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Historical Reasons (historical + reason)
Selected AbstractsTherapeutic targets in the management of Type 1 diabetesDIABETES/METABOLISM: RESEARCH AND REVIEWS, Issue S1 2002P. D. Home Abstract For historical reasons, diabetes has long been linked with blood and urine glucose control, partly because these were clearly linked to acute symptoms, and partly because glucose became measurable around 200 years ago. Today it is recognized that there is far more to diabetes than simply monitoring symptoms and blood glucose. Intensive management has an impact on the quality of life. Late complications have their own risk factors and markers. Monitoring and early detection of these risk factors and markers can lead to changes in treatment before tissue damage is too severe. Accordingly, professionals now find themselves monitoring a range of adverse outcomes, markers for adverse outcomes, risk factors and risk markers for microvascular and arterial disease, acute complications of therapy, and the care structures needed to deliver this. Adverse outcomes lend themselves to targets for complication control in populations, and markers of adverse outcomes (such as retinopathy and raised albumin excretion rate) in treatment cohorts. Surveillance systems will have targets for yearly recall and review of early complications. Metabolic (surrogate) outcomes can be monitored in individual patients, but monitoring is only of value in so far as it guides interventions, and this requires comparison to some intervention level or absolute target. Even for blood glucose control this is not easy, for conventional measures such as glycated haemoglobin have their own problems, and more modern approaches such as post-prandial glucose levels are controversial and less convenient to measure. In many people with type 1 diabetes targets for blood pressure, LDL cholesterol, and serum triglycerides will also be appropriate, and need to be part of any protocol of management. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] States, Social Policies and Globalisations Arguing on the Right Terrain?IDS BULLETIN, Issue 4 2000Mick Moore Summaries The debate about future social policies in OECD countries is framed in the light of rich country concerns, notably of a ,welfare state at risk'. Because globalisation processes can plausibly be presented as a major source of threat, there is a temptation to generalise the analysis globally, and to assume that social policy issues in poor countries are fundamentally the same as in OECD states. The debate about the future of social policy in poor countries should not be framed in terms of OECD concerns. Three more specific points underpin this general argument: (a) Economic globalisation is not necessarily a threat. There are good historical reasons for believing that it may create political pressures to extend as well as to shrink social provision in poor countries; (b) There is a fundamental problem of state incapacity in much of the poor world that makes many OECD-based arguments about the proper role of the state appear redundant. Greater state capacity will itself lead to more effective social policies; and (c) It makes little sense for poor countries to resist, on grounds of potential adverse impacts on social policy, the trends toward the adoption of either New Public Management practices or the broader shift from ,positive' to regulatory states. Whatever changes occur in the architecture of poor states, more effective regulation will remain an urgent need. [source] Molecular genetic perspectives on the Indian social structureAMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2010B. Mohan Reddy For historical reasons, the Indian subcontinent is endowed with enormous ethnic, cultural, and genetic heterogeneity of its people. In the process of understanding the dynamics and sociocultural complexity of Indian society, anthropologists have come up with a number of hypotheses involving certain social/cultural processes that may modulate evolutionary processes. In this article, we outline some of those hypotheses and present molecular genetic evidences, both published and unpublished, to demonstrate the effects of those social/cultural processes. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] III ,,ON THE MEANING OF THE WORD ,PLATONISM' IN THE EXPRESSION ,MATHEMATICAL PLATONISM'PROCEEDINGS OF THE ARISTOTELIAN SOCIETY (HARDBACK), Issue 1 2005Jacques Bouveresse ABSTRACT The expression ,platonism in mathematics' or ,mathematical platonism' is familiar in the philosophy of mathematics at least since the use Paul Bernays made of it in his paper of 1934, ,Sur le Platonisme dans les Mathématiques'. But he was not the first to point out the similarities between the conception of the defenders of mathematical realism and the ideas of Plato. Poincaré had already stressed the ,platonistic' orientation of the mathematicians he called,Cantorian', as opposed to those who (like himself) were ,pragmatist' ones. I examine in this paper some very perplexing aspects of the use which is made at that time of a number of concepts, particularly ,idealism' (which generally designates what we would call ,mathematical realism') and ,empiricism' (which can designate almost any form of antirealism, even if, like for example intuitionism, it is not empiricist at all). There are, of course, historical reasons that may explain why it was for a time so easy and natural to use the words and the concepts in a way that may seem now very strange and to treat as if they were equivalent the two oppositions: realism/antirealism and idealism/empiricism. [source] University Accounting Programs and Professional Accountancy Training: Can UK Pragmatism Inform the Australian Debate?AUSTRALIAN ACCOUNTING REVIEW, Issue 3 2009Ruth King Professional accountancy training and academic accounting programs in the United Kingdom (UK) have remained resolutely separate, despite attempts at partial integration through a system of accreditation and exemptions. This is in contrast with the situation in some other countries, notably the United States (US) and until recently Australia. This paper identifies some historical reasons for their having developed in this way and for their continuing distinctiveness. We conclude that the approach is both workable and adaptable, albeit idiosyncratic, with changes occurring over time that reflect the shifting sands of market and political pressures. With six recognised accounting bodies in the UK, this ability to respond to change is important and we surmise that it would take some fundamental shift in circumstance, such as a move towards European standardisation, for a different model to prevail in the UK. [source] The Churchill Syndrome: Reputational Entrepreneurship and the Rhetoric of Foreign Policy since 1945BRITISH JOURNAL OF POLITICS & INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, Issue 3 2008Richard Toye Since 9/11, many politicians have deployed the memory of Winston Churchill in support of their own goals. This article examines this phenomenon,,the Churchill Syndrome',in the context of the use made of Churchillian language and imagery by British and American politicians in their rhetoric over the previous several decades. It does not seek to establish whether or not analogies with the Churchill era have been correct, but rather, using the concept of ,reputational entrepreneurship', it examines the historical reasons why these comparisons have often been preferred to others that might have been equally valid. It concludes that although Churchill has come to represent an idealised form of political steadfastness,referenced even by Gamal Abdul Nasser and Saddam Hussein,this portrayal of him has never achieved total hegemony. [source] Telecom Regulation: Lessons from Independent Central BanksBUSINESS STRATEGY REVIEW, Issue 4 2001Jon Stern Consumers do not choose their preferred central bank base rate in the way that they buy, say, telephone services from one of a number of competing companies: independent central banks (ICBs) and utility regulators have different tasks. However, those concerned with the emerging field of utility regulation can still learn much from research on ICBs, not least because, for historical reasons, there is much more of it. The authors of this article argue that the key to the success of both ICBs and utility regulators is proper governance arrangements. They reject the arguments for procedures that are totally rule-based with little or no discretion. Within clear rules, they say, both ICBs and regulators should be given discretion combined with high accountability. [source] | |||||||||||||