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Hour Intervals (hour + interval)
Selected AbstractsAntibiotic lock: In vitro stability of gentamicin and sodium citrate stored in dialysis catheters at 37 °CHEMODIALYSIS INTERNATIONAL, Issue 3 2010Marisa BATTISTELLA Abstract Catheter-related bacteremia (CRB) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality especially among patients receiving hemodialysis. Antibiotic lock therapy represents a promising technique in the treatment of CRB. Several studies have evaluated antibiotics in combination with heparin as an interdialytic locking solution for prophylaxis of CRB. The objective of this study was to evaluate the stability of gentamicin and sodium citrate in hemodialysis catheters as an interdialytic lock. Solutions containing gentamicin 2.5 mg/mL and sodium citrate 40 mg/mL (4%) were prepared individually and in combination. The solutions were instilled into dialysis catheters and stored at 37 °C for 96 h. Samples were withdrawn randomly from catheter lumens at 24-hour intervals for 4 days and stored at ,20 °C until analysis. The samples were analyzed with validated, stability-indicating HPLC assays. The luminal concentration of gentamicin 2.5 mg/mL, sodium citrate 40 mg/mL (4%), and the combination was determined on study days 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4. When gentamicin was combined with sodium citrate and stored at 37 °C in dialysis catheters, the solution showed no decrease in either the gentamicin or the sodium citrate concentrations over the 96-hour study period. The percent of the original concentration at 96 h was 102.4±1.03 for gentamicin and 102.9±1.25 for citrate (P=0.5556). The combination of gentamicin 2.5 mg/mL and sodium citrate 40 mg/mL (4%) can be retained in hemodialysis catheters for at least 96 h at 37 °C with no evidence of degradation. [source] Effects of d -Cycloserine on Extinction and Reconditioning of Ethanol-Seeking Behavior in MiceALCOHOLISM, Issue 5 2009Peter A. Groblewski Background:,d -Cycloserine (DCS), a partial N -methyl- d -aspartate receptor agonist, has been shown to enhance the extinction of both cocaine and amphetamine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP). However, there have been no reports of the effects of DCS on the extinction of ethanol-conditioned behaviors in mice. Thus, the current experiments examined the effects of DCS on the extinction and subsequent reconditioning of ethanol-induced CPP in mice. Methods:, Male DBA/2J mice received either 2 or 4 pairings of ethanol (2 g/kg) with a conditioned stimulus (CS+) floor cue (and an equal number of saline pairings with a CS, floor cue on alternate days) resulting in either a weak or strong ethanol CPP, respectively. Following conditioning of a strong ethanol CPP mice received saline or 30 mg/kg DCS prior to each of the twelve 30-minute choice extinction trials administered at 48-hour intervals. Mice that had received conditioning of a weak ethanol CPP received saline, 30 or 60 mg/kg DCS immediately before each of the six 30-minute choice extinction trials. Following successful ethanol CPP extinction, mice received reconditioning trials similar to the initial conditioning trials. A final experiment examined the effects 12 DCS pre-exposures (15, 30, and 60 mg/kg) on initial conditioning of ethanol CPP. Results:, First, we showed that 2 doses of DCS (30 and 60 mg/kg) did not have aversive properties that could confound the effects on extinction of CPP (Experiment 1). Second, we showed that DCS (30 and 60 mg/kg) had no effect on the rate of extinction of either strong (Experiment 2) or weak (Experiment 3) ethanol-induced CPP. Interestingly, DCS administered during extinction interfered with reconditioning of ethanol-induced CPP,an effect specific to reconditioning, as DCS pre-exposure did not influence initial ethanol CPP conditioning (Experiment 4). Conclusions:, These experiments show that although DCS showed no effect on extinction behavior, when given during extinction it interfered with subsequent reconditioning of ethanol CPP. The mechanisms of this effect were not, however, due to nonspecific interference with learning because repeated DCS pre-exposures did not impair initial conditioning of ethanol CPP. [source] Methylprednisolone exacerbates axonal loss following optic nerve trauma in ratsJOURNAL OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, Issue 2 2002KD Steinsapir PURPOSE: This study investigates the clinical dogma that very high doses of methylprednisolone helpful in spinal cord injury are also helpful in optic nerve trauma. Methods: The right optic nerve of 29 male rats received a 5 second traumatic crush followed 30 minutes later by one of five intravenous treatments (methylprednisolone 30 mg/kg, 60 mg/kg, 90 mg/kg, 120 mg/kg, or saline). Treatment was continued for three additional administrations at 6 hour intervals. Untreated sham controls (n = 7) were also prepared. Six weeks after injury, animals were sacrificed, perfused and optic nerves systematically counted. RESULTS: Axon counts (means +/, s.e.m.) were as follows: Saline = 16,670 +/, 8,900 (n = 5); Methylprednisolone: 30 mg/kg = 8,098 +/, 4,741 (n = 5); 60 mg/kg = 6,925 +/, 6,517 (n = 4); 90 mg/kg = 2,663 +/, 2,653 (n = 4); 120 mg/kg = 6,149 +/, 3,487 (n = 6). Consequently, the data revealed that saline treated animals retained more axons than those that were administered methylprednisolone (p < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that methylprednisolone exacerbates axonal loss following crush injury in the rat optic nerve. Based on the results of this study, clinical studies of traumatic optic neuropathy in the future should also examine the possibility that corticosteroid treatment may have an adverse effect on visual outcome following optic nerve trauma. [source] A randomised controlled trial of 6 and 12 hourly administration of vaginal misoprostol for second trimester pregnancy terminationBJOG : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGY, Issue 9 2005Yongyoth Herabutya Objective To compare the effectiveness of vaginal misoprostol administered 6 or 12 hourly for second trimester pregnancy termination. Design A randomised controlled trial. Setting University teaching hospital. Sample Two hundred and seventy-nine pregnant women at gestations between 14 and 26 weeks undergoing pregnancy termination. Methods Women were randomised to receive 600-,g misoprostol tablets vaginally either every 6 hours or every 12 hours until abortion occurred. Main outcome measures Induction,abortion interval, success rate within 24 and 48 hours and adverse effects. Results There was no significant difference in the median induction to abortion interval 6 hours (16 hours) and 12 hours (16 hours; P= 0.80). The total dose of misoprostol was higher in the 6-hour group (1800 vs 1200 ,g). The cumulative abortion rates within 24 hours were 74% and 67% and within 48 hours 94% and 92%, in the 6- and 12-hour groups, respectively. Fever was more common in the 6-hour group (53%) versus the 12-hour group (31%; P < 0.001). The incidence of nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, severe bleeding and abdominal pain were similar. Conclusions Misoprostol (600 ,g) administered at 12-hour intervals was associated with fewer adverse effects and was as effective as a 6-hour interval. [source] | ||||||||||