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Terms modified by Hunters Selected AbstractsFluorescence and coloration of grey hairINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE, Issue 5 2009S. Daly Synopsis Grey hair samples were collected from 11 individuals and separated into un-pigmented and pigmented fibres (International Hair Importers). Fluorescence measurements were obtained by using a double-grating fluorescence spectrophotometer and a bifurcated fibre optics accessory to measure the spectra directly from the surface of hair at various distances from the fibre root. Colour measurements were carried out by using a Hunter colorimeter. The fluorescence spectra of un-pigmented hair obtained by the excitation at 290 nm show a peak at 356 nm [tryptophan (Trp)], and multi-peak emissions in the range from 395 to 500 nm. A significant variation in the Trp emission intensity at 356 nm vs. the intensity of emission in the 395,500 nm range was observed for hair collected from various individuals with yellow coloured hair producing stronger relative emission in 395,500 nm range. Quantitative measurements of coloration and the calculation of the Yellowness Index (YI) showed linear correlation between YI and the ratio of fluorescence intensities I440/I356 The spectra obtained by excitation at 320 nm showed the emission peaks at 395 nm (unidentified), 420 nm (N -formylkynurenine), 460 nm (kynurenine), and 495 nm (3-hydroxykynurenine), which are the products of oxidative or metabolic conversion of tryptophan. Un-pigmented, yellow hair showed a build-up of the fluorescence band corresponding to 3-hydroxykynurenine at 495 nm. The data also showed the fluorescence quenching effect of melanin resulting in the lowering of the fluorescence intensity of pigmented hair. The spectra obtained at various positions along the fibres demonstrated gradual photo-decomposition of hair chromophores during their lifetimes. This was indicated by a decrease of Trp fluorescence intensity, which was relatively fast (8·10,4,1.5·10,3 [day,1] as calculated for hair obtained from various individuals) for un-pigmented hair and slower for pigmented hair. A decrease in Trp emission was accompanied by an increase in the yellow coloration toward the ends of un-pigmented fibres. Resume Des échantillons de cheveux gris ont été collectés chez onze personnes et triés entre fibres non pigmentés et fibres pigmentés (International Hair Importers). Les mesures de fluorescence ont été réalisées à l'aide d'un spectrophotomètre de fluorescence double grille et d'un accessoire constitué d'une fibre optique bifurquée. Ce dispositif permet la mesure du spectre directement depuis la surface d'un cheveu à diverses distances de sa racine. Les mesures de couleur ont été réalisées à l'aide d'un colorimètre HUNTER. Le spectre de fluorescence d'un cheveu non pigmenté obtenu par excitation à 290 nm montre un pic à 356 nm (tryptophane : Trp) et des émissions multi pics dans l'intervalle 395 à 500 nm. On observe une variation significative de l'intensité du Trp à 356 nm par rapport à l'intensité d'émission dans l'intervalle 395,500 nm sur les cheveux prélevés sur diverses personnes, les cheveux colorés en jaune produisant une émission relative plus forte dans l'intervalle 395,500 nm. Les mesures quantitatives de la couleur et le calcul de l'indice de jaunissement (YI) montrent une corrélation linéaire entre YI et le rapport des intensités de fluorescence I 440/I356. Le spectre obtenu par excitation à 320 nm montre des pics d'émission à 395 nm (non identifiés), 420 nm (N-formylkynurenine), 460 nm (kynurenine), 495 nm (3-hydroxy kinurenine) propres aux produits d'oxydation ou de conversion métabolique du Tryptophane. Les cheveux jaunes non pigmentés présentent une saturation de la bande de fluorescence correspondant à la 3-hydroxykynurenine à 495 nm. Ces données montrent également l'effet de quenching de la mélanine entraînant un affaiblissement de l'intensité de la fluorescence des cheveux pigmentés. Le spectre obtenu en divers endroits le long des fibres indique une photodécomposition graduelle des chromophores des cheveux durant leur temps de vie. Ceci se traduit par une diminution de l'intensité de fluorescence du Trp qui est relativement rapide pour les cheveux non pigmentés (8,10,4,1,5,10,3 [jour , 1], conformément aux calculs effectués sur des cheveux prélevés sur différents individus) et par une diminution plus lente pour les cheveux pigmentés. Une diminution de l'émission du Trp s'accompagne d'une augmentation de la coloration jaune de l'extrémité des cheveux, détectable sur des cheveux non pigmentés. [source] Early hominid hunting and scavenging: A zooarcheological reviewEVOLUTIONARY ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 6 2003Manuel Domínguez-Rodrigo Abstract Before the early 1980s, the prevailing orthodoxy in paleoanthropology considered Early Stone Age archeological sites in East Africa to represent a primitive form of hominid campsites. The faunal evidence preserved in these sites was viewed as the refuse of carcass meals provided by hominid males in a social system presumptively characterized by sexual division of labor. This interpretation of early hominid life ways, commonly known as the "Home Base" or "Food Sharing" model, was developed most fully by Glynn Isaac.1,4 As Bunn and Stanford5 emphasized, this model was greatly influenced by a paradigm that coalesced between 1966 and 1968, referred to as "Man the Hunter."6 [source] Editing Early Modern Texts: An Introduction to Principles and Practice By Michael HunterHISTORY, Issue 310 2008ANDREW CAMBERS No abstract is available for this article. [source] Obituary for John E. HunterINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SELECTION AND ASSESSMENT, Issue 3 2002Frank L. Schmidt No abstract is available for this article. [source] ,The geriatric hospital felt like a backwater': aspects of older people's nursing in Britain, 1955,1980JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NURSING, Issue 19 2009Jane Brooks Aims and objectives., The aim of this article is to examine the experiences of ward-level nurses who cared for older people in general hospitals between 1955,1980. Background., There is very little published on the history of older adult nursing and no recent material from the United Kingdom. There are, however, the works of Cecily Hunter in Australia and Erica Roberts in Canada. It is the intention of this study to contribute to this important area of research. Design., This is an oral history project in which 20 nurses who had worked on older adults ward between 1955,1980 were interviewed. Methods., All the interviews were taped, transcribed and data-themed. Ethical clearance for the project was obtained from the University Ethics Committee and all participants were anonymised. Results., Many of the nurses found the experience very difficult, though there were exceptions. Several participants had worked on older adults ward during their training and then had never wanted to return. Most described a paucity of resources and longevity of staff on the wards. Conclusions., Using the sociological theory of Erving Goffman, this article introduces a novel method of understanding nursing history, although his ideas have been used in medical history. The value of his theories for this study is in the identification of nurses as being part of the same system as the patients themselves. Implications for contemporary policy, research and/or practice., For nurses to care effectively for their patients, nurses themselves must be valued. Subordination and regimentation tend to dehumanise the carers which, in turn, dehumanises the cared for. [source] Effect of Gamma-irradiation on Color, Pungency, and Volatiles of Korean Red Pepper PowderJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 8 2004J.H. Lee ABSTRACT: Effect of gamma-irradiation on color, pungency, and volatiles of Korean red pepper powder (Capsicum annuum L.) was investigated. Red pepper powder, vacuum-packaged in a polyethylene/polypropylene bag, was gamma-irradiated up to 7 kGy. An irradiation dose of 7 kGy reduced the population of mesophilic bacteria and fungi effectively without affecting major quality factors. Pungency of irradiated red pepper powder was not changed based on the amount of capsanoids by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the Scoville sensory score. The red color of irradiated pepper powder was not significantly different from that of the control, judged from the capsanthin content by HPLC and color assessment using spectrophotpmetric (American Spice Trade Assn. units) and colorimetric measurements (Hunter a values). Further, the sensory evaluation showed no significant difference in pungent odor and off-odor between nonirradiated control and irradiated red pepper powder. However, when headspace volatiles of gamma-irradiated red pepper powder were evaluated by gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry with solid-phase microextraction and electronic nose with metal oxide sensors, the profiles of odor were classified into irradiated dose levels of 0, 3, 5, and 7 kGy by principal component analysis and multivariate analysis of variance. Such a difference of odor might result from the disappearance of some volatiles, such as hexanoic acid and tetramethyl-pyrazine, and the appearance of 1,3-di-tert-butylbenzene during irradiation. Moreover, it appears that the irradiation of packaging material induced a formation of 1,3-di-tertbutylbenzene, which migrated into the red pepper powder. [source] Books and Multimedia ReviewsMETEORITICS & PLANETARY SCIENCE, Issue 12 2002Article first published online: 26 JAN 2010 Book reviewed in this article: Chemical Dynamics in Extreme Environments, Volume 11 of Advanced Series in Physical Chemistry edited by Rainer A. Dressler. Storms in Space by John Freeman. Major Impacts and Plate Tectonics: A Model for the Phanerozoic Evolution of the Earth's Lithosphere by Neville J. Price. Meteorite Hunter: The Search For Siberian Meteorite Craters by Roy A. Gallant. [source] An infinite family of generalized Kalnajs discsMONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY, Issue 4 2006Guillermo A. González ABSTRACT An infinite family of axially symmetric thin discs of finite radius is presented. The family of discs is obtained by means of a method developed by Hunter and contains, as its first member, the Kalnajs disc. The surface densities of the discs present a maximum at the centre of the disc and then decrease smoothly to zero at the edge, in such a way that the mass distribution of the higher members of the family is more concentrated at the centre. The first member of the family has a circular velocity proportional to the radius, thus representing a uniformly rotating disc. On the other hand, the circular velocities of the other members of the family increase from a value of zero at the centre of the discs to a maximum and then decrease smoothly to a finite value at the edge of the discs, in such a way that, for the higher members of the family, the maximum value of the circular velocity is attained nearest the centre of the discs. [source] Going beyond competencies: An exploratory study in defining exemplary workplace learning and performance practitionersPERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT QUARTERLY, Issue 1 2009Terri Freeman Smith This study was an exploratory investigation used to identify exemplary performance in four of the areas of expertise (AOEs) as described in the American Society for Training and Development's Mapping the Future: New Workplace Learning and Performance Competencies (2004). Qualitative data were collected from the following four AOEs: (1) delivering training, (2) designing learning, (3) improving human performance, and (4) measuring and evaluating. Research suggests that an exemplary performer could have productivity differences 12 times greater than performers at the bottom of the performance scale and 85% greater than an average performer (Hunter, Schmidt, & Judiesch, 1990). Critical incidents were collected from behavioral event interviews of 23 exemplary performers and 9 typical performers. An analysis of the findings suggests that an exemplary performer may hold at least four key behaviors: taking calculated risks, entrepreneurial and visionary planning, documented business performance to support and influence change, and political prudence and leadership savvy. [source] Longevity Among Hunter- Gatherers: A Cross-Cultural ExaminationPOPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT REVIEW, Issue 2 2007Michael Gurven Post-reproductive longevity is a robust feature of human life and not only a recent phenomenon caused by improvements in sanitation, public health, and medical advances. We argue for an adaptive life span of 68-78 years for modern Homo sapiens based on our analysis of mortality profiles obtained from small-scale hunter-gatherer and horticultural populations from around the world. We compare patterns of survivorship across the life span, rates of senescence, modal ages at adult death, and causes of death. We attempt to reconcile our results with those derived from paleodemographic studies that characterize prehistoric human lives as "nasty, brutish, and short," and with observations of recent acculturation among contemporary subsistence populations. We integrate information on age-specific dependency and resource production to help explain the adaptive utility of longevity in humans from an evolutionary perspective. [source] Fishing new proteins in the twilight zone of genomes: The test case of outer membrane proteins in Escherichia coli K12, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and other Gram-negative bacteriaPROTEIN SCIENCE, Issue 6 2003Rita Casadio Abstract We address the problem of clustering the whole protein content of genomes into three different categories,globular, all-,, and all-, membrane proteins,with the aim of fishing new membrane proteins in the pool of nonannotated proteins (twilight zone). The focus is then mainly on outer membrane proteins. This is performed by using an integrated suite of programs (Hunter) specifically developed for predicting the occurrence of signal peptides in proteins of Gram-negative bacteria and the topography of all-, and all-, membrane proteins. Hunter is tested on the well and partially annotated proteins (2160 and 760, respectively) of Escherichia coli K 12 scoring as high as 95.6% in the correct assignment of each chain to the category. Of the remaining 1253 nonannotated sequences, 1099 are predicted globular, 136 are all-,, and 18 are all-, membrane proteins. In Escherichia coli 0157:H7 we filtered 1901 nonannotated proteins. Our analysis classifies 1564 globular chains, 327 inner membrane proteins, and 10 outer membrane proteins. With Hunter, new membrane proteins are added to the list of putative membrane proteins of Gram-negative bacteria. The content of outer membrane proteins per genome (nine are analyzed) ranges from 1.5% to 2.4%, and it is one order of magnitude lower than that of inner membrane proteins. The finding is particularly relevant when it is considered that this is the first large-scale analysis based on validated tools that can predict the content of outer membrane proteins in a genome and can allow cross-comparison of the same protein type between different species. [source] Likelihood and bayesian approaches to inference for the stationary point of a quadratic response surfaceTHE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF STATISTICS, Issue 2 2008Valeria Sambucini Abstract In response surface analysis, a second order polynomial model is often used for inference on the stationary point of the response function. The standard confidence regions for the stationary point are due to Box & Hunter (1954). The authors propose an alternative parametrization, in which the stationary point is the parameter of interest; likelihood techniques and Bayesian analysis are then easier to perform. The authors also suggest an approximate method to get highest posterior density regions for the maximum point (not simply for the stationary point). Furthermore, they study the coverage probabilities of these Bayesian regions through simulations. Approches vraisemblantiste et bayésienne pour I'inference portant sur le point stationnaire d'une surface de réponse quadratique Résumé: Dans l'analyse des surfaces de réponse, un polyn,me du second degré est souvent utilisé pour l'inférence portant sur le point stationnaire de la fonction de réponse. Les régions de confiance standards pour le point stationnaire sont dues à Box & Hunter (1954). Les auteurs proposent une paramétrisation différente dans laquelle le point stationnaire est le paramètre d'intér,t; ceci facilite l'emploi des techniques de vraisemblance et l'analyse bayésienne. Les auteurs suggèrent aussi une façon d'approximer les régions de plus haute densité a posteriori pour le point maximum (et non seulement pour le point stationnaire). De plus, ils étudient les propriétés de couverture des régions bayésiennespar voie de simulation. [source] Duels, Doctors And DeathANZ JOURNAL OF SURGERY, Issue 8 2000Reginald Magee Duelling as a method of settling disputes between gentlemen was practised in the British Isles and on the Continent from the 16th to the beginning of the 20th century. In early duels the victory would go to the better swordsman, but the use of pistols not only made the contest more deadly, but also more democratic. The social aspects, the indications for a challenge, the material and methods and the mortality and morbidity of the contest are considered. Mention is made of a case in which John Hunter was consulted. Its management, progress and autopsy findings are described together with Hunter's thoughts about it and the management of similar wounds. [source] Climate drivers of red wine quality in four contrasting Australian wine regionsAUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF GRAPE AND WINE RESEARCH, Issue 2 2008C.J. SOAR Abstract Background and Aims: The understanding of the links between weather and wine quality is fragmented and often qualitative. This study quantified and integrated key weather variables during ripening, and their influence in red wine quality in the Hunter Valley, Margaret River, Coonawarra and Barossa Valley. Methods and Results: Long-term records of published vintage scores were used as an indicator of wine quality. A ,2 analysis was used to compare good (top 25%) versus poor (bottom 25%) vintages in relation to the frequency of defined weather conditions. Using maximum temperature as an example, better quality was associated with temperatures above 34°C throughout most of ripening in the Hunter, below 28°C in early January in the Margaret River, 28,33.9°C towards harvest in Coonawarra, and below 21.9°C in late January and early February and 28,30.9°C towards harvest in the Barossa. Conclusion: Our quantitative assessment allows for the timing and magnitude of weather influences on wine quality on a regional basis. Significance of the Study: The improved specificity of the links between weather and wine quality will help in the development of a risk analysis framework for wine quality across Australia. [source] The Nightly Round: Space, Social Capital, and Urban Black NightlifeCITY & COMMUNITY, Issue 2 2010Marcus Anthony Hunter Using data generated from participant observation and semistructured interviews, I consider the ways in which nightlife, or what might be imagined as the nightly round,a process encompassing the social interactions, behaviors, and actions involved in going to, being in, and leaving the club,is used to mitigate the effects of social and spatial isolation, complementing the accomplishment of the daily round. Through an analysis of the social world of The Spot, I argue that understanding the ways in which urban blacks use space in the nightclub to mediate racial segregation, sexual segregation, and limited social capital expands our current understanding of the spatial mobility of urban blacks as well as the important role of extra-neighborhood spaces in such processes. Further, I highlight the ways that urban blacks use space in the nightclub to leverage socioeconomic opportunities and enhance social networks. While I found that black heterosexual and lesbian and gay patrons used space in similar ways at The Spot, black lesbians and gays were more likely to use the club as a space to develop ties of social support. El recorrido de todas las noches: espacio, capital social y la vida nocturna de las personas de raza negra residentes en las ciudades (Marcus Anthony Hunter) Resumen Usando datos generados a partir de la observación participante y entrevistas semi-estructuradas, analizo las formas en que la vida nocturna o lo que podemos imaginar como el recorrido nocturno -un proceso que abarca las interacciones sociales, conductas y acciones incluidas en el ir hacia, estar en y salir de los clubes de baile- es utilizado para mitigar los efectos del aislamiento social y espacial, complementando así el logro de las actividades realizadas durante el día. A través del análisis del mundo social del club "The Spot", sostengo que estudiar las formas en que las personas de raza negra residentes en las ciudades utilizan el espacio en los clubes nocturnos para mediar la segregación racial y sexual y su limitado capital social, contribuye a expandir nuestra comprensión de la movilidad espacial de las personas de raza negra residentes en las ciudades al igual que el importante rol de los espacios extra-barriales en estos procesos. Además, enfatizo las maneras en que este conglomerado utiliza el espacio en los clubes nocturnos para mejorar sus oportunidades socio-económicas y ampliar sus redes sociales. Mis resultados indican que aunque las y los clientes heterosexuales, lesbianas y gays de raza negra de "The Spot" utilizaban el espacio de manera similar, las lesbianas y gays de raza negra eran más propensos a utilizar el club como un espacio para desarrollar redes de apoyo social. [source] What did William Hunter know about bone?CLINICAL ANATOMY, Issue 3 2005Stuart W. McDonald Abstract This article examines William Hunter's specimens on bone in the Anatomy Museum at the University of Glasgow. By referring to students' notes taken at Hunter's lectures and to the Manuscript Catalogue of his anatomical specimens, we attempt to answer the question, "What did William Hunter know about bone?" Hunter seems to have been particularly interested in the relationship between vascularisation and ossification and many of the specimens illustrate this. He provided his students with reasoned arguments on a number of issues: that the marrow serves as a fat store and not to produce synovial fluid or to keep bones supple; the periosteum serves as an attachment for tendons and ligaments; the rationale for the presence of epiphyses is not readily defined; that bones form by intramembranous and endochondral ossification and that, in the latter, cartilage is replaced by bone. William Hunter narrowly failed to realise that in long bones new bone is laid down by the periosteum and at the epiphysial plates, and is remodeled. These discoveries were to be made by his brother, John. Clin. Anat. 18:155,163, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] William Hunter's Gravid Uterus: The specimens and platesCLINICAL ANATOMY, Issue 4 2002N.A. McCulloch Abstract William Hunter's collection of anatomical specimens of the pregnant uterus forms one of the finest displays in the Anatomy Museum at the University of Glasgow. We were interested to know which specimens in the Museum matched the plates in Hunter's The Anatomy of the Human Gravid Uterus Exhibited in Figures (1774). In our investigation we were greatly assisted by Teacher's Catalogue of the Anatomical and Pathological Preparations of Dr William Hunter (1900). Thirteen specimens in the Museum and one from the pathological collection at the Royal Infirmary are represented in Hunter's book. The specimens can be recognized in 25 of its illustrations. A further three specimens may correspond to figures but we could not prove this. With one possible exception, all the specimens matching plates noted in Teacher's catalogue remain in the Museum and one believed missing in Marshall's (1970) revision of the catalogue has been found. Clin. Anat. 15:253,262, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Hunter's syndrome and buphthalmos in a girl: an unusual ophthalmic associationACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 2009S SETHI Purpose To report an unusual ophthalmic presentation of a case of Hunter's syndrome/MPS II. Methods A sixteen-year-old girl presented to us with total loss of vision and forward protrusion OU since early childhood. Detailed examination, including slit lamp biomicroscopy, Intra ocular pressure (IOP) and fundoscopy was carried out. Thorough systemic evaluation including Computed Tomography (CT), metabolic and genetic analysis was undertaken in collaboration with internists. Results Characteristic facies, detection of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) variants in urine (chondroitin sulfate B and heparin sulfate) and iduronate-2-sulphatase activity in fibroblasts/leucocytes confirmed the diagnosis of MPS II. Child had severe photophobia but with no perception of light OU. OU buphthalmos with Haab's striae was noted, making a clear view of the fundus difficult. IOP OU was elevated, and 90D slit lamp biomicroscopy revealed a total glaucomatous optic atrophy in both eyes. On CT there was thickening and edema of preseptal and periorbital soft tissue with marked thinning of the optic nerves with prominent perineural CSF sleeves, indicative of marked optic atrophy. Conclusion Glaucoma is a known association of Hurler's, Scheie's and Maroteaux-Lamy syndromes but not Hunter's. In fact, there is only one report of suspected angle closure glaucoma in MPS II. Buphthalmos is not a likely presentation as the sclera in these patients is known to be thickened due to deposition of GAG. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of buphthalmos in association with MPS II. The importance of a meticulous examination in this subset of patients cannot be overemphasised. An appropriate and timely intervention may result in a better quality of life for them. [source] William Hunter's Gravid Uterus: The specimens and platesCLINICAL ANATOMY, Issue 4 2002N.A. McCulloch Abstract William Hunter's collection of anatomical specimens of the pregnant uterus forms one of the finest displays in the Anatomy Museum at the University of Glasgow. We were interested to know which specimens in the Museum matched the plates in Hunter's The Anatomy of the Human Gravid Uterus Exhibited in Figures (1774). In our investigation we were greatly assisted by Teacher's Catalogue of the Anatomical and Pathological Preparations of Dr William Hunter (1900). Thirteen specimens in the Museum and one from the pathological collection at the Royal Infirmary are represented in Hunter's book. The specimens can be recognized in 25 of its illustrations. A further three specimens may correspond to figures but we could not prove this. With one possible exception, all the specimens matching plates noted in Teacher's catalogue remain in the Museum and one believed missing in Marshall's (1970) revision of the catalogue has been found. Clin. Anat. 15:253,262, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Colonial Constructions of Masculinity: Transforming Aboriginal Australian Men into ,Houseboys'GENDER & HISTORY, Issue 2 2009Julia Martínez In Darwin in the Northern Territory of Australia, Aboriginal men made up more than half of the domestic servant population by 1938. They replaced the Chinese and Malay male servants who had worked for British colonists in the early colonial period. Much of the historical work on male domestic servants in colonial situations plots the construction of the ,houseboy' as emasculated, feminised and submissive. In contrast, colonial constructions of Aboriginal men as ,houseboys' in Darwin emphasise the masculinity of the Aboriginal hunter. Aboriginal men were characterised as requiring constant discipline and training, and this paternalistic discourse led to a corresponding denial of manhood or adulthood for Aboriginal men. While male domestic servants in other colonial settings were allowed some privileges of masculinity in relation to female workers, amongst Aboriginal domestic workers, it was so-called ,half-caste' women who, in acknowledgment of their ,white blood', received nominally higher wages and privileges for domestic work. Aboriginal men were denied what was referred to as a ,breadwinning' wage; an Australian wage awarded to white men with families. Despite this, their role as husbands was encouraged by the administration as a method of controlling sexual relations between white men and Aboriginal women. These sometimes contradictory images can be understood as manifestations of the racialised construction of gender in Australia. [source] Evaluation of pre-heating and extraction solvents in antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of garlic, and their application in fresh pork pattiesINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 2 2010Sung Y. Park Summary The objectives of this study were to screen the optimum conditions for antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of garlic as affected by pre-heating and different extraction solvents, and to evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of these extracts in ground meat during refrigerated storage. Methanol extracted garlic had a greater total phenolic content, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-radical scavenging activity and reducing power than water extracted one (P < 0.05), whereas the latter had a greater yield and iron chelating ability than the former (P < 0.05). Moreover, water extract from fresh garlic (WEFG) and methanol extract from heated garlic (MEHG) produced an inhibition zone against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes. The addition of garlic extracts (WEFG, MEHG and their combinations WEFMEHG)) to pork patties decreased the pH, hunter a values (redness), thiobarbituric acid substances values and the number of total plate count and Enterobacteriaceae (P < 0.05), while the hunter b values (yellowness) increased (P < 0.05). Results of this study indicated that the use of the garlic extracts was able to control lipid oxidation and microbial growth in pork patties. [source] Dating the introduction of cereal cultivation to the British Isles: early palaeoecological evidence from the Isle of ManJOURNAL OF QUATERNARY SCIENCE, Issue 7 2003James B. Innes Abstract The adoption of cereal cultivation is a key benchmark in the transition from Mesolithic hunter,gatherer foraging to Neolithic farming economies, but the nature, timing and ecological,cultural context of the earliest cereal use in the British Isles and northwest Europe is still uncertain. We present AMS radiocarbon dating and fine-resolution pollen evidence from the Isle of Man for cereal growing in the latter stages of a distinct episode of forest disturbance at almost 6000,yr,BP (uncalibrated). The coherent ecological structure of this phase at the fine resolution level suggests that it records cereal cultivation well before the Ulmus decline, rather than wild grass pollen grains. This example is one of a cluster of early dates for cereal-type pollen near the start of the sixth millenium BP, including several around the Irish Sea, which indicate that the introduction of cereal agriculture probably occurred as early in the central British Isles as in the northern European plain. This early cereal phase is followed later by a probable phase of pre- Ulmus decline pastoral activity. We also report Mesolithic age woodland disturbance around 7000,yr,BP (uncalibrated) and the first radiocarbon dates for mid-Holocene forest history of the Isle of Man. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The Languages of SiberiaLINGUISTICS & LANGUAGE COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 1 2009Edward J. Vajda Although Russian today is the dominant language in virtually every corner of North Asia, Siberia and the Northern Pacific Rim of Asia remain home to over three dozen mutually unintelligible indigenous language varieties. Except for Tuvan, Buryat, and Yakut, most are rapidly losing ground to Russian if not already critically endangered. Several more have already become extinct in the four centuries since the area's incorporation into the Russian state. From an ethnographic perspective, Siberian languages merit attention for their interplay of pastoral and hunter,gatherer influences and also for the fact that Siberia represents the staging ground for prehistoric migrations into the Americas. North Asia contains several autochthonous microfamilies and isolates not found outside this region , the so-called ,Paleo-Asiatic' (or ,Paleosiberian') languages Ket, Yukaghir, Nivkh, and the Chukotko-Kamchatkan microfamily, which includes Chukchi, Koryak, and Itelmen. Ainu, formerly spoken on Sakhalin and the Kuriles as well as in Hokkaido, and the three varieties of Eskimoan spoken in historic times on the Russian side of Bering Strait, likewise belong to the earlier, non-food producing layers of ethnolinguistic diversity in North Asia. All of these languages, aside from Eskimoan, are entirely autochthonous to the northern half of Asia. Siberian languages spoken by pastoral groups, on the other hand, belong to families represented more prominently elsewhere. Families, such as Uralic, Turkic, Mongolic, and especially Tungusic (the northern branch of the Tungus-Manchu family), became dominant in Siberia long before the coming of the Russians. As an extension of pastoral Inner Eurasia, Siberia displays many traits characteristic of a linguistic area: suffixal agglutination, widespread dependent marking typology, a fairly elaborate system of spatial case markers, and the use of case suffixes or postpositions to signal syntactic subordination. There are also notable idiosyncratic features, particularly among the so-called Paleo-Siberian languages. These include the areally atypical feature of possessive prefixes and verb-internal subject/object prefixes in Ket, the unique verb-internal focus markers of Yukaghir, the extensive numeral allomorphs that serve as nominal classifiers in Nivkh, and the reduplicative stem augmentation used by Chukchi nouns to express the absolutive singular (in contrast to plurals and oblique case forms, where the stem is simple). While North Asia has long been the preserve of linguists writing in Russian or German (including many Finns and Hungarians), since the collapse of the Soviet Union the number of English-language treatments of Siberian languages is increasing. [source] Semantic transparency and masked morphological priming: An ERP investigationPSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 4 2007Joanna Morris Abstract The role of semantics in the segmentation of morphologically complex words was examined using event-related potentials (ERPs) recorded to target words primed by semantically transparent (hunter,hunt,) opaque (corner,corn), and orthographically related (scandal,scan) masked primes. Behavioral data showed that only transparent items gave rise to priming. The ERP data showed both N250 and the N400 effects with transparent items generating greater priming than orthographic or opaque. Furthermore, priming effects across conditions revealed the existence of a significant linear trend, with transparent items showing the greatest effects and orthographic items the smallest, suggesting that these priming effects vary as a function of morphological structure and semantic transparency. The results are discussed in terms of a model of morphological processing. [source] Regional differences in craniofacial diversity and the population history of Jomon JapanAMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 3 2009Tsunehiko Hanihara Abstract The people associated with the Jomon culture, the Neolithic inhabitants of Japan, are one of the key groups in the population history of East Asia, because they retain many archaic characters that may be traced back to Eurasian Upper Palaeolithic hunter,gatherers. In this study, the regional diversity of the Jomon skeletal series was estimated by applying the R-matrix method to 34 craniofacial measurements. The patterns of intraregional variation indicate little effect on the genetic structure of the Jomon from long-term gene flow stemming from an outside source. The regional diversities were further estimated by pooling all individuals into regional aggregates, and by computing the mean variance within local groups in each region. Although the pattern of phenotypic variation differs depending on the unit of analysis, the gradient of the diversity retains its identity. The Hokkaido region, the northernmost part of the Japanese archipelago, has the highest variance, followed by the regions of eastern Japan, while the southwestern regions have the lowest variance. These findings suggest that the Jomon ancestors of the northern part of Japan might have expanded southward to Honshu Island. Global analyses including samples from Eurasia, Africa, and Australia dating roughly to the same chronological periods as those of the Jomon samples, indicate that the Jomon cranial series share part of their ancestral gene pool with early northeastern Asians. The present findings support the archeologically suggested population growth and expansion in the northern half of the Eurasian continent during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene periods. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Habitat-specific ranging patterns of Dian's tarsiers (Tarsius dianae) as revealed by radiotrackingAMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY, Issue 2 2006Stefan Merker Abstract Dian's tarsier Tarsius dianae, one of the smallest primates on earth, is endemic to the central regions of Sulawesi, Indonesia. To evaluate the effects of increasing land use by humans on the ranging patterns of this nocturnal insect hunter, four study plots along a gradient of anthropogenic disturbance were selected for this study. In these plots, 71 tarsiers were captured with mist nets, and 30 of these were fitted with 3.9 g radiotransmitters and subsequently tracked over the course of 2 weeks per animal. The average home ranges were 1.1,1.8 ha in size, with the smallest ranges in slightly disturbed habitat and the largest ranges in a heavily disturbed plantation. These findings coincide with different estimates of insect abundance in the study plots. Nightly travel distances were smallest in undisturbed old-growth forest and slightly increased along a gradient of human disturbance. The tarsiers were most active shortly after dusk and just before dawn. The results of this comprehensive radiotracking study on tarsiers show that T. dianae adapts its ranging behavior to the degree and type of human land use. Integrated data on home range size and travel distance indicate that slightly disturbed forest is as favorable to these animals as undisturbed habitat. However, with increasing anthropogenic effects, the living conditions of the tarsiers appear to deteriorate, resulting in the necessity for larger home and night ranges. The results of this study provide an important tool for directing conservation efforts targeted at the survival of this primate in central Sulawesi. Am. J. Primatol. 68:111,125, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Trapper profiles and strategies: insights into sustainability from hunter behaviourANIMAL CONSERVATION, Issue 6 2009N. F. Kümpel Abstract Hunters are the critical link between demand and supply of bushmeat. An understanding of the incentives that drive hunter behaviour might thus help to predict the impacts of hunting and inform management of bushmeat hunting systems. However, hunter behaviour has been generally under-represented in studies of exploitation, in particular trapper behaviour, despite the fact that trapping is the most common form of hunting in central Africa. We collected data on hunter profiles and measures of catch and effort over 15 months in the Monte Mitra area of continental Equatorial Guinea, through interviews, hunter follows and an offtake survey. Younger trappers, and those not born in the village, were found to expend the greatest trapping effort. Trappers operated under three distinct strategies, reflecting different levels of effort and impact: low-impact village trappers, medium-impact forest trappers and high-impact forest trappers. Among different measures of effort, time expended and distance travelled were found to be less important in predicting trapping success than the number of effective traps, a measure that incorporates trap age. Regular checking of traps was found to be important in reducing wastage and therefore increases trapping success. Trapping is currently the main hunting method in Monte Mitra, due to lower barriers to entry and higher profits compared with gun hunting, but increasing affordability and availability of guns and cartridges warns of a possible future switch to gun hunting in the area, which is likely to have adverse impacts on vulnerable species, particularly arboreal primates. An understanding of the influence of a hunter's profile on hunting effort and success enables a prediction of the impacts of socioeconomic changes on wildlife populations and management actions to improve hunting sustainability. [source] ON ISOTOPES AND OLD BONES*ARCHAEOMETRY, Issue 6 2008J. A. LEE-THORP This review charts the developments and progress made in the application of stable light isotope tools to palaeodietary adaptations from the 1970s onwards. It begins with an outline of the main principles governing the distribution of stable light isotopes in foodwebs and the quality control issues specific to the calcified tissues used in these analyses, and then proceeds to describe the historical landmark studies that have marked major progress, either in their archaeological applications or in enhancing our understanding of the tools. They include the adoption of maize agriculture, marine-focused diets amongst coastal hunter,gatherers, trophic level amongst Glacial-period modern humans and Neanderthals, and the use of savannah resources by early hominins in Africa. Particular attention is given to the progress made in addressing the challenges that have arisen out of these studies, including issues related to the routing of dietary nutrients. I conclude with some firm, and some more speculative, pointers about where the field may be heading in the next decade or so. [source] Australia's great comet hunterASTRONOMY & GEOPHYSICS, Issue 1 2010Dr Ragbir Bhathal John Tebbutt was Australia's pre-eminent 19th-century astronomer who discovered two great comets of that century. Ragbir Bathal tells his story. [source] Game Vertebrate Densities in Hunted and Nonhunted Forest Sites in Manu National Park, PeruBIOTROPICA, Issue 2 2010Whaldener Endo ABSTRACT Manu National Park of southern Peru is one of the most renowned protected areas in the world, yet large-bodied vertebrate surveys conducted to date have been restricted to Cocha Cashu Biological Station, a research station covering <0.06 percent of the 1.7 Mha park. Manu Park is occupied by >460 settled Matsigenka Amerindians, 300,400 isolated Matsigenka, and several, little-known groups of isolated hunter,gatherers, yet the impact of these native Amazonians on game vertebrate populations within the park remains poorly understood. On the basis of 1495 km of standardized line-transect censuses, we present density and biomass estimates for 23 mammal, bird, and reptile species for seven lowland and upland forest sites in Manu Park, including Cocha Cashu. We compare these estimates between hunted and nonhunted sites within Manu Park, and with other Neotropical forest sites. Manu Park safeguards some of the most species-rich and highest biomass assemblages of arboreal and terrestrial mammals ever recorded in Neotropical forests, most likely because of its direct Andean influence and high levels of soil fertility. Relative to Barro Colorado Island, seed predators and arboreal folivores in Manu are rare, and generalist frugivores specializing on mature fruit pulp are abundant. The impact of such a qualitative shift in the vertebrate community on the dynamics of plant regeneration, and therefore, on our understanding of tropical plant ecology, must be profound. Despite a number of external threats, Manu Park continues to serve as a baseline against which other Neotropical forests can be gauged. Abstract in Spanish is available at http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/loi/btp. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||