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Highest Yield (highest + yield)
Selected AbstractsEconomy in water and fertilizer use in trickle fertigated potato,IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE, Issue 2 2001J.K. Chawla fertigation; économies d'eau; économies de fertilisant; irrigation à regime lent Abstract Fertilizer and water use in trickle fertigated potato using different fertilizer application rates, frequencies of application and wetted soil volumes were compared with a furrow irrigated and conventionally fertilized crop. Results indicate that water and fertilizer savings to the extent of 30 and 70% respectively with comparable yield levels were possible under the trickle fertigated crop as compared to the furrow irrigated crop of potatoes. Highest yield of 36.29 t ha,1 of fresh tubers was obtained under trickle irrigation as compared to 21.5 t ha,1 for the furrow irrigated crop. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Usage de fertilisant et d'eau dans la pomme de terre fertiguée à régime lent utilisant différents cours d'applicage de fertilisant, fréquencies d'applicage et volumes de sol imbibé d'eau étaient comparés avec la récolte irriguée à sillon et fertilisé conventionnellement. Les résultants indiquent que des économies d'eau et de fertilisant jusqu'à 30 et 70 pour cent respectivement avec des niveaux de rendement comparables étaient possibles sous la récolte fertiguée à régime lent en comparaison de la récolte irriguée à sillon des pommes de terre. Le plus grand rendement de 36.29 t ha,1 de tubéreuses fraiches était obtenu sous l'irrigation à régime lent en comparaison de 21.5 t ha,1 pour la récolte irriguée à sillon. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Variation in toxin compositions of two harmful raphidophytes, Chattonella antiqua and Chattonella marina, at different salinitiesENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY, Issue 2 2002Shahroz Mahean Haque Abstract Toxin compositions of the two species of raphidophytes, Chattonella antiqua (Hada) Ono and Chattonella marina (Subrahmanyan) Hara et Chihara, were investigated at different salinities under laboratory conditions. C. antiqua contained toxin components CaTx-I, CaTx-II, CaTx-III, and CaTx-IV, which corresponded to brevetoxin components PbTx-1, PbTx-2, PbTx-3, and oxidized PbTx-2. Similarly, C. marina included CmTx-I, CmTx-II, CmTx-III, and CmTx-IV corresponding to PbTx-2, PbTx-9, PbTx-3, and oxidized PbTx-2. Toxin yields in both species varied markedly with a change in salinity concentration. In C. antiqua CaTx-I, CaTx-II, and CaTx-III peaked at 25 P.P.t. with yields of 0.99, 0.42, and 2.90 pg/cell, but the highest yield (2.35 pg/cell) of CaTx-IV was attained at 30 P.P.t. The yields of all CaTx components decreased sharply at salinities exceeding 30 P.P.t. On the other hand, C. marina yielded higher proportions of CmTx-I (0.55 pg/cell) and CmTx-III (2.50 pg/cell) at 25 P.P.t. However, CmTx-IV was present in its highest amount (1.65 pg/cell) at 30 P.P.t., as seen in C. antiqua. A small amount of CmTx-II was also detected at 20 P.P.t.,35 P.P.t. Both species showed the highest ichthyotoxicities at 25 P.P.t., at which the maximum cell division rate was obtained. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 17: 113,118, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/tox.10039 [source] Optimisation study of gum extraction from Basil seeds (Ocimum basilicum L.)INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 9 2009Seyed M. A. Razavi Summary Basil seed (Ocimum basilicum L.) is cultivated in large quantities in different regions of Iran. This seed has reasonable amounts of gum with good functional properties which is comparable with commercial food hydrocolloids. A central composite rotatable design was applied to evaluate the effects of temperature, pH and water/seed ratio on the yield, apparent viscosity and protein content of water-extracted Basil seed gum. All of the variables significantly (P < 0.05) affected the extraction yield, whereas the effect of water/seed ratio on apparent viscosity and the effects of pH and water/seed ratio on protein content were not significant (P > 0.05). Numerical optimisation determined the optimum extraction conditions based on the highest yield and viscosity and the lowest protein content as being temperature 68.71 °C, pH 8.09 and water/seed ratio 65.98:1. Power law model well described non-Newtonian pseudoplastic behaviour of BSG. Flow behaviour index (n) and consistency index (K) of 1% crude and pure BSG samples were 0.306, 0.283 and 17.46, 20.22 Pa sn, respectively. [source] Photocatalytic Selective Oxidation of 4-Methoxybenzyl Alcohol to Aldehyde in Aqueous Suspension of Home-Prepared Titanium Dioxide CatalystADVANCED SYNTHESIS & CATALYSIS (PREVIOUSLY: JOURNAL FUER PRAKTISCHE CHEMIE), Issue 6 2007Giovanni Palmisano Abstract The photocatalytic oxidation of 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol to p -anisaldehyde (PAA) was performed in water with organic-free suspensions of home-prepared and commercial titanium dioxide (TiO2) catalysts. The nanostructured TiO2 samples were synthesised by boiling aqueous solutions of titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4), under mild conditions, for different times. The crystallinity increased with the boiling time. The 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol oxidation rate followed the same pattern but the highest yield (41.5,% mol) to PAA was found for the least crystalline sample, that showed a quantum efficiency of 0.116,%. A comparison with two commercial TiO2 samples showed that all the home-prepared catalysts exhibited a PAA yield higher than that of commercial ones. The only by-products present were traces of 4-methoxybenzoic acid and aliphatic products, carbon dioxide being the other main oxidation product. [source] Advantages of Different Tillage Systems and Their Effects on the Economically Important Pests, Thrips tabaci Lind. and Aphis gossypii Glov. in Cotton FieldsJOURNAL OF AGRONOMY AND CROP SCIENCE, Issue 6 2004I. Gencsoylu Abstract An experiment to assess advantages of different tillage and their effects on Aphis gossypii Glov. and Thrips tabaci Lind was conducted during the 2000 and 2001 cotton growing seasons in cotton fields at Adnan Menderes University, Agricultural Faculty Research Center, located in Ayd,n Province, Turkey. The tillage systems examined were conventional, strip, precision and ridge tillage. Two insect population densities were not affected by the type of tillage systems during either year. However, significant differences in populations were observed in thrips populations on 31 May 2000 and 18 May 2001 and aphid populations on 24 May 2000 and 11 May 2001. The results show that the highest yield was observed in all conservation tillage systems in 2000 and ridge tillage system in 2001. Early maturity was higher in both precision and ridge tillage systems. In addition, tillage systems did not affect fibre properties. As a result, the application of conservation tillage is more advantageous in cotton in respect of early maturity and total yield. [source] Age, growth, mortality and population structure of the oyster, Crassostrea madrasensis, in the Moheskhali Channel (southeastern coast of Bangladesh)JOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY, Issue 1 2008S. M. Nurul Amin Summary The population structure, age, growth, mortality and harvest intensity of the oyster Crassostrea madrasensis were examined in the Moheskhali Channel, Bangladesh between June 2003 and May 2004. The channel is a representative habitat for the area. C. madrasensis monthly length frequency data were analyzed using FiSAT software for estimating population parameters, including asymptotic length (L), growth co-efficient (K) and recruitment pattern to assess the status of the stock. Asymptotic length (L,) and growth co-efficient (K) were 20.88 cm and 0.35 year,1, respectively. The growth performance index (,,) was calculated with 2.18. The growth pattern showed negative allometric growth (b < 3), with an asymptotic weight (W) of about 1124.6 g. The oyster attained an average length of 6.17 cm at the end of 1 year. Total mortality (Z) by length-converted catch curve was estimated at 1.78 year,1, fishing mortality (F) at 0.77 year,1, and natural mortality (M) at 1.01 year,1. The exploitation level (E) of C. madrasensis was 0.43, while the maximum allowable limit of exploitation (Emax) was 0.45 for the highest yield. The recruitment pattern was continuous, displaying a single major peak event per year. Habitat temperatures were 25.5,31.0°C (mean ± SD, 29 ± 1.62°C); salinity range was from 12.36 to 26.0 ppt (mean ± SD, 19.6 ± 4.7 ppt). The exploitation level (0.43) indicated that the oyster stock was exploited at almost maximum yield in this channel. [source] Rapid solid-phase peptide synthesis using thermal and controlled microwave irradiationJOURNAL OF PEPTIDE SCIENCE, Issue 10 2006Bernadett Bacsa Abstract A rapid and efficient microwave-assisted solid-phase synthesis method is described for the preparation of the nonapeptide WDTVRISFK, using conventional Fmoc/But orthogonal protection strategy. The synthesis protocol is based on the use of cycles of pulsed microwave irradiation with intermittent cooling of the reaction during the removal of the Fmoc protecting group and during the coupling. The desired nonapeptide was obtained in highest yield and purity by employing MicroKan technology. The chemical reactions were carried out in a single-mode microwave reactor, equipped with a fiber-optic probe to monitor the reaction temperature continuously. Copyright © 2006 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Enzymatic hydrolysis of Alaska pollack (Theragra chalcogramma) skin and antioxidant activity of the resulting hydrolysateJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 4 2010Jianping Jia Abstract BACKGROUND: Fish skin, a by-product of the food industry, contains a large amount of collagen. However, only a small proportion of fish skin is used in the production of leather materials and animal feedstuffs, most of it being discarded. The aims of this study were to prepare peptides from Alaska pollack (Theragra chalcogramma) skin by enzymatic hydrolysis and to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the resulting hydrolysate. RESULTS: Protamex was the most efficient enzyme for preparing antioxidant peptides from Alaska pollack skin. The optimal hydrolysis conditions were as follows: hydrolysis time 8 h; enzyme/substrate ratio 2:1000; skin/water ratio 1:6; temperature 55 °C; pH 6.0. Under these conditions the highest yield of peptides was 83.44%, with 85.95% of the hydrolysate being mainly composed of oligopeptides with molecular weights ranging from 180 to 1000 Da. The hydrolysate showed 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging activity, with an IC50 value of 2.5 mg mL,1, and its reducing power was 0.14 at 1 mg mL,1, 53.8% of that of reduced glutathione at the same concentration. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that the hydrolysate of Alaska pollack skin was mainly composed of oligopeptides with two to eight amino acid residues and possessed antioxidant activity. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of okra (Hibiscus esculentus L) seedsJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 8 2005Csaba D András Abstract Pilot-scale supercritical fluid extraction of okra seeds was carried out, using carbon dioxide as solvent, at temperatures of 40, 50 and 60 °C and pressures of 150, 300 and 450 bar. Laboratory-scale Soxhlet extraction of the ground seeds was carried out with ethanol and n-hexane. The yields of supercritical fluid extraction and n-hexane Soxhlet extractions were similar. The ethanol Soxhlet extraction gave the highest yield, but the concentrations of ,-sitosterol and tocopherols in this extract were lower than in the supercritical fluid extraction product. The fatty acid profiles of the extracts were determined, and a high unsaturated/saturated ratio was observed. The fatty acid compositions were only slightly different for oils obtained by the different extraction methods. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Thermally stable and high molecular weight poly(propylene carbonate)s from carbon dioxide and propylene oxide,POLYMER INTERNATIONAL, Issue 10 2002Q Zhu Abstract The copolymerization of carbon dioxide and propylene oxide was carried out to afford alternating poly(propylene carbonate) in high yield. Thermal stable and high molecular weight copolymers were successfully obtained by optimizing the reaction conditions. The catalyst used was zinc glutarate supported on a perfluorinated compound containing 7,12 carbon atoms. Copolymerization parameters, such as the ratio of propylene oxide to catalyst, stirring strength and purity of propylene oxide, were studied. The alternating copolymer with a molecular weight of 56,100 in a very high yield (126,g polymer per gram of catalyst) was achieved, which is the highest yield ever reported. The thermal and mechanical properties of the alternating PPC copolymer were examined by the means of modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and tensile test. MDSC and TGA results showed that the alternating PPC copolymer exhibits an extremely high glass transition temperature (maximum 46.46,°C) and decomposition temperature (255.8,°C) when compared to those values reported in literature. Tensile test revealed that thin film of alternating PPC copolymer exhibits superior mechanical strength. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Optimization of metagenomic DNA extraction from activated sludge samplesASIA-PACIFIC JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, Issue 5 2009Yuan-Yuan Qu Abstract Metagenomic DNA extraction is essential for metagenomic technology. Therefore, optimization of a conventional total DNA extraction from activated sludge was investigated in detail in this study. Throughout two distinct orthogonal experiments, it was shown that the highest yield for metagenomic DNA could be obtained using TENP buffer, lysozyme of 1 mg ml,1 (1 h), protease K (200 µg ml,1), SDS (1%, 1 h). Furthermore, the quality of the differentially extracted DNA was subsequently assessed by the molecular fingerprint technology, such as denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (RISA). The results indicated that the microbial diversity was dramatically different by different combined methods, and the DNA template quality for RISA was much better than that for polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-DGGE. This study provides detail process for metagenomic DNA extraction of activated sludge, and it would be useful for metagenomic DNA extraction of other environment samples. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] What motivates men age , 50 years to participate in a screening program for melanoma?CANCER, Issue 4 2006Monika Janda PhD Abstract BACKGROUND. The screening behavior and screening outcomes of men age ,50 years was investigated within a randomized controlled trial of a community-based intervention of screening for melanoma, consisting of a community education program, an education program for medical practitioners, and the provision of dedicated skin-screening clinics. METHODS. Data from cross-sectional telephone surveys before (559 completed interviews), at the end (591 completed interview), and at 2 years after the intervention (445 completed interviews) were analyzed. In addition, the authors analyzed data from skin-screening clinics within the intervention program (3355 men age ,50 years participated). RESULTS. During the intervention period men age ,50 years increased both their screening behavior and intention to screen. Those men age ,50 years who reported a past history of removal of a mole as well as other risk factors for skin cancer and positive attitudes toward screening were more likely to participate in skin screening across time. Men age ,50 years accounted for 20.5% of all skin-screening clinic attendees, 31.3% of those referred for a suspicious lesion, 48.5% of melanomas, and 45% of all keratinocyte carcinomas diagnosed within the screening program, respectively. CONCLUSIONS. The intervention program successfully motivated men age ,50 years to attend screening for skin cancer, resulting in the highest yield of skin cancer within this subgroup of the population. Messages addressing skin cancer risk factors and attitudes toward skin cancer and screening could be used to target a screening program for melanoma toward men age ,50 years. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society. [source] Facile High-Yield Synthesis of Polyaniline Nanosticks with Intrinsic Stability and Electrical ConductivityCHEMISTRY - A EUROPEAN JOURNAL, Issue 33 2008Xin-Gui Li Prof. Abstract Chemical oxidative polymerization at 15,°C was used for the simple and productive synthesis of polyaniline (PAN) nanosticks. The effect of polymerization media on the yield, size, stability, and electrical conductivity of the PAN nanosticks was studied by changing the concentration and nature of the acid medium and oxidant and by introducing organic solvent. Molecular and supramolecular structure, size, and size distribution of the PAN nanosticks were characterized by UV/Vis and IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, laser particle-size analysis, and transmission electron microscopy. Introduction of organic solvent is advantageous for enhancing the yield of PAN nanosticks but disadvantageous for formation of PAN nanosticks with small size and high conductivity. The concentration and nature of the acid medium have a major influence on the polymerization yield and conductivity of the nanosized PAN. The average diameter and length of PAN nanosticks produced with 2,M HNO3 and 0.5,M H2SO4 as acid media are about 40 and 300,nm, respectively. The PAN nanosticks obtained in an optimal medium (i.e., 2,M HNO3) exhibit the highest conductivity of 2.23,S,cm,1 and the highest yield of 80.7,%. A mechanism of formation of nanosticks instead of nanoparticles is proposed. Nanocomposite films of the PAN nanosticks with poly(vinyl alcohol) show a low percolation threshold of 0.2,wt,%, at which the film retains almost the same transparency and strength as pure poly(vinyl alcohol) but 262,000 times the conductivity of pure poly(vinyl alcohol) film. The present synthesis of PAN nanosticks requires no external stabilizer and provides a facile and direct route for fabrication of PAN nanosticks with high yield, controllable size, intrinsic self-stability, strong redispersibility, high purity, and optimizable conductivity. [source] Proving our value: Measuring package design's Return On InvestmentDESIGN MANAGEMENT REVIEW, Issue 3 2001Rob Wallace Since resources are scarce, it makes sense to allocate budgets in ways that generate the highest yields. In the arena of consumer awareness and influencing the decision to purchase, Rob Wallace makes the case that money spent on package design results in an outstanding return on investment. He outlines a methodology to quantify this return, and challenges design management colleagues to refine the calculus. [source] The effect of harvest date and inoculation on the yield, fermentation characteristics and feeding value of forage pea and field bean silagesGRASS & FORAGE SCIENCE, Issue 3 2001M. D. Fraser Two experiments describe the ensiling potential of whole-crop forage peas (Pisum sativum) and field beans (Vicia faba). In Experiment 1, forage peas (cv. Magnus) and field beans (cv. Mayo) were harvested at 10, 12 and 14 weeks after sowing, and ensiled in 10 kg mini-silos either untreated or treated with an inoculant (Lactobacillus plantarum). In terms of yield and ensiling potential, the optimum growth stage for harvesting forage peas occurred at 12 weeks of growth. In contrast, delaying the harvest of field beans until 14 weeks gave the highest yields of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP). Changes in crop maturity had little effect on the chemical composition of the fresh forages, but between-harvest date differences were observed in the DM, ammonia-N, CP, water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), acid-detergent fibre (ADF), neutral-detergent fibre (NDF), lactic acid and volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentrations and pH of the corresponding silages. Fermentation was improved by applying an inoculant. In Experiment 2, forage peas and field beans were harvested at 14 weeks after sowing and ensiled as round-bale silage, either untreated or treated with an inoculant. The yields of the crops were similar, and the only difference in the chemical composition of the wilted forages was a higher CP concentration in the field beans. However, after the ensiling process was complete, the forage pea silages were found to have significantly higher DM, WSC, starch and butyric acid concentrations compared with the field bean silages, and lower ammonia-N, CP, ADF, acetic acid and lactic acid concentrations. Inoculation was found to increase the lactic acid concentration and reduce the pH and ammonia-N and acetic acid concentrations of the silages. Each of the silages produced in Experiment 2 was offered to six Suffolk crossbred wether lambs, aged 10 months. Voluntary DM intakes were similar on all treatments, despite the apparent digestibility of the forage pea silages being significantly higher than that of the field bean silages. Nitrogen retention was higher for lambs offered forage pea silage. Application of an inoculant was found to have a negative effect on the amount of N retained, indicating the necessity for more detailed investigations into proteolytic activity within these crops during the fermentation process. [source] Impact of the Cropping Systems of a Minor Dry Season on the Growth, Yields and Nitrogen Uptake of Maize (Zea mays L) Grown in the Humid Tropics during the Major Rainy SeasonJOURNAL OF AGRONOMY AND CROP SCIENCE, Issue 6 2003U. R. Sangakkara Abstract A field study evaluated the residual effect of a cropping system in two minor (dry) seasons on the productivity pattern and nitrogen utilization of a maize crop grown in the subsequent major (wet) seasons. The cropping systems established in the minor seasons, where evaporation exceeds rainfall, were either monocultures of maize (Zea mays L), or maize intercropped with either common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) or sunhemp (Crotolaria juncea L). In addition, monocultures of two green manures, namely sunhemp (Crotolaria juncea) or Tithonia (Tithonia diversifolia), were established. The residues of maize and beans and the green manures were incorporated at the end of the minor season; at the onset of rains in the major season, maize crops were established on the same plots. Germination of maize was not affected by the previous cropping system. In contrast, crop growth and yields of maize and nitrogen utilization were affected by the previous cropping system. Optimum growth and highest yields were procured in maize that was grown after a green manure crop. Similarly, although the yields were high, the planting of a green manure crop reduced nitrogen utilization by maize in the major season, thereby indicating its potential contribution to sustainability, due to its lower mining of soil nitrogen. On the basis of the results of this two-year study, the impact of cropping systems in minor seasons on the productivity of maize, a very important highland cereal in the tropics, grown under rain-fed conditions in a major season, is presented. [source] Influence of Tithonia diversifolia and triple superphosphate on dissolution and effectiveness of phosphate rock in acidic soilJOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION AND SOIL SCIENCE, Issue 5 2006Isaac Savini Abstract An incubation and a pot experiment were conducted to evaluate the dissolution and agronomic effectiveness of a less reactive phosphate rock, Busumbu soft ore (BPR), in an Oxisol in Kenya. Resin (anion and anion + cation)-extractable P and sequentially extracted P with 0.5 M NaHCO3, 0.1 M NaOH, and 1 M HCl were analyzed. Dissolution was determined from the increase in anion resin (AER),, NaHCO3 -, and NaOH-extractable P in soil amended with PR compared with the control soil. Where P was applied, resin P significantly increased above the no-P treatment. Busumbu-PR solubility was low and did not increase significantly in 16 weeks. Anion + cation (ACER)-extractable P was generally greater than AER-P. The difference was greater for PR than for triple superphosphate (TSP). The ACER extraction may be a better estimate of plant P availability, particularly when poorly soluble P sources are used. Addition of P fertilizers alone or in combination with Tithonia diversifolia (TSP, BPR, TSP + Tithonia, and BPR + Tithonia) increased the concentration of labile inorganic P pools (NaHCO3 - and NaOH-Pi). Cumulative evolved CO2 was significantly correlated with cumulative N mineralized from Tithonia (r, 0.51, p < 0.05). Decrease in pH caused NH -N accumulation while NO -N remained low where Tithonia was incorporated at all sampling times. However, when pH was increased, NH -N declined with a corresponding rise in NO -N. Tithonia significantly depressed soil exchangeable acidity relative to control with time. A significant increase (p < 0.05) was observed for P uptake but not dry-mass production in maize where BPR was applied. The variations in yield and P uptake due to source and rates of application were statistically significant. At any given P rate, highest yields were obtained with Tithonia alone. Combination of Busumbu PR with TSP or Tithonia did not enhance the effectiveness of the PR. The poor dissolution and plant P uptake of BPR may be related to the high Fe content in the PR material. [source] New Process for the Preparation of Monodispersed, Spherical Silica ParticlesJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY, Issue 5 2002Ki Do Kim A new method is presented for preparing highly monodispersed silica particles using a two-stage semibatch/batch hydrolysis reaction of Si(OC2H5)4. The slower rate of hydrolysis of the tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) that occurred during the semibatch process resulted in larger silica particles with a higher yield and narrower size distribution. This was in direct contrast to the batch process. In addition, the ability of four different mixed processes to produce silica particles with good packing density, narrower particle-size distribution, and higher yield were evaluated. These were batch/batch (B-B), batch/semibatch (B-S), semibatch/batch (S-B), and semibatch/semibatch (S-S) processes. The S-S system produced the largest particles with the highest yields. The size of the silica particles obtained by the S-B method decreased with increasing reaction time, while the particles obtained by the B-S process had the best particle-size distribution and packing density. In conclusion, a mixed batch/semibatch system was the best way to produce an extremely narrow particle-size distribution and a good packing density. [source] | ||||||||||||||||