = 0.020 and 0.027 respectively). We conducted a two-way anova to identify some characteristics of the population which could explain this score. There was a significant interaction between the type of informed consent document (ICD) and the gender. Improving the ICD in phase I biomedical research leads to better comprehension, whether the method used is systematic lexico-syntactic improvement or a review by a working group. The improvement is specifically observed in men compared with women. Conversely, while both methods diverge in their effect on lexico-syntactic readability, their association is not mandatory. We suggest that in all phase I clinical trials, the ICF be improved by either method. [source] French adaptation and preliminary validation of a questionnaire to evaluate understanding of informed consent documents in phase I biomedical researchFUNDAMENTAL & CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Issue 1 2006Adeline Paris Abstract The content of informed consent documents (ICD) is a crucial element in the process of providing information to participants in biomedical research. Clear comprehension of the information, i.e. the ability to understand its meaning and its consequences, is of utmost importance. The objective of this study was to describe the different steps in the French adaptation and preliminary validation of the Qualité de Compréhension des Formulaires d'information et de consentement (QCFic) questionnaire (http://www.lyon.inserm.fr/cic-grenoble) based on the American Quality of Informed Consent (QuIC) questionnaire. Adaptation and preliminary validation of the QuIC for use in France was composed of five principal steps: translation, scientific validation, lexical validation, edition of gold-standard answers and a pilot study. Each stage was conducted by independent groups of experts, under the coordination of the study board. Thirteen questions were added and one was suppressed. Two steps were required for the scientific validation and for lexical validation, 21 modifications were proposed. Relative to gold-standard answers, the three experts gave the same answer for 24 questions and for nine other questions, two of the three gave identical answers, which were validated by the study board. Results of a pilot study showed a global QCFic score of 88.99 (84.13,90.92) and no specific commentary was made about the content of the questions, so no more modification needed to be made. A preliminary validated French questionnaire, the QCFic, is now available to evaluate the quality of an informed consent document in phase I clinical trials. It is quick and easy to use. [source] Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in T-cell tolerance and tumoral immune escapeIMMUNOLOGICAL REVIEWS, Issue 1 2008Jessica B. Katz Summary: Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) degrades the essential amino acid tryptophan in mammals, catalyzing the initial and rate-limiting step in the de novo biosynthesis nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). Broad evidence implicates IDO and the tryptophan catabolic pathway in generation of immune tolerance to foreign antigens in tissue microenvironments. In particular, recent findings have established that IDO is overexpressed in both tumor cells and antigen-presenting cells in tumor-draining lymph nodes, where it promotes the establishment of peripheral immune tolerance to tumor antigens. In the normal physiologic state, IDO is important in creating an environment that limits damage to tissues due to an overactive immune system. However, by fostering immune suppression, IDO can facilitate the survival and growth of tumor cells expressing unique antigens that would be recognized normally as foreign. In preclinical studies, small-molecule inhibitors of IDO can reverse this mechanism of immunosuppression, complementing classical cytotoxic cancer chemotherapeutic agents' ability to trigger regression of treatment-resistant tumors. These results have encouraged the clinical translation of IDO inhibitors, the first of which entered phase I clinical trials in the fall of 2007. In this article, we survey the work defining IDO as an important mediator of peripheral tolerance, review evidence of IDO dysregulation in cancer cells, and provide an overview of the development of IDO inhibitors as a new immunoregulatory treatment modality for clinical trials. [source] PX-478, an inhibitor of hypoxia-inducible factor-1,, enhances radiosensitivity of prostate carcinoma cells,INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 10 2008Sanjeewani T. Palayoor Abstract Overexpression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1, (HIF-1,) in human tumors is associated with poor prognosis and poor outcome to radiation therapy. Inhibition of HIF-1, is considered as a promising approach in cancer therapy. The purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of a novel HIF-1, inhibitor PX-478 as a radiosensitizer under normoxic and hypoxic conditions in vitro. PC3 and DU 145 prostate carcinoma cells were treated with PX-478 for 20 hr, and HIF-1, protein level and clonogenic cell survival were determined under normoxia and hypoxia. Effects of PX-478 on cell cycle distribution and phosphorylation of H2AX histone were evaluated. PX-478 decreased HIF-1, protein in PC3 and DU 145 cells. PX-478 produced cytotoxicity in both cell lines with enhanced toxicity under hypoxia for DU-145. PX-478 (20 ,mol/L) enhanced the radiosensitivity of PC3 cells irradiated under normoxic and hypoxic condition with enhancement factor (EF) 1.4 and 1.56, respectively. The drug was less effective in inhibiting HIF-1, and enhancing radiosensitivity of DU 145 cells compared to PC3 cells with EF 1.13 (normoxia) and 1.25 (hypoxia) at 50 ,mol/L concentration. PX-478 induced S/G2M arrest in PC3 but not in DU 145 cells. Treatment of PC3 and DU 145 cells with the drug resulted in phosphorylation of H2AX histone and prolongation of ,H2AX expression in the irradiated cells. PX-478 is now undergoing Phase I clinical trials as an oral agent. Although the precise mechanism of enhancement of radiosensitivity remains to be identified, this study suggests a potential role for PX-478 as a clinical radiation enhancer. Published 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Immune enhancement of nitroreductase-induced cytotoxicity: Studies using a bicistronic adenovirus vectorINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 1 2003Nicola K. Green Abstract The nitroreductase (NR)/CB1954 enzyme prodrug system has given promising results in preclinical studies and is currently being assessed in phase I clinical trials. It is well established that there is an immune component to the bystander effect observed with other systems such as thymidine kinase and cytosine deaminase; however, such an effect has not previously been described using NR. We have preliminary data suggesting an immune bystander effect with NR to further examine these effects and their potential enhancement by cytokines, an adenoviral vector containing CMV-NR, an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) and the gene for murine GM-CSF (mGM-CSF) was constructed. The NR-GM-CSF virus was validated in 2 experimental models and demonstrated increased therapeutic efficacy in the MC26 murine colorectal tumour model. These data illustrate that the combination of suicide gene therapy using NR and CB1954 with immune stimulation via GM-CSF gives an improved response compared to either modality alone and suggests that the immune component of this response may be beneficial in combating unresectable, metastatic disease and preventing tumour recurrence. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] The sodium pump ,1 sub-unit: a disease progression,related target for metastatic melanoma treatmentJOURNAL OF CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE, Issue 9b 2009Véronique Mathieu Abstract Melanomas remain associated with dismal prognosis because they are naturally resistant to apoptosis and they markedly metastasize. Up-regulated expression of sodium pump , sub-units has previously been demonstrated when comparing metastatic to non-metastatic melanomas. Our previous data revealed that impairing sodium pump ,1 activity by means of selective ligands, that are cardiotonic steroids, markedly impairs cell migration and kills apoptosis-resistant cancer cells. The objective of this study was to determine the expression levels of sodium pump , sub-units in melanoma clinical samples and cell lines and also to characterize the role of ,1 sub-units in melanoma cell biology. Quantitative RT-PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were used to determine the expression levels of sodium pump , sub-units. In vitro cytotoxicity of various cardenolides and of an anti-,1 siRNA was evaluated by means of MTT assay, quantitative videomicroscopy and through apoptosis assays. The in vivo activity of a novel cardenolide UNBS1450 was evaluated in a melanoma brain metastasis model. Our data show that all investigated human melanoma cell lines expressed high levels of the ,1 sub-unit, and 33% of human melanomas displayed significant ,1 sub-unit expression in correlation with the Breslow index. Furthermore, cardenolides (notably UNBS1450; currently in Phase I clinical trials) displayed marked anti-tumour effects against melanomas in vitro. This activity was closely paralleled by decreases in cMyc expression and by increases in apoptotic features. UNBS1450 also displayed marked anti-tumour activity in the aggressive human metastatic brain melanoma model in vivo. The ,1 sodium pump sub-unit could represent a potential novel target for combating melanoma. [source] Carbon-14 radiosynthesis of combretastatin A-1 (CA1) and its corresponding phosphate prodrug (CA1P)JOURNAL OF LABELLED COMPOUNDS AND RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS, Issue 14 2009Rodney T. Brown Abstract The natural product combretastatin A-1 (CA1) is isolated from the African bush willow tree, a member of the Combretaceae family. CA1 has important medicinal value, due in part to its ability to inhibit tubulin assembly. The prodrug combretastatin A-1 diphosphate (CA1P; OXi4503) is currently in human Phase I clinical trials as a vascular disrupting agent. This paper describes the carbon-14 radiosynthesis of [4,- 14C]CA1 and the corresponding phosphate prodrug salt [4,- 14C]CA1P in high specific activity (55,mCi/mmol). The carbon-14 label was introduced by methylation of the C-4, protected phenolic moiety of the CA1 precursor following removal of the tert -butyldimethylsilyl protecting group in the presence of [14C]methyl iodide. This was accomplished in excellent yield without significant Z to E isomerization. The [14C]-precursor ((Z)-1-[3,,[4,- 14C],5,-trimethoxyphenyl]-2-[2,,3,-di-[(isopropyl)oxy]-4,-methoxyphenyl] ethene) was subjected to a de- isopropylation reaction with TiCl4. The tetrabenzyl phosphate derivative of the resulting diol was prepared using fresh dibenzyl phosphite. Debenzylation with trimethylsilylbromide, followed by hydrolysis of the trimethylsilyl ester and adjustment of the pH with dilute aqueous hydrochloric acid yielded [4,- 14C]CA1P with an overall radiochemical yield of 8.4%. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Dendrimers as therapeutic agents: a systematic reviewJOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACOLOGY: AN INTERNATI ONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE, Issue 8 2009Virendra Gajbhiye Abstract Objectives Dendrimers by virtue of their therapeutic value have recently generated enormous interest among biomedical scientists. This review describes the therapeutic prospects of the dendrimer system. Key findings Their bioactivity suggests them to be promising therapeutic agents, especially in wound healing, bone mineralisation, cartilage formation and tissue repair, and in topical treatments to prevent HIV transmission. Findings also demonstrate their potential as anti-prion, anti-Alzheimer's, anticoagulant, antidote, anti-inflammatory and anticancer agents. One of the dendrimer-based formulations with activity against herpes simplex virus (VivaGel from Starpharma) has successfully completed phase I clinical trials and is expected to be available on the market soon. Summary All reports cited in this review demonstrate the use of dendrimers as medical therapeutics in different ailments. The review focuses on the current state of therapeutic potential of the dendrimer system. [source] In-vitro and in-vivo assays for angiogenesis-modulating drug discovery and developmentJOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACOLOGY: AN INTERNATI ONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE, Issue 2 2006Michelle W. Phung In the past 35 years, significant findings have been made in relation to angiogenesis, and how this usually normal physiological function is converted into an abnormal state in cancer. To search for agents that can inhibit angiogenesis, and thereby prevent a tumour from proliferation and spread that is ultimately fatal to the patient, various in-vitro assays have been developed. In addition, older assays have been refined usually into high throughput screening formats, mainly by the biopharmaceutical industry in their attempts to develop novel therapeutic molecules and maintain a pipeline of lead candidates. The central aim is to extract more accurate data that would facilitate the birth of innovative mechanisms to defeat aberrant angiogenesis in-vivo. At the same time, better in-vivo models have been established, with the goal to mimic as close as possible the natural progression of various types of neoplasms in response to a good angiogenic response. More clinically relevant models are needed as anti-angiogenesis drug discovery and drug development companies fast track their lead molecules from preclinical investigations to phase I clinical trials. [source] First Exposure in Man: Toxicological ConsiderationsBASIC AND CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY, Issue 2000Per Spindler Recommendations on the type and extent of preclinical safety studies that should be conducted prior to first dose in man have been developed by the International Conference on Harmonisation, and the European Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products. These recommendations include studies designed to characterise local tolerance and general toxicity of the drug candidate as well as its genotoxic potential and ability to interfere with reproduction. For trials which can be categorised as low dose PK screening trials and trials with products where rodent and non-rodent (primarily dog) models do not show any biological response (e.g. some biotechnology-derived hormones and cytokines) other testing paradigms should be used. The present recommendations for preclinical testing have had an important impact on the documented impressive safety record of phase I clinical trials. In this spirit we extend our warmest and sincerest thanks to Professor Jens S. Schou for his long and deep engagement in European and International harmonisation of preclinical test recommendations. His efforts have had a substantial impact on the present testing recommendations, which are of obvious benefit to the safety of the patient. [source] Sequential designs for ordinal phase I clinical trialsBIOMETRICAL JOURNAL, Issue 2 2009Guohui Liu Abstract Sequential designs for phase I clinical trials which incorporate maximum likelihood estimates (MLE) as data accrue are inherently problematic because of limited data for estimation early on. We address this problem for small phase I clinical trials with ordinal responses. In particular, we explore the problem of the nonexistence of the MLE of the logistic parameters under a proportional odds model with one predictor. We incorporate the probability of an undetermined MLE as a restriction, as well as ethical considerations, into a proposed sequential optimal approach, which consists of a start-up design, a follow-on design and a sequential dose-finding design. Comparisons with nonparametric sequential designs are also performed based on simulation studies with parameters drawn from a real data set. [source] Determining a Maximum-Tolerated Schedule of a Cytotoxic AgentBIOMETRICS, Issue 2 2005Thomas M. Braun Summary Most phase I clinical trials are designed to determine a maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) for one initial administration or treatment course of a cytotoxic experimental agent. Toxicity usually is defined as the indicator of whether one or more particular adverse events occur within a short time period from the start of therapy. However, physicians often administer an agent to the patient repeatedly and monitor long-term toxicity due to cumulative effects. We propose a new method for such settings. It is based on the time to toxicity rather than a binary outcome, and the goal is to determine a maximum-tolerated schedule (MTS) rather than a conventional MTD. The model and method account for a patient's entire sequence of administrations, with the overall hazard of toxicity modeled as the sum of a sequence of hazards, each associated with one administration. Data monitoring and decision making are done continuously throughout the trial. We illustrate the method with an allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) trial to determine how long a recombinant human growth factor can be administered as prophylaxis for acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD), and we present a simulation study in the context of this trial. [source] Bayesian Optimal Designs for Phase I Clinical TrialsBIOMETRICS, Issue 3 2003Linda M. Haines Summary. A broad approach to the design of Phase I clinical trials for the efficient estimation of the maximum tolerated dose is presented. The method is rooted in formal optimal design theory and involves the construction of constrained Bayesian c - and D -optimal designs. The imposed constraint incorporates the optimal design points and their weights and ensures that the probability that an administered dose exceeds the maximum acceptable dose is low. Results relating to these constrained designs for log doses on the real line are described and the associated equivalence theorem is given. The ideas are extended to more practical situations, specifically to those involving discrete doses. In particular, a Bayesian sequential optimal design scheme comprising a pilot study on a small number of patients followed by the allocation of patients to doses one at a time is developed and its properties explored by simulation. [source] A Curve-Free Method for Phase I Clinical TrialsBIOMETRICS, Issue 2 2000Mauro Gasparini Summary. Consider the problem of finding the dose that is as high as possible subject to having a controlled rate of toxicity. The problem is commonplace in oncology Phase I clinical trials. Such a dose is often called the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) since it represents a necessary trade-off between efficacy and toxicity. The continual reassessment method (CRM) is an improvement over traditional up-and-down schemes for estimating the MTD. It is based on a Bayesian approach and on the assumption that the dose-toxicity relationship follows a specific response curve, e.g., the logistic or power curve. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how the assumption of a specific curve used in the CRM is not necessary and can actually hinder the efficient use of prior inputs. An alternative curve-free method in which the probabilities of toxicity are modeled directly as an unknown multidimensional parameter is presented. To that purpose, a product-of-beta prior (PBP) is introduced and shown to bring about logical improvements. Practical improvements are illustrated by simulation results. [source] An analysis of variability in the manufacturing of dexosomes: Implications for development of an autologous therapy,BIOTECHNOLOGY & BIOENGINEERING, Issue 2 2005Sanjay Patel Abstract Dexosomes are nanometer-size vesicles released by dendritic-cells, possessing much of the cellular machinery required to stimulate an immune response (i.e. MHC Class I and II). The ability of patient-derived dexosomes loaded with tumor antigens to elicit anti-tumor activity is currently being evaluated in clinical trials. Unlike conventional biologics, where variability between lots of product arises mostly from the manufacturing process, an autologous product has inherent variability in the starting material due to heterogeneity in the human population. In an effort to assess the variability arising from the dexosome manufacturing process versus the human starting material, 144 dexosome preparations from normal donors (111) and cancer patients (33) from two Phase I clinical trials were analyzed. A large variability in the quantity of dexosomes (measured as the number of MHC Class II molecules) produced between individual lots was observed (,>,50-fold). An analysis of intra-lot variability shows that the manufacturing process introduces relatively little of this variability. To identify the source(s) of variability arising from the human starting material, distributions of the key parameters involved in dexosome production were established, and a model created. Computer simulations using this model were performed, and compared to the actual data observed. The main conclusion from these simulations is that the number of cells collected per individual and the productivity of these cells of are the principal sources of variability in the production of Class II. The approach described here can be extended to other autologous therapies in general to evaluate control of manufacturing processes. Moreover, this analysis of process variability is directly applicable to production at a commercial scale, since the large scale manufacture of autologous products entails an exact process replication rather than scale-up in volume, as is the case with traditional drugs or biologics. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] DJ-927, a novel oral taxane, overcomes P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance in vitro and in vivoCANCER SCIENCE, Issue 5 2003Motoko Shionoya DJ-927 is a novel taxane, which was selected for high solubility, non-neurotoxicity, oral bioavailability, and potent antitumor activity. In this study, we compared the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of DJ-927 with those of paclitaxel and docetaxel. DJ-927 exhibited stronger cytotoxicity than paclitaxel and docetaxel in various tumor cell lines, especially against P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-expressing cells. The cytotoxicity of DJ-927, unlike those of other taxanes, was not affected by the P-gp expression level in tumor cells, or by the co-presence of a P-gp modulator. When intracellular accumulation of the three compounds was compared, intracellular amounts of DJ-927 were much higher than those of paclitaxel or docetaxel, particularly in P-gp-positive cells. In vivo, DJ-927 showed potent antitumor effects against two human solid tumors in male BALB/c- nu/nu mice, and yielded significant life-prolongation in a murine liver metastasis model with male C57BL/6 mice, in which neither paclitaxel nor docetaxel was effective. The results demonstrate the superior efficacy of orally administered DJ-927 over intravenously administered paclitaxel or docetaxel against P-gp-expressing tumors, probably due to higher intracellular accumulation. A phase I clinical trials of DJ-927 is currently ongoing in the US. (Cancer Sci 2003; 94: 459,466) [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||