Home About us Contact
|
Home About us Contact | ||
|
|
||
Histological Sections (histological + section)
Kinds of Histological Sections Selected AbstractsAnalysis of Cardiac Development in the Turtle Emys orbicularis (Testudines: Emidydae) using 3-D Computer Modeling from Histological SectionsTHE ANATOMICAL RECORD : ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE ANATOMY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY, Issue 7 2010Laura M.F. Bertens Abstract In this article we present a 3-D modeling study of cardiac development in the European pond turtle, Emys orbicularis (of the reptilian order Testudines). The study is aimed at elucidating the embryonic development of the horizontal septum in the ventricle and underscoring the importance of 3-D reconstructions in studying morphogenesis. Turtles possess one common ventricle, partly divided into three cava by a vertical and a horizontal septum, of which the embryonic origins have so far not been described. We used serial sectioning and computerized high-resolution 3-D reconstructions of different developmental stages to create a chronological overview of cardiogenesis, in order to study this process. This has yielded a new understanding of the development of the horizontal septum and (directly related) the looping of the heart tube. This looping is found to be markedly different from that in the human heart, with the turtle having two clear bends in the part of the heart tube leaving the primitive ventricle, as opposed to one in humans. It is this particular looping that is reponsible for the formation of the horizontal septum. In addition to our findings on the ventricular septation this study has also yielded new insights into the developmental origins of the pulmonary vein. The 3-D reconstructions were built using our platform TDR-3-D base and enabled us to study the developmental processes in specific parts of the turtle heart separately and in three dimensions, over time. The complete 3-D reconstructions have been made available to the reader via internet using our 3-D model browser application, which allows interactive viewing of the models. The browser application can be found on bio-imaging.liacs.nl/galleries/emysorbicularis/TurtleGallery.html, along with additional images of both models and histological sections and animation sequences of the models. By allowing the reader to view the material in such an interactive way, we hope to make optimal use of the new 3-D reconstruction techniques and to engage the reader in a more direct manner. Anat Rec 239:1101,1114, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Gross versus microscopic pancolitis and the occurrence of neoplasia in ulcerative colitisINFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES, Issue 6 2003Christian Mathy Abstract Objective The gross extent of ulcerative colitis (UC) is a recognized risk factor for the development of colitis-related dysplasia and colorectal cancer (CRC). The risk of neoplasia associated with the microscopic extent of colitis is unknown. The aim of this study was to describe the gross and microscopic extent of colitis in patients with UC,related dysplasia/CRC. Methods All patients who underwent colectomy at our institution between 1992,2001 with colitis-related dysplasia/CRC were identified. Histological sections from each colectomy specimen were reviewed for the microscopic extent of colitis and the location of all lesions with dysplasia/CRC. Results Thirty-six patients with colitis-related dysplasia/CRC were identified of whom 30 had slides available for review. Gross pancolitis was identified in 19 patients, though microscopic pancolitis was evident in all 30 patients. Among the 11 patients with only distal gross colitis, 4/15 neoplastic lesions were proximal to the area of gross involvement. Conclusions UC-related neoplasia can occur in areas of the colon not grossly involved with colitis, though it did not occur in any patients without microscopic pancolitis. To devise rational cancer surveillance guidelines, further studies are needed to determine the risk of colitis-related neoplasia in patients with microscopic pancolitis but limited gross disease. [source] Residual bacteria in root apices removed by a diagonal root-end resection: a histopathological evaluationINTERNATIONAL ENDODONTIC JOURNAL, Issue 6 2008S. Lin Abstract Aim, To assess bacteria in the apical portion of the root end after 45° root-end resection in teeth with persistent periapical lesions. Methodology, The study included 27 apical root segments from patients with persistent periapical lesions. Histological sections of the coronal part of the amputated root segment were stained with Brown and Brenn to detect the presence of bacteria in the main root canal and/or in irregular root spaces and dentinal tubules. The quality of each root canal filling was evaluated using preoperative radiographs of filling, length of root filling as assessed from the distance between its apical end and the radiographic apex, diameter of apical preparation, and presence of apical perforations or deviations from the root canal. Two endodontists, blinded to the bacteriological results, independently evaluated the radiographs. Results, Bacteria were present in 23 (85.2%) specimens: five in only the main canal (21.7%), 10 in only the dentinal tubules and irregular spaces (43.5%), and eight in both irregular spaces and dentinal tubules and in the main root canal (34.8%). No correlation was found between the technical quality of the root filling assessed radiographically and bacterial presence in the central canal or irregular areas. Conclusions, Infected irregular areas were found in the root tips of teeth with persistent periapical lesions. This was found regardless of the radiographic quality of the root filling. Diagonal, 45° root-end resection may expose such contaminated irregularities to the periapical tissue. [source] Development of axonal pathways in the human fetal fronto-limbic brain: histochemical characterization and diffusion tensor imagingJOURNAL OF ANATOMY, Issue 4 2010Lana Vasung Abstract The development of cortical axonal pathways in the human brain begins during the transition between the embryonic and fetal period, happens in a series of sequential events, and leads to the establishment of major long trajectories by the neonatal period. We have correlated histochemical markers (acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry, antibody against synaptic protein SNAP-25 (SNAP-25-immunoreactivity) and neurofilament 200) with the diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) database in order to make a reconstruction of the origin, growth pattern and termination of the pathways in the period between 8 and 34 postconceptual weeks (PCW). Histological sections revealed that the initial outgrowth and formation of joined trajectories of subcortico-frontal pathways (external capsule, cerebral stalk,internal capsule) and limbic bundles (fornix, stria terminalis, amygdaloid radiation) occur by 10 PCW. As early as 11 PCW, major afferent fibers invade the corticostriatal junction. At 13,14 PCW, axonal pathways from the thalamus and basal forebrain approach the deep moiety of the cortical plate, causing the first lamination. The period between 15 and 18 PCW is dominated by elaboration of the periventricular crossroads, sagittal strata and spread of fibers in the subplate and marginal zone. Tracing of fibers in the subplate with DTI is unsuccessful due to the isotropy of this zone. Penetration of the cortical plate occurs after 24,26 PCW. In conclusion, frontal axonal pathways form the periventricular crossroads, sagittal strata and ,waiting' compartments during the path-finding and penetration of the cortical plate. Histochemistry is advantageous in the demonstration of a growth pattern, whereas DTI is unique for demonstrating axonal trajectories. The complexity of fibers is the biological substrate of selective vulnerability of the fetal white matter. [source] Formation of three-dimensional cell/polymer constructs for bone tissue engineering in a spinner flask and a rotating wall vessel bioreactorJOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH, Issue 1 2002Vassilios I. Sikavitsas Abstract The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of the cell culture conditions of three-dimensional polymer scaffolds seeded with rat marrow stromal cells (MSCs) cultured in different bioreactors concerning the ability of these cells to proliferate, differentiate towards the osteoblastic lineage, and generate mineralized extracellular matrix. MSCs harvested from male Sprague,Dawley rats were culture expanded, seeded on three-dimensional porous 75:25 poly(D,L -lactic- co -glycolic acid) biodegradable scaffolds, and cultured for 21 days under static conditions or in two model bioreactors (a spinner flask and a rotating wall vessel) that enhance mixing of the media and provide better nutrient transport to the seeded cells. The spinner flask culture demonstrated a 60% enhanced proliferation at the end of the first week when compared to static culture. On day 14, all cell/polymer constructs exhibited their maximum alkaline phosphatase activity (AP). Cell/polymer constructs cultured in the spinner flask had 2.4 times higher AP activity than constructs cultured under static conditions on day 14. The total osteocalcin (OC) secretion in the spinner flask culture was 3.5 times higher than the static culture, with a peak OC secretion occurring on day 18. No considerable AP activity and OC secretion were detected in the rotating wall vessel culture throughout the 21-day culture period. The spinner flask culture had the highest calcium content at day 14. On day 21, the calcium deposition in the spinner flask culture was 6.6 times higher than the static cultured constructs and over 30 times higher than the rotating wall vessel culture. Histological sections showed concentration of cells and mineralization at the exterior of the foams at day 21. This phenomenon may arise from the potential existence of nutrient concentration gradients at the interior of the scaffolds. The better mixing provided in the spinner flask, external to the outer surface of the scaffolds, may explain the accelerated proliferation and differentiation of marrow stromal osteoblasts, and the localization of the enhanced mineralization on the external surface of the scaffolds. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 62: 136,148, 2002 [source] Osteoblast-Specific Targeting of Soluble Colony-Stimulating Factor-1 Increases Cortical Bone Thickness in Mice,,JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH, Issue 8 2003SL Abboud Abstract The soluble and membrane-bound forms of CSF-1 are synthesized by osteoblasts and stromal cells in the bone microenvironment. Transgenic mice, generated to selectively express sCSF-1 in bone, showed increased cortical thickness in the femoral diaphysis caused by new bone formation along the endosteal surface. The ability of sCSF-1 to enhance bone cell activity in vivo is potentially relevant for increasing cortical bone in a variety of disorders. Introduction: The soluble form of colony-stimulating factor-1 (sCSF-1) and the membrane-bound form of CSF-1 (mCSF-1) have been shown to support osteoclastogenesis in vitro; however, the effect of each peptide on bone remodeling in vivo is unclear. To determine the effect of sCSF-1, selectively expressed in bone, the skeletal phenotype of transgenic mice harboring the human sCSF-1 cDNA under the control of the osteocalcin promoter was assessed. Methods: At 5 and 14 weeks, mice were analyzed for CSF-1 protein levels, weighed, and X-rayed, and femurs were removed for peripheral quantitative computed tomography, histology, and histomorphometry. Results: High levels of human sCSF-1 were detected in bone extracts and, to a lesser extent, in plasma. Adult transgenic mice showed normal body weight and increased circulating monocytic cells. At 5 weeks, the femoral diaphysis was similar in CSF-1T and wt/wt littermates. However, by 14 weeks, the femoral diaphysis in CSF-1T mice showed increased cortical thickness and bone mineral density. In contrast to the diaphysis, the femoral metaphysis of CSF-1T mice showed normal cancellous bone comparable with wt/wt littermates at each time point. Histological sections demonstrated increased woven bone along the endosteal surface of the diaphysis and intracortical remodeling. Fluorochrome-labeling analysis confirmed endocortical bone formation in CSF-1T, with a 3.1-fold increase in the percentage of double-labeled surfaces and a 3.6-fold increase in the bone formation rate compared with wt/wt mice. Although remodeling resulted in a slightly porous cortex, sCSF-1 preferentially stimulated endocortical bone formation, leading to increased cortical thickness. Conclusions: These findings indicate that sCSF-1 is a key determinant of bone cell activity in the corticoendosteal envelope. [source] Fibroblastic rheumatism: fibromatosis rather than non-Langerhans cell histiocytosisJOURNAL OF CUTANEOUS PATHOLOGY, Issue 5 2010Nicolas Kluger Background: Fibroblastic rheumatism is a unique fibro-proliferative disease affecting the skin and joints. It is characterized by distinctive clinical and histological features related to benign spindle-shaped cells proliferation. Pediatric reports are scarce in the literature. Objective: We describe here a new case in a 10-year-old boy and discuss the potential origin of the cell proliferation. Methods: Clinical findings, radiology, microscopic examination and outcome are reviewed. Histopathology and immunochemistry studies were performed on skin biospies using CD68, CD163, desmin, factor XIIIa, CD34, smooth muscle actin, PS100, epithelial membrane antigen, and calponin. Results: Histological sections disclosed a rather circumscribed nonencapsulated nodular infiltrate, invading the dermis and the upper subcutaneous tissue, consisted of a proliferation of spindle or stellate-shaped cells and thickened collagen fibers. Orcein staining showed disappearance of the elastic network. Aponeurosis and muscle were normal. A mild perivascular lymphohistiocytic infiltrate was noted. Calponin-staining was less strongly expressed as SMA, and some of them but not all were CD68 positive, as well. On the other hand, all were CD34, CD163, FXIIIa, PS100, EMA and desmin-negative. Conclusion: The true origin of these cells remains unclear. Some authors have speculated a histiocytic origin. However, immuno-chemical staining in our case failed to confirm this hypothesis and instead supported a fibroblastic/myofibroblastic origin. Given the clinical course and the histological and immunohistochemical results, we suggest that FR should be added to the group of fibromatoses. Kluger N, Dumas-Tesici A, Hamel D, Brousse N, Fraitag S. Fibroblastic rheumatism: fibromatosis rather than non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis. [source] Tissue reaction to orthodontic tooth movement in different bone turnover conditionsORTHODONTICS & CRANIOFACIAL RESEARCH, Issue 3 2003C. Verna Structured Abstract Authors , Verna C, Melsen B Objectives , To study the tissue reaction to orthodontic load in normal, high, and low bone turnover states. Design , ,Split mouth' design performing orthodontic tooth movement in 52, 6-month-old male rats with: normal (n = 19), high (n = 16), and low bone turnover (n = 17), the latter two being obtained by induction of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, respectively. Performed at the Department of Orthodontics at Aarhus University. Experimental Variable , The upper left first molar was moved for 21 days. Bone markers were administered 7 and 2 days before killing. Histological sections were cut at the coronal and apical levels. Outcome Measure , Alveolar socket area, periodontal ligament width, the relative extension of alveolar wall with erosion surfaces, and the mineralizing surfaces were measured and compared in the three groups. Results , Alveolar socket, periodontal ligament width, and erosion surface were larger on the treated than on the control side in the three groups. The normal and hypothyroid groups showed a wider periodontal ligament at the bucco-distal site at the coronal level, while the hyperthyroid group showed a widening which was not spatially oriented. The normal and hyperthyroid groups showed higher erosion at the corono-mesial site. The mineralizing surfaces were larger on the treated than on the control side in the normal and hypothyroid groups, but not in the hyperthyroid group. Conclusion , In the hyperthyroid group, the widening of the periodontal ligament was not spatially oriented and the increased erosion was not accompanied by increased formation, as observed in the normal and hypothyroid groups. [source] Spatiotemporal expression of NGFR during pre-natal human tooth developmentORTHODONTICS & CRANIOFACIAL RESEARCH, Issue 2 2002KB Becktor Structured Abstract Authors, Becktor KB, Hansen BF, Nolting D, Kjær I. Objectives, The relation between nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR) in the human pre-natal tooth buds and the dental follicle was investigated. In particular, we sought to determine if there is a specific pattern of p75NGFR expression in developing human tooth buds and their surrounding tissue. Setting and Sample Population, The Department of Orthodontics at Copenhagen University, Denmark. Histological sections from 11 fetuses, aged 11,21 gestational weeks. Method, The sections were studied by conventional immunohistochemistry. Results, Specific spatiotemporal patterns of p75NGFR reactions were observed in the tooth buds and dental follicle: Before matrix production by the ameloblasts, the entire inner enamel epithelium and the entire dental follicle display p75NGFR immunoreactivity; after matrix production is initiated, the immunoreactivity of the matrix producing cells is lost, as is that of the dental follicle adjacent to these matrix-producing cells. Conclusion, A unique spatiotemporal distribution of NGFR in the pre-eruptive human tooth bud was demonstrated. [source] Serpens endocrania symmetrica (SES): A new term and a possible clue for identifying intrathoracic disease in skeletal populationsAMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 3 2002Israel Hershkovitz Abstract This paper describes a phenomenon in the endocranial plate, which we have termed "serpens endocrania symmetrica" (SES), and discusses its value as a diagnostic tool. The affected discolored bone area exhibits disruption of the endocranial surface, lending it a maze-like appearance. Histological sections demonstrate that the process is limited to the most superficial portion of the endocranium, with no diploic and ectocranial involvement (sinus areas excepted). Adult skulls (n = 1,884) from the Hamann-Todd collection (HTH), housed at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History, were utilized for the present study. SES was recognized in 32 of the 1,884 skulls studied (1.7%). The frequency of SES among individuals reported to have died from tuberculosis (TB) was 4.4%. The rate of SES in the non-TB sample was only 0.53%. The locations were as follows: limited to sinus area, 28.1%; calvarium (excluding the sinuses), 46.9%; sinus + calvarium, 25.0%. SES was bilateral in 90.9% of cases. Twenty-five of the 32 individuals (78.1%) with SES in the HTH collection had tuberculosis specifically listed as the cause of death. Six of the other 7 individuals had infections other than TB. In 29 of the 32 individuals with SES, infection involved structures within the thorax. As SES was also associated with another osteological phenomenon known to represent pulmonary disease, i.e., hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (HOA; 68.0% of SES individuals also had HOA), SES may be of diagnostic value in paleopathology for the recognition of intrathoracic disease, and perhaps tuberculosis. Am J Phys Anthropol 118:201,216, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Apoptosis and Phagocytosis of Tissue-Dwelling Eosinophils in Sinonasal Polyps,THE LARYNGOSCOPE, Issue 1 2000Åke Davidsson MD Abstract Objective: Sinonasal polyps contain numerous tissue-dwelling eosinophils, but the mechanisms causing their accumulation, functional activities, and resolution are largely unknown. Study Design: Nasal polyp tissue from 14 patients was evaluated for cellular expression of CD95, CD68, and Annexin-V, for the degree of apoptosis, and for phagocytosis of eosinophils. Material and Methods: Histological sections were immunostained as single stains for CD95, CD68, and Annexin-V, and as an immunostaining for CD68 combined with a modified Vital New Red staining. The latter staining is specific for eosinophils. Other sections were stained by terminal d-UTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay and routinely stained for H&E. Evaluation of the amount of stained cells was performed by counting the average number in 10 randomly chosen high-power fields. The TUNEL positivity was in all cases confirmed with apoptotic morphology. Results: The inflammatory infiltrate consisted of numerous eosinophils but also a considerable amount of lymphocytes, mast cells, and macrophage-like CD68+ cells. CD95 was frequently expressed on eosinophils, on numerous other inflammatory cells, and also on morphologically apoptotic cells. Annexin-V-positive eosinophils were not as frequent as CD95+ cells, but numerous Annexin-V-positive eosinophils were found. CD68+ cells approximately equalled the number of eosinophils. The number of cells phagocytosing eosinophils varied between polyps. Apoptosis of eosinophils (as evaluated by TUNEL combined with apoptotic morphology) was a common finding in six of the polyps. Conclusions: Previous in vitro and ex vivo findings of CD95 on eosinophils are now supported by demonstration of CD95 on eosinophils in this in vivo study. This investigation revealed a switch of the membrane-bound phosphatidylserine of apoptotic cells, which is a novel observation. The study has demonstrated apoptosis of tissue-dwelling eosinophils, and that CD68+ macrophage-like cells phagocytose eosinophils within the sinonasal polyps. [source] Occlusion of the Middle Cerebral Artery: a New Method of Focal Cerebral Ischemia in RatsANATOMIA, HISTOLOGIA, EMBRYOLOGIA, Issue 2005E. Cam The study in Wistar rats attempted to improve the occlusion technique of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) as a precise method for initiating stroke. In a first part it was necessary to study the exact anatomy of blood vessels of the brain in seven rats of 170-410 g body weight by corrosion cast. The lengths and diameters of defined locations of the blood vessels were measured. The temporary as well as the permanent methods were refined or replaced. The first one was completed in main training the physiological blood flow after temporary occlusion, while the permanent occlusion was performed by positioning a silicone cap in the MCA. A filament guide was introduced from the common carotid artery (CCA) via internal carotid artery (ICA) to guide the silicon cap at the branch of the MCA. Histological sections of the brain of rats showed 24 h after the permanent occlusion a reproducible infarct in the brain. This area corresponded very well with the supply of the MCA. The new occlusion method with a silicon cap was compared with the occlusion methods of CCA route and external carotid artery (ECA) route. The total infarct volume was significantly larger in the CCA route and ECA route groups than in the silicon cap group (means: CCA route 261 mm3; ECA route 191 mm3 vs. 128 mm3 silicon cap group; P < 0,05). It could be demonstrated that the new silicon cap occlusion technique imitates the pathological situation of a cerebral infarct in man. Moreover it is less invasive for the animals and more precise and reproducible regarding the infarcted area in comparison to the other occlusion methods. Based on anatomical measurements of the blood vessels the described silicon cap method can be recommended for rats of a body weight between 340,370 g. [source] Differentiation Pattern of Vero Cells Cultured on Poly(L-Lactic Acid)/Poly(Hydroxybutyrate-co-Hydroxyvalerate) BlendsARTIFICIAL ORGANS, Issue 4 2004Arnaldo R. Santos Jr Abstract:, This study evaluates the effect of poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) and poly(hydroxybutyrate-cohydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) bioabsorbable polymers and their blends on the induction of alteration of cell growth pattern in vitro. Vero cells were cultured on PLLA, PHBV, and different blends (100/0, 60/40, 50/50, 40/60, and 0/100). The cell adhesion assay showed that the best results were obtained with the (60/40, 50/50) blends. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the cells on (100/0) and (60/40) samples grew with a round morphology preferentially in the porous areas. The (50/50) blends had cells in the porous and smooth areas in a similar way. The (40/60) blends showed spreading cells on the smooth areas. The (0/100) sample, which had no pores, had spreading cells interconnected by filaments. Histological sections showed a confluent cell monolayer and the immunocytochemistry showed that the cells produced collagen IV and fibronectin on all substrates. Thus, we conclude that PLLA/PHBV blends were efficient in maintaining cell growth and producing an extracellular ,matrix on them. [source] Association between plaque instability, angiogenesis and symptomatic carotid occlusive disease,BRITISH JOURNAL OF SURGERY (NOW INCLUDES EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SURGERY), Issue 7 2001R. Mofidi Background: Angiogenesis is a recognized feature of the atherosclerotic process and has been described in the context of unstable coronary atherosclerotic lesions. The aim of this study was to assess the association between angiogenesis in atherosclerotic carotid plaques and microscopic features of plaque instability, in particular intraplaque haemorrhage. Methods: Consecutive patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy were included. Endarterectomy specimens were divided into their constituent atherosclerotic lesions. Histological sections were prepared and stained with haematoxylin and eosin, and immunohistochemically with an endothelial cell marker (CD34). The quantity of intraplaque haemorrhage was measured in transverse histological sections using computerized image analysis. Microvessel counts were performed in CD34-stained sections and were verified through computerized image analysis. Results: Some 239 atherosclerotic lesions from 73 patients were available for analysis; 73 were early lesions, 74 were raised fibroatheromas and 92 were unstable atherosclerotic plaques. One hundred and fifty lesions were not haemorrhagic; 89 exhibited intraplaque haemorrhage, of which 28 involved less than 50 per cent of the plaque sectional area. There were higher microvessel counts in plaques containing over 50 per cent haemorrhage (P < 0·0001), unstable atherosclerotic lesions (P < 0·0001) and atherosclerotic lesions obtained from symptomatic patients (P < 0·001). Conclusion: There are strong associations between plaque vascularity, quantity of intraplaque haemorrhage and presence of symptomatic carotid occlusive disease. © 2001 British Journal of Surgery Society Ltd [source] Three-dimensional and quantitative analysis of atherosclerotic plaque composition by automated differential echogenicityCATHETERIZATION AND CARDIOVASCULAR INTERVENTIONS, Issue 7 2007Nico Bruining PhD Abstract Objective: To validate automated and quantitative three-dimensional analysis of coronary plaque composition using intracoronary ultrasound (ICUS). Background: ICUS displays different tissue components based on their acoustic properties in 256 grey-levels. We hypothesised that computer-assisted image analysis (differential echogenicity) would permit automated quantification of several tissue components in atherosclerotic plaques. Methods and Results: Ten 40-mm-long left anterior descending specimens were excised during autopsy of which eight could be successfully imaged by ICUS. Histological sections were taken at 5 mm intervals and analyzed. Since most of the plaques were calcified and having a homogeneous appearance, one specimen with a more heterogeneous composition was further examined: at each interval of 5 mm, 15 additional sections (every 100 ,m) were evaluated. Plaques were scored for echogenicity against the adventitia: brighter (hyperechogenic) or less bright (hypoechogenic). Areas of hypoechogenicity correlated with the presence of smooth muscle cells. Areas of hyperechogenicity correlated with presence of collagen, and areas of hyperechogenicity with acoustic shadowing correlated with calcium. None of these comparisons showed statistical significant differences. Conclusion: This ex vivo feasibility study shows that automated three-dimensional differential echogenicity analysis of ICUS images allows identification of different tissue types within atherosclerotic plaques. This technology may play a role as an additional tool in longitudinal studies to trace possible changes in plaque composition. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] An enigmatic eye: the histology of the tuatara pineal complexCLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL OPHTHALMOLOGY, Issue 6 2004Casey Y-J Ung MB BS (Qld) Abstract Aim: To examine the histology of the tuatara pineal complex and to compare findings wtih those of Dendy. Some reptiles have an anatomically sophisticated pineal complex with a median pineal eye, a paraphysis and a pineal sac. In comparison, the human pineal gland is simple and homogenous and thought to be a phylogenetic relic. It is now considered a neuroendocrine gland the function of which is still not fully understood. Its simple anatomical structure is in contrast to its biochemical complexity; its secretions (the most studied being melatonin) modifying the function of the adeno- and neurohypophysis, thyroid and parathyroids, adrenal cortex and medulla, endocrine pancreas and the gonads. Methods: Histological sections of the brain of a neonatal tuatara were studied by light microscopy. Results: The histological findings of the pineal eye demonstrated a cornea-like structure, rudimentary lens and simple retina. The adjacent paraphysis was a large, multisaccular organ and the pineal sac a very large saccular organ with a poorly differentiated retina. Conclusion: The pineal eye of the tuatara has a remarkably eye-like structure with photoreceptors that in other reptiles have been shown to exhibit photoreceptive capabilities. The paraphysis appeared to have a secretory function that is as yet undetermined, while the pineal sac had the appearance of a poorly differentiated retina. Thus it appears that the complex biochemistry of the human pineal gland is reflected in the complex anatomical structure of this primitive reptile. [source] Morphometric evaluation of the repair of critical-size defects using demineralized bovine bone and autogenous bone grafts in rat calvariaCLINICAL ORAL IMPLANTS RESEARCH, Issue 8 2008Rodrigo Cardoso de Oliveira Abstract Objective: To evaluate the repair of critical-size bone defects in rats treated with demineralized bovine bone (DBB) compared with autogenous bone (AB). Material and method: A bone defect of 8 mm in diameter was created in the calvaria of 50 Rattus norvegicus, treated either with DBB or AB. Sub-groups of five rats of each group were killed at 7, 14, 21, 30 and 90 days post-operatively, and the skulls were removed and processed histologically. Histological sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Result: Histological analysis showed complete closure of the defects with new bone at 90 days in group AB, and substitution of the biomaterial by fibrotic connective tissue in the DBB group at 21 days. Morphometric analysis showed that DBB was rapidly absorbed at 14 days, with its volume density decreasing from 47%±0.8% at 7 days to 1.2%±0.41% at 14 days. Subsequently, volume densities of the connective tissue and neoformed bone increased from 51.1%±11.17% to 86.8%±7.92% and from 1.9%±1.13% to 12%±8.02%, respectively, for the same time interval. The volume density of AB particles did not change throughout the experimental periods, but the amount of new bone increased markedly between 7 and 90 days, from 4.5%±1.57% to 53.5%±6.42% (P<0.05). Conclusion: DBB did not provide complete repair of the defects, with significantly less new bone formation than in the AB group. [source] Number of Spermatozoa in the Crypts of the Sperm Reservoir at About 24 h After a Low-Dose Intrauterine and Deep Intrauterine Insemination in SowsREPRODUCTION IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS, Issue 2 2010P Tummaruk Contents The aim of this study was to investigate the number of spermatozoa in the crypts of the utero-tubal junction (UTJ) and the oviduct of sows approximately 24 h after intrauterine insemination (IUI) and deep intrauterine insemination (DIUI) and compared with that of conventional artificial insemination (AI). Fifteen crossbred Landrace × Yorkshire (LY) multiparous sows were used in the experiment. Transrectal ultrasonography was performed every 4 h to examine the time of ovulation in relation to oestrous behaviour. The sows were inseminated with a single dose of diluted fresh semen by the AI (n = 5), IUI (n = 5) and DIUI (n = 5) at approximately 6,8 h prior to the expected time of ovulation, during the second oestrus after weaning. The sperm dose contained 3000 × 106 spermatozoa in 100 ml for AI, 1,000 × 106 spermatozoa in 50 ml for IUI and 150 × 106 spermatozoa in 5 ml for DIUI. The sows were anaesthetized and ovario-hysterectomized approximately 24 h after insemination. The oviducts and the proximal part of the uterine horns (1 cm) on each side of the reproductive tracts were collected. The section was divided into four parts, i.e. UTJ, caudal isthmus, cranial isthmus and ampulla. The spermatozoa in the lumen in each part were flushed several times with phosphate buffer solution. After flushing, the UTJ and all parts of the oviducts were immersed in a 10% neutral buffered formalin solution. The UTJ and each part of the oviducts were cut into four equal parts and embedded in a paraffin block. The tissue sections were transversely sectioned to a thickness of 5 ,m. Every fifth serial section was mounted and stained with haematoxylin and eosin. The total number of spermatozoa from 32 sections in each parts of the tissue (16 sections from the left side and 16 sections from the right side) was determined under light microscope. The results reveal that most of the spermatozoa in the histological section were located in groups in the epithelial crypts. The means of the total number of spermatozoa in the sperm reservoir (UTJ and caudal isthmus) were 2296, 729 and 22 cells in AI, IUI and DIUI groups, respectively (p < 0.01). The spermatozoa were found on both sides of the sperm reservoir in all sows in the AI and the IUI groups. For the DIUI group, spermatozoa were not found on any side of the sperm reservoir in three out of five sows, found in unilateral side of the sperm reservoir in one sow and found in both sides of the sperm reservoir in one sow. No spermatozoa were found in the cranial isthmus, while only one spermatozoon was found in the ampulla part of a sow in the IUI group. In conclusion, DIUI resulted in a significantly lower number of spermatozoa in the sperm reservoir approximately 24 h after insemination compared with AI and IUI. Spermatozoa could be obtained from both sides of the sperm reservoir after AI and IUI but in one out of five sows inseminated by DIUI. [source] Erythema multiforme, Stevens,Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: Frozen-section diagnosisTHE JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 5 2010Hiroomi HOSAKA Abstract Stevens,Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) may be fatal. Although classified by body surface area skin detachment, initial stages of both may present with erythema multiforme (EM)-like lesions. To diagnose and predict disease activity adequately as early as possible for patients revealing EM-like lesions, we performed frozen-section diagnosis. Thirty-five patients clinically diagnosed as EM, SJS or TEN were biopsied to diagnose and predict disease progression within the initial-visit day. Half of a histological section taken from a lesion was snap-frozen and immediately cryostat-sectioned, acetone-fixed and stained with hematoxylin,eosin. Specimens were examined with light microscopy for presence of epidermal necrosis. A section from unaffected sites was also examined for 11 patients. Specimens were examined with light microscopy for presence of graft-versus-host reaction (GVHR)-like findings: apoptotic keratinocytes and satellite cell necrosis. Epidermal necrosis was seen in nine patients. Initial diagnosis of the nine was one of overlap SJS-TEN, four of SJS and four of EM, and final diagnosis of those was one of TEN, one of overlap SJS,TEN, four of SJS and three of EM. Dissociation between initial and final diagnosis was seen in three cases. GVHR-like findings in the epidermis were observed in two patients finally diagnosed as overlap SJS,TEN and TEN. Frozen sections are useful not only to make a diagnosis of erythema multiforme but to assess a potential to exhibit more aggressive clinical behaviors (SJS or TEN). [source] Study of tumor cell invasion by Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopyBIOPOLYMERS, Issue 6 2005Ying Yang Abstract Lung cancer is usually fatal once it becomes metastatic. However, in order to develop metastases, a tumor usually invades the basal membrane and enters the vascular or lymphatic system. In this study, a three-dimensional artificial membrane using collagen type I, one of the main components of basal membranes, was established in order to investigate tumor cell invasion. Lung cancer cell line CALU-1 was seeded on this artificial membrane and cell invasion was studied using the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) imaging technique. This approach allowed identification of tumor cells invading the collagen type I membrane by means of their infrared spectra and images. The mapping images obtained with FTIR microspectroscopy were validated with standard histological section analysis. The FTIR image produced using a single wavenumber at 1080 cm,1, corresponding to PO groups in DNA from cells, correlated well with the histological section, which clearly revealed a cell layer and invading cells within the membrane. Furthermore, the peaks corresponding to amide A, I, and II in the spectra of the invading cells shifted compared to the noninvading cells, which may relate to the changes in conformation and/or heterogeneity in the phenotype of the cells. The data presented in this study demonstrate that FTIR microspectroscopy can be a fast and reliable technique to assess tumor invasion in vitro. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 78: 311,317, 2005 This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The "Published Online" date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com [source] Graphic and movie illustrations of human prenatal development and their application to embryological education based on the human embryo specimens in the Kyoto collectionDEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS, Issue 2 2006Shigehito Yamada Abstract Morphogenesis in the developing embryo takes place in three dimensions, and in addition, the dimension of time is another important factor in development. Therefore, the presentation of sequential morphological changes occurring in the embryo (4D visualization) is essential for understanding the complex morphogenetic events and the underlying mechanisms. Until recently, 3D visualization of embryonic structures was possible only by reconstruction from serial histological sections, which was tedious and time-consuming. During the past two decades, 3D imaging techniques have made significant advances thanks to the progress in imaging and computer technologies, computer graphics, and other related techniques. Such novel tools have enabled precise visualization of the 3D topology of embryonic structures and to demonstrate spatiotemporal 4D sequences of organogenesis. Here, we describe a project in which staged human embryos are imaged by the magnetic resonance (MR) microscope, and 3D images of embryos and their organs at each developmental stage were reconstructed based on the MR data, with the aid of computer graphics techniques. On the basis of the 3D models of staged human embryos, we constructed a data set of 3D images of human embryos and made movies to illustrate the sequential process of human morphogenesis. Furthermore, a computer-based self-learning program of human embryology is being developed for educational purposes, using the photographs, histological sections, MR images, and 3D models of staged human embryos. Developmental Dynamics 235:468,477, 2006. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Hyaline globules in ectopic decidua in a pregnant woman with cervical squamous cell carcinomaDIAGNOSTIC CYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 9 2009M.I.A.C., Muralee Dharan M.D. Abstract Decidual reaction in pelvic lymph nodes has been increasingly documented during pregnancy. This may pose diagnostic difficulty during intraoperative frozen section (FS) and cytological consultation in women undergoing surgical procedures for cervical Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). A 34-year-woman diagnosed to have invasive SCC (stage IB1) of the cervix at 14th week of her first pregnancy underwent abdominal radical trachelectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy at 22 weeks of gestation. Cytological smears of two of the lymph nodes from intraoperative FS revealed isolated eosinophilic hyaline globules (HG) measuring 45,50 microns, in addition to large polygonal cells with amphophilic cytoplasm and hypochromatic nuclei and occasional squamous-looking cells with atypical hyperchomatic nuclei. These findings posed a diagnostic dilemma at intraoperative consultation and no definitive diagnosis was rendered. The formlin-fixed, paraffin-embedded histological sections of the same lymph nodes showed ectopic decidua with no evidence of metastatic SCC. Decidual cells are a cause of concern for both cytologists and histopathologists. In pregnant women complicated by cervical cancer intraoperative evaluation of pelvic lymph nodes is of utmost importance in order to adopt the optimal conservative treatment modality. In the absence of clear cut evidence of malignancy, a diagnosis of metastatic SCC should not be rendered. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Evaluation of aspiration cytology of the liver space occupying lesions by simultaneous examination of smears and cell blocksDIAGNOSTIC CYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 8 2009Ujjawal Khurana M.D. Abstract This study was undertaken to compare the efficacy of cytologic smears and histological sections from cell blocks in diagnosis of space occupying lesions (SOLs) of the liver and to classify the lesions on the basis of combined cytohistologic diagnosis. The study was conducted on 50 patients who had radiologically detected SOL/SOLs in the liver and ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration of liver was done. In all the cases, both smears and cell blocks were made. Forty-seven cases were diagnosed as malignant and three as benign on both cytologic smears and cell blocks. Hepatocellular carcinoma was diagnosed in 8 (16%) cases and metastasis in 39 (78%) cases. The subtyping of malignancy could not be done on 11 (22%) cytologic smears and 8 (16%) cell block sections. However, on combined cytohistologic correlation, 17 (34%) out of these 19 (38%) cases could be subtyped. Sensitivity of cytologic smears and cell blocks in subtyping of malignancy was 72.3% and 82.9%, respectively. Combined cytohistologic diagnosis was found to be significantly better than isolated cytologic and cell block diagnosis (P , 0.05). To conclude, FNA of the SOLs of the liver is an effective procedure for diagnosing malignancy. However, cytological examination alone may fail to pinpoint the type of the tumor. Concomitant examination of cell block not only confirms the malignancy but also helps in subtyping it. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Site-specific expression of CD11b and SIRP, (CD172a) on dendritic cells: implications for their migration patterns in the gut immune systemEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 5 2005Diane Bimczok Abstract Dendritic cells (DC) in the intestinal tract play a major role in directing the mucosal immune system towards tolerance or immunity. We analyzed whether different mucosal DC subsets in pigs have specific functions, localizations, or migration patterns in vivo. Therefore, we collected physiologically migrating DC by pseudo-afferent cannulation of the intestinal duct in eight Göttingen minipigs. Lymph DC were phenotypically and functionally characterized and compared to DC found on histological sections of porcine small intestine and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN). Four different DC subpopulations were detected. Lamina propria (LP) DC were mainly CD11b+ signal regulatory protein,, (SIRP,)+, DC in Peyer's patches were mainly CD11b,/SIRP,+ in subepithelial domes and CD11b,/SIRP,, in interfollicular regions, whereas MLN DC were largely CD11b+/SIRP,,. Of these four subsets, only the CD11b+/SIRP,+ DC and the CD11b+/SIRP,, DC were present in lymph. This suggests that DC migration to MLN largely originates from the LP. Lymph DC expressed high levels of MHC class,II and costimulatory molecules and had a low capacity for FITC-dextran uptake, indicating a mature phenotype. However, lymph DC did not induce PBMC proliferation in MLR, and migration was not significantly influenced by mucosal antigen application. [source] Development of heterodont dentition in house shrew (Suncus murinus)EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORAL SCIENCES, Issue 6 2007Atsushi Yamanaka Mammalian heterodont dentition comprises incisors, canines, premolars, and molars. Although there has been intensive research, the patterning of these specific tooth types has not yet been elucidated. In order for the gene expression data to be linked with tooth type determination, it is first necessary to determine precisely the incisor-, canine-, premolar-, and molar-forming regions in the jaw primordia. To accomplish this, we studied dentition development in the house shrew (Suncus murinus), which has retained all the tooth types, using three-dimensional reconstructions from serial histological sections and the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) expression patterns. Before the appearance of morphological signs of odontogenesis, Shh expression localized to the presumptive tooth-forming regions, in which the mesial and distal expression domains corresponded to the incisor- and premolar-forming regions, respectively. The upper incisor region was found to extend across the boundary between the frontonasal and the maxillary processes. The canine-forming regions later appeared in the intermediate portions of the maxillary and the mandibular processes. The molar-forming regions later appeared distal to the initially demarcated tooth-forming regions by secondary extension of the distal ends. The demarcation visualized by the Shh expression pattern in the jaw primordia of the house shrew probably represents the basic developmental pattern of mammalian heterodont dentition. [source] Seropositivity to Helicobacter pylori heat shock protein 60 is strongly associated with intensity of chronic inflammation, particularly in antrum mucosa: an extension of an 18-year follow-up study of chronic gastritis in Saaremaa, EstoniaFEMS IMMUNOLOGY & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 2 2001Tamara Vorobjova Abstract Helicobacter pylori is a cause of chronic gastritis and leads to development of atrophy in some cases. There is evidence that the heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) of H. pylori is involved in induction of chronic inflammation. Seroprevalence of IgG antibodies to H. pylori HSP60 in an adult cohort from Saaremaa, Estonia (68 persons, median age 57 years), with a high prevalence of antibodies to cell surface proteins of H. pylori (92%) and a well characterized dynamics of chronic gastritis in an 18-year follow-up study, was tested using purified H. pylori HSP60 at a concentration of 1 ,g ml,1 with ELISA. The state of the gastric mucosa and the presence of H. pylori in histological sections in the samples of 1979 and 1997 were assessed in accordance with the Sydney system. Seropositivity for H. pylori HSP60 was 65%. Immunological response to H. pylori HSP60 is associated with the morphological presence of H. pylori in the antrum and corpus (P=0.01) and is strongly correlated with the grade of chronic inflammation, particularly in the antrum mucosa (r=0.34; P=0.003; OR=5.97 (95% CI 1.21,29.3)), but is not associated with development of atrophy during 18 years of follow-up, or with the activity of gastritis. This finding supports the evidence that immunological response to H. pylori HSP60 may play a role in triggering of the inflammatory process in the gastric mucosa. [source] Detection of apoptotic caspase activation in sera from patients with chronic HCV infection is associated with fibrotic liver injuryHEPATOLOGY, Issue 5 2004Heike Bantel Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is characterized by inflammatory liver damage and is associated with a high risk of development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although histological examination of liver biopsies is currently the gold standard for the detection of early liver damage, there is a strong need for better noninvasive methods. We recently demonstrated that the proapoptotic activation of caspases is considerably enhanced in histological sections from HCV-infected liver tissue, suggesting an important role of apoptosis in liver damage. Here, we investigated whether caspase activation is detectable also in sera from patients with chronic HCV infection. Using a novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that selectively recognizes a proteolytic neoepitope of the caspase substrate cytokeratin-18, we demonstrate that caspase activity is markedly increased in the sera of HCV patients. Interestingly, while 27% of patients with chronic HCV infection showed normal aminotransferase levels despite inflammatory and fibrotic liver damage, more than 50% of those patients exhibited already elevated serum caspase activity. Moreover, 30% of patients with normal aminotransferase but elevated caspase activity revealed higher stages of fibrosis. In conclusion, compared with conventional surrogate markers such as aminotransferases, detection of caspase activity in serum might be a more sensitive method of detecting early liver injury. Thus, measurement of caspase activity might provide a novel diagnostic tool, especially for patients with normal aminotransferases but otherwise undiagnosed histologically active hepatitis and progressive fibrosis. (HEPATOLOGY 2004;40:1078,1087.) [source] The effect of ultrasonically activated irrigation on reduction of Enterococcus faecalis in experimentally infected root canalsINTERNATIONAL ENDODONTIC JOURNAL, Issue 11 2010A. J. Harrison Harrison AJ, Chivatxaranukul P, Parashos P, Messer HH. The effect of ultrasonically activated irrigation on reduction of Enterococcus faecalis in experimentally infected root canals. International Endodontic Journal, 43, 968,977, 2010. Abstract Aim, To investigate the ability of an ultrasonically activated irrigating system to eliminate bacteria from the canal wall and dentinal tubules of extracted teeth. Methodology, One hundred and thirty roots of intact human teeth were inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis for 4 weeks. The straight roots were randomly allocated to a baseline group (n = 25) or subjected to routine cleaning and shaping procedures (n = 105). Two sub-groups of prepared canals were then additionally exposed either to ultrasonic irrigation with 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for 1 min (n = 35) or to 1 week of intracanal medication with calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] (n = 35). All roots were processed for light microscopy (Brown and Brenn stain) (n = 28) or scanning electron microscopy (n = 7). Triplicate histological sections from each of the apical, middle and coronal thirds were scored for bacterial presence using pre-defined criteria. Results, Baseline bacterial penetration resulted in an average depth of tubule invasion of 151 ,m. Routine canal preparation failed to eliminate bacteria consistently from either the canal wall or within tubules. Ultrasonic irrigation and medication with Ca(OH)2 consistently eliminated bacteria from the canal wall (P < 0.001) compared with baseline and routine treatment, and more frequently from dentinal tubules than routine canal preparation alone (P < 0.01). Ultrasonic irrigation was as effective in bacterial reduction as 1 week of intracanal medication with Ca(OH)2, but neither led to complete bacterial elimination in all roots. Conclusions, Ultrasonically activated irrigation for 1 min with 1% NaOCl after canal preparation in straight root canals is potentially an effective supplementary step in microbial control. [source] Regulation of E-cadherin and ,-catenin by Ca2+ in colon carcinoma is dependent on calcium-sensing receptor expression and functionINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 7 2007Narasimharao Bhagavathula Abstract An siRNA directed against the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) was used to down-regulate this protein in CBS colon carcinoma cells. In additional studies, we utilized a variant of the parental CBS line that demonstrates CaSR expression but does not upregulate this protein in response to extracellular Ca2+. In neither the siRNA-transfected cells nor the Ca2+ -nonresponsive variant cells did inclusion of Ca2+ in the culture medium inhibit proliferation or induce morphological alterations. Extracellular Ca2+ also failed to induce E-cadherin production or a shift in ,-catenin from the cytoplasm to the cell membrane. In mock-transfected cells and in a Ca2+ -responsive variant line derived from the same parental CBS cells, Ca2+ treatment resulted in growth-reduction. This was accompanied by increased E-cadherin production and a shift in ,-catenin distribution from the cytoplasm to the cell membrane. Additionally, down-regulation of c-myc and cyclin D1 expression was observed in mock-transfected cells and in the Ca2+ -responsive variant line (along with reduced T cell factor transcriptional activation). Neither c-myc nor cyclin D1 was significantly down-regulated in the siRNA-transfected cells or in the Ca2+ -nonresponsive variant cells upon Ca2+ stimulation. In histological sections of human colon carcinoma CaSR was significantly reduced as compared to the level in normal colonic crypt epithelial cells. Where CaSR expression was high, strong surface staining for E-cadherin and ,-catenin was observed. Where CaSR expression was reduced, ,-catenin surface expression was likewise reduced. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Transformation of the pectoral girdle in the evolutionary origin of frogs: insights from the primitive anuran DiscoglossusJOURNAL OF ANATOMY, Issue 1 2006Pavla Havelková Abstract Using cleared-and-stained whole mounts and computer-aided three-dimensional reconstructions made from serial histological sections, we studied the development of the pectoral girdle in Discoglossus pictus, an extant member of an ancient frog lineage, represented for example by Eodiscoglossus from the Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous periods in Europe. Basic developmental features were compared with those of extinct Temnospondyli, considered to be the most probable anuran ancestors, and with Triadobatrachus, an early Triassic proanuran. In the endochondral girdle, the separate scapula and coracoid of Discoglossus and other anurans (completed by suprascapular and procoracoid cartilages) evolved from the compact scapulocoracoid of temnospondyls by paedomorphosis. In parallel, the dermal ossifications of the girdle were reduced to a small clavicle and cleithrum. The overall reduction in ossification of the anuran pectoral girdle supports the hypothesis of a paedomorphic origin for Anura. The almost simultaneous appearance of dermal and endochondral ossifications may be explained by the accumulation of developmental events during a short, distinct metamorphosis (which did not occur in neotenic temnospondyls living permanently in water). The sternal elements seem to be neomorphs for the most part, which help to cushion the shock of landing in jumping anurans but which also evolved as functional substitutes (insertion area for the pectoralis muscles) of the temnospondyl interclavicle. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||