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Hydration Status (hydration + status)
Selected AbstractsEthnic differences in the timely diagnosis of children with Type 1 diabetes mellitus in the Netherlands: clinical presentation at onsetDIABETIC MEDICINE, Issue 3 2007J. J. N. Van Laar Abstract Aims Little is known about ethnic differences in the timely diagnosis of Type 1 diabetes mellitus (Type 1 DM). This study aimed to assess ethnic inequalities in the timely diagnosis of Type 1 DM, as indicated by a more adverse clinical condition at onset. In addition, we assessed whether these differences could be explained by differences in socio-economic status. Methods From a national register, we selected 3128 children aged < 15 years with newly diagnosed Type 1 DM. Ethnic differences in serum glucose, blood pH, bicarbonate, presence of ketonuria, level of consciousness, hydration status, and diabetic ketoacidosis were assessed by logistic regression. A measure of socio-economic status based on postal codes was used as an explanatory variable. Results The risk of adverse clinical presentation was 1.5,2 times higher in non-Western immigrants than Dutch children, while Western immigrant children did not differ from Dutch children. Blood pH, bicarbonate level, and level of consciousness were lower in Turkish and Antillean children in particular. The adverse socio-economic position of immigrant children contributed very little to these differences in clinical presentation. Conclusions Non-Western children were likely to be sicker at first presentation of Type 1 DM, and thus diagnosis may have been delayed. These disparities were not accounted for by differences in socio-economic status. Possible explanations may be difficulties in recognition of symptoms, failure of GPs to take symptom reporting seriously and lack of awareness of the fact that Type 1 DM occurs more often in certain ethnic groups. [source] Storage-associated artefact in equine muscle biopsy samplesEQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue 1 2009R. L. Stanley Summary Reasons for performing study: Muscle biopsy is increasingly used in equine veterinary practice for investigating exertional, inflammatory or immune mediated myopathies and unexplained muscle atrophy. Although formalin-fixed samples are often used, for complete evaluation, fresh-frozen tissue is required. Freezing muscle in veterinary practice is impractical: samples sent to specialist laboratories for processing are therefore susceptible to delays, potentially leading to artefact and compromising histological interpretation. Hypothesis: Altered temperature, duration and hydration status influence the severity of storage-induced artefact in equine muscle. Methods: Skeletal muscle obtained immediately post euthanasia was divided into 6 independent samples from each of 8 horses. One sample per horse was frozen immediately in isopentane precooled in liquid nitrogen. Additional samples were stored in conditions designed to mimic possible situations encountered in practice, including increased storage times, temperature and hydration status. Following storage, stored samples were frozen as before. Cryosections were stained using haematoxylin and eosin and ranked for artefact on 2 occasions by 2 blinded observers. The best samples were processed subsequently with a panel of routine stains and immunolabelled for collagen V to enable the measurement of minimum fibre diameters. Results: Both prolonged storage and increased hydration resulted in more storage-associated artefact. Samples stored for 24 h chilled on dry gauze were ranked higher than those stored on damp gauze; however, a panel of routinely-used histochemical staining techniques was unaffected by chilled 24 h storage. There was no significant effect of storage on mean fibre diameter; however, both chilled dry and damp storage for 24 h caused a significant increase in fibre-size variability. Conclusion and potential relevance: Caution should be exercised when interpreting fibre size profiles in shipped samples. Equine muscle biopsy samples are optimally shipped in dry gauze, sealed in plastic containers and shipped on ice packs to be processed within 24 h and can thus be interpreted by the receiving laboratory with minimal artefact. [source] Hydration of exercised Standardbred racehorses assessed noninvasively using multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysisEQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue S36 2006A. WALLER Summary Reasons for performing study: In human and animal clinical practice, multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (MF-BIA) is increasingly used as a diagnostic tool to assess hydration of intra-and extracellular fluid compartments. Accurate determination of changes in hydration status within individuals over time has remained problematic due to the requirement for complete impedance-frequency relationships at the time points of interest. Objectives: To use MF-BIA in 13 Standardbred racehorses and 7 ,endurance' research horses to determine if MF-BIA could be used to track changes in total body water (TBW), intracellular fluid volume (ICFV) and extracellular fluid volume (ECFV) resulting from exercise. Methods: Jugular venous blood was sampled at rest and for 2,13 h following exercise. TBW, ECFV and plasma volume (PV) were measured at rest using indicator dilution techniques (D2O, thiocyanate and Evans Blue, respectively). TBW, ECFV, ICFV and PV were correlated to impedance measures and predictive equations used to determine hydration status from MF-BIA measures. Results: TBW loss continued throughout the recovery period, and was primarily borne by the ECF compartment at 90 min of recovery. Conclusions: MF-BIA predictions of compartmental hydration status were significantly correlated to measured/calculated decreases in these compartments. Potential relevance: Practical applications for MF-BIA in horses include monitoring of hydration status during transport and competition, assessment of body compostion, clinical health assessment and critical care management. [source] External skeletal fixation in the management of equine mandibular fractures: 16 cases (1988,1998)EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue 2 2001K. A. BELSITO Summary Fifty-three cases of equine mandibular fractures were managed surgically from 1988,1998, of which 16 (30%) were repaired by external skeletal fixation (ESF). Three surgical methods were utilised: transmandibular 4.76 or 6.35 mm Steinmann pins incorporated into fibreglass casting material or nonsterile dental acrylic (methyl methacrylate - MMA) bars reinforced with steel; transmandibular 9.6 mm self-tapping threaded pins ± 4.76 or 6.35 mm Steinmann pins incorporated into MMA bars reinforced with steel; and 4.5 mm or 5.5 mm ASIF cortical bone screws incorporated into MMA bars reinforced with steel or a ventral MMA splint. Fourteen horses were presented to the hospital for fixator removal at an average of 56.2 days. At removal, fractures were stable and occlusion of incisor and cheek teeth was considered adequate. Complications of the procedure occurred in 3 horses. Two horses with persistent drainage and ring sequestra from pin tracts required curettage 4 or 5 months after ESF removal. A third horse required replacement of the original fibreglass ESF with MMA bars to regain access to open, infected wounds. Another horse required removal of the second premolar at the time of fixator removal because the tooth root had been damaged in the original injury. ESF for the surgical management of mandibular fractures in horses has produced good results, with incisive and cheek tooth alignment reestablished in all horses. Horses that were managed via ESF had a rapid return to full feed and did not require any supplementation via nasogastric tube or oesophagostomy to maintain bodyweight or hydration status. [source] Changes in mu opioid receptors and rheological properties of erythrocytes among opioid abusersADDICTION BIOLOGY, Issue 2 2002ALLEN R. ZEIGER The high prevalence of anemia among chronic opioid users leads us to propose that chronic opiate use results in elevated mu opioid receptor levels on human erythrocytes and that these receptor changes may affect erythrocyte membrane properties. Blood samples from 17 opioid-dependent subjects (based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition or DSM-IV) and 15 drug-free controls were assayed for mu opioid receptors on erythrocytes using a flow cytometry immunoassay. Deformability and the hydration status of erythrocytes were studied by ektacytometry. Data were analyzed by independent t-tests, tests of correlation, chi square and cluster analyses. As expected, the percentage of erythrocytes from opioiddependent subjects with opioid receptors (opioid receptor levels) was significantly higher (47.4 ± 38.3%) than controls (22.8 ± 30.1%) (t = 2.01, df = 30, p < 0.05). Also, the opioid-dependent patients showed a wide variation in the percentage of erythrocytes bearing opioid receptors and data analyses of these patients showed two strongly defined clusters. One subgroup consisted of nine individuals with very high receptor levels (mean = 81.5%) while the other had eight patients with low receptor levels (mean = 9.1%) that were not significantly different than the receptor levels of controls. Ektacytometry of opioid dependent patients with high opioid receptor levels showed changes in rheological parameters of erythrocytes, such as deformability index and cellular hydration. For example, a positive correlation was observed between opioid receptor levels and deformability indices among opioid-dependent patients (r = 0.74, p < 0.005). Our findings indicate that the mu opioid receptor is present on human erythrocytes, although with considerable variation in receptor levels, and that the levels of this receptor are significantly elevated with chronic opioid exposure. Moreover, erythrocytes with high opioid receptor levels from chronic opiate users seem to have high deformability. This study may offer clues to the biological properties of peripheral blood cells that may be mediated by mu opioid receptors and lead to a better understanding of some of the clinical effects of opioid use. [source] Drug-induced corneal hydration changes monitored in vivo by non-invasive confocal Raman spectroscopyJOURNAL OF RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY, Issue 9 2001Roel J. Erckens It is well established that the state of corneal hydration plays a crucial role in maintaining optimal vision. Therefore, any knowledge that can be obtained non-invasively about the status of corneal hydration could be of significant clinical value. A novel confocal Raman spectroscopic technique was used to monitor non-invasively drug-induced hydration changes in the rabbit cornea. The spectroscopic technique enables one to monitor the changes in water content of the cornea while the confocal probing reduces interference of signals from adjacent tissues and allows for measurement of corneal hydration at various depths. The corneal hydration is altered by applying a dehydrating agent (Muro 128®) topically on the cornea. To determine the corneal hydration status, the OH/CH ratio between the Raman intensity of the water OH mode at 3390 cm,1 and the protein CH stretching mode at 2945 cm,1 is calculated. In the middle of the corneal stroma after 10 min, Muro 128® -treated corneas show an average decrease of about 30% in the OH/CH ratio (1.27 ± 0.13) compared with the untreated corneas (1.76 ± 0.09). In this in vivo model it is possible to monitor the hydration status of the living cornea using the Raman spectroscopic technique. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Physiological and performance effects of glycerol hyperhydration and rehydrationNUTRITION REVIEWS, Issue 12 2009Simon P Van Rosendal Studies have shown that beverages containing glycerol can enhance and maintain hydration status and may improve endurance exercise performance by attenuating adverse physiological changes associated with dehydration. Improvements to performance include increased endurance time to exhaustion by up to 24%, or a 5% increase in power or work. However, some studies have found no performance benefits during either prolonged exercise or specific skill and agility tests. In studies that have shown benefits, the improvements have been associated with thermoregulatory and cardiovascular changes. These include increased plasma volume and sweat rates, as well as reduced core temperature and ratings of perceived exertion. In a very small number of subjects, glycerol consumption has been associated with side-effects including nausea, gastrointestinal discomfort, dizziness, and headaches. In summary, while glycerol and fluid ingestion results in hyperhydration, the documented benefits to exercise performance remain inconsistent. [source] The Importance of Good Hydration for the Prevention of Chronic DiseasesNUTRITION REVIEWS, Issue 2005Friedrich Manz MD There is increasing evidence that mild dehydration plays a role in the development of various morbidities. In this review, the effects of hydration status on chronic diseases are categorized according to the strength of the evidence. Positive effects of maintenance of good hydration are shown for urolithiasis (category Ib evidence); constipation, exercise asthma, hypertonic dehydration in the infant, and hyperglycemia in diabetic ketoacidosis (all category IIb evidence); urinary tract infections, hypertension, fatal coronary heart disease, venous thromboembolism, and cerebral infarct (all category III evidence); and bronchopulmonary disorders (category IV evidence). For bladder and colon cancer, the evidence is inconsistent. [source] | ||||||||||