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Hip Circumference (hip + circumference)
Selected AbstractsHbA1c levels in non-diabetic Dutch children aged 8,9 years: the PIAMA birth cohort studyDIABETIC MEDICINE, Issue 2 2009H. Jansen Abstract Aim, Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) is considered the best index of glycaemic control in established diabetes. It may also be useful in the diagnosis of diabetes and as a screening tool. Little is known about the distribution of HbA1c in healthy children and its predictors. The aim of this study is to describe the distribution of HbA1c in non-diabetic Dutch children aged 8,9 years and to investigate potential associations of HbA1c in this group. Methods HbA1c was measured in 788 non-diabetic children aged 8,9 years participating in the PIAMA birth cohort study. Data on parents and children were collected prospectively by questionnaires. Weight, height and waist and hip circumference of the children were measured when blood samples were taken. Results, Mean (sd) HbA1c was 4.9 ± 0.33%, range 3.5,6.0%. HbA1c was significantly higher in boys (4.9 ± 0.31 vs. 4.9 ± 0.33%) and in children of mothers with gestational diabetes (5.0 ± 0.37 vs. 4.9 ± 0.32%). We found a significant inverse association between HbA1c and haemoglobin (regression coefficient: ,0.169 (95% CI ,0.221 to ,0.118), P < 0.001). HbA1c was not significantly associated with age, body mass index, waist circumference, parental diabetes or maternal body mass index. Conclusions, We found no significant relation between known risk factors for Type 2 diabetes and HbA1c at age 8,9 years. Moreover, there was a significant inverse association between haemoglobin and HbA1c. These results suggest that HbA1c may not only reflect the preceding blood glucose levels, but seems to be determined by other factors as well. [source] Sonographic assessment of changes in thickness of different abdominal fat layers in response to diet in obese womenJOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND, Issue 1 2003Nuran Sabir MD Abstract Purpose We evaluated the potential application of sonography to monitor alterations in abdominal fat thickness in obese women before and after dieting. Methods This study included 40 obese women (mean age, 42.2 ± 9.4 years; mean body mass index [BMI], 36.0 ± 5.9 kg/m2) who underwent a 3-month low-calorie diet. Height, weight, waist circumference (WC), and hip circumference (HC) were measured. BMI and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were calculated. Abdominal subcutaneous (S) and intra-abdominal preperitoneal (P) fat were measured at their maximum (max) and minimum (min) thickness sites using a 7.5-MHz linear-array probe. Intra-abdominal visceral (V) fat was measured using a 3.5-MHz convex-array probe. Measurements were taken before and after caloric restriction. Results The mean weight was reduced from 88.6 ± 17.1 kg to 83.0 ± 15.9 kg (p < 0.0001). The mean changes in Smin (r = 0.376, p = 0.017), Smax (r = 0.508, (p = 0.001), Pmin (r = 0.439, p = 0.005), and V (r = 0.365, p = 0.022) fat thicknesses were positively correlated with change in weight; the change in Pmax fat thickness showed the best and most significant correlation (r = 0.591, p < 0.0001). BMI (r = 0.969, p < 0.0001), WC (r = 0.510, p = 0.001), and HC (r = 0.422, p = 0.007) changes were also positively correlated with weight change, but the WHR change (r = 0.019, p > 0.05) was not. Conclusions All the abdominal fat layers, particularly the intra-abdominal P fat, will decrease in response to loss of body fat by dieting. Sonography seems to be useful in monitoring small variations in the thicknesses of abdominal S and intra-abdominal P and V fat. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 31:26,30, 2003 [source] The effect of including a conventional snack (cereal bar) and a nonconventional snack (almonds) on hunger, eating frequency, dietary intake and body weightJOURNAL OF HUMAN NUTRITION & DIETETICS, Issue 5 2009S. Zaveri Abstract Background:, With the increasing prevalence of being overweight and obesity, dietary strategies to curb hunger levels and increase satiety at lower energy intakes are sought. The frequency of eating and type of snack may influence total energy intake. The present study aimed to assess the impact of providing either a conventional snack (cereal bar) or a nonconventional snack (almonds) on eating frequency, hunger rating, dietary intake, body weight and blood lipids. Methods:, Forty-five healthy men (aged 25,50 years, body mass index = 25,35 kg m,2) were recruited and allocated to a control, cereal bar or almond snack group. Two packets of cereal bars and almonds were introduced for 12 weeks to the cereal bar group and the almond snack group, respectively. Dietary intakes and eating frequency were assessed by 4-day unweighed diet diaries; visual analogue scales were used to assess hunger ratings; and fasting blood parameters (i.e. glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) were measured at baseline, 6 and 12 weeks. In addition, anthropometric measures (height, weight, skinfold thickness, waist and hip circumference) were measured at baseline, 6 and 12 weeks. Results:, The present study found no significant change in the eating frequency within groups at 12 weeks. However, the almond snack group had a significantly higher eating frequency than the control group (P , 0.05) and cereal bar group (P , 0.01). This did not result in higher energy intake, body weight or percentage body fat in the almond snack group. Conclusion:, The present study demonstrated that snacking on almonds, in comparison to cereal bars, promoted a higher eating frequency, but not a higher energy intake. Advice to snack on either almonds or cereal bars did not result in weight gain, suggesting that energy compensation took place. [source] ORIGINAL RESEARCH,ENDOCRINOLOGY: Evaluation of the Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Testosterone Levels in Adult MenTHE JOURNAL OF SEXUAL MEDICINE, Issue 6 2009Graziele Halmenschlager MS ABSTRACT Introduction., Cigarette smoking is highly prevalent among men. Many studies have evaluated the effect of cigarette smoking on levels of male reproductive hormones; however, the findings still remain controversial. Aim., To evaluate the influence of cigarette smoking on serum levels of total testosterone (TT), free testosterone (FT), bioavailable testosterone (BT), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Methods., A total of 255 men (90 smokers and 165 nonsmokers), aged 30 to 70 years, were investigated. Weight and height were obtained and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Also, waist circumference and hip circumference were measured and waist-to-hip ratio was obtained. Fasting blood samples were drawn for determination of plasmatic glucose levels and serum levels of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), triglycerides, albumin, prolactin, TT, SHBG, LH, and FSH. The values of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) were determined by Friedwald equation and the values of FT and BT were calculated from TT, SHBG, and albumin. Statistical significance was set at P , 0.05. Main Outcome Measures., The influence of smoking on levels of TT, FT, and BT. Results., No significant difference was observed in the mean values of TT (P = 0.580), FT (P = 0.869), BT (P = 0.933), SHBG (P = 0.279), LH (P = 0.573), and FSH (P = 0.693) in the different levels of pack-years when compared to nonsmokers. Moreover, after multivariate logistic regression, no association between increased pack-years of smoking and increased odds ratio for occurrence of low hormones and SHBG levels was observed. Conclusion., In this study, smokers and nonsmokers had similar mean values of androgens, gonadotropins and SHBG. However, it is necessary to standardize pack-years of smoking in order to elucidate the influence of cigarette smoking on sex hormone levels, as well as to minimize differences among studies and to confirm our results. Halmenschlager G, Rossetto S, Lara GM, and Rhoden EL. Evaluation of the effects of cigarette smoking on testosterone levels in adult men. J Sex Med 2009;6:1763,1772. [source] Influence of the leptin G-2548A polymorphism on leptin levels and anthropometric measurements in healthy Spanish adolescents,ANNALS OF HUMAN GENETICS, Issue 4 2010Pia Riestra Summary Polymorphisms in the leptin gene (LEP) have been associated with leptin levels and obesity in some studies in adults though this link has scarcely been investigated in children. In our study, we examined the relationship of the LEP G-2548A polymorphism with leptin levels, anthropometric variables and body composition in a population-based sample of pubescent children. Our study included 880 healthy schoolchildren (419 males and 461 females), 12,16 years of age. Plasma leptin levels were determined by ELISA. The LEP polymorphism was determined by allelic discrimination TaqMan® assay. Male carriers of the AA genotype had significantly lower plasma leptin levels than GA (p < 0.008) and GG (p < 0.001) carriers and significantly lower mean hip circumference (HC) values than GG carriers (p = 0.04). In girls, leptin levels were also lower in A-allele carriers than in GG carriers, and BMI and HC were significantly lower in AA carriers as compared with GG carriers. In addition, the frequency of the A allele was significantly lower (,2: 4.58, p = 0.032) in the OW-obese than in the NW group. In conclusion, the LEP G-2548A polymorphism is associated with variations in leptin levels, BMI and HC in Spanish pubertal children, and evidence suggests a link between the G allele and presence of overweight in girls. [source] Fertility, body size, and shape: An empirical test of the covert maternal depletion hypothesis,AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY, Issue 4 2009Ilona Nenko In populations with limited resources, high-reproductive effort may lead to poor nutritional status of the mother (the maternal depletion syndrome), whereas in well-nourished populations woman's body weight tends to increase after each pregnancy. However, in affluent populations, women's body shape may change due to mobilization of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) from the lower parts of their bodies to meet the needs of the developing child (the "covert maternal depletion"). We studied relationships between reproductive history traits and body size and shape for 296 rural, parous women in good nutritional status (mean body mass index, BMI = 27.9, SD = 5.94), aged 22,85 (mean 47.8, SD = 16.34) from southern Poland. Body mass adjusted for age, age of menarche, body height, and similarly adjusted BMI were each positively related to the number of children born by a woman (R = 0.13, P = 0.02 and R = 0.13, P = 0.02, respectively). Waist and hip circumferences, adjusted for confounders, did not show statistically significant relationships with the number of children. Moreover, groups with low and high parity did not significantly differ in hip/BMI and waist/BMI ratios, which were proposed to be indicators of covert form of maternal depletion (after controlling for overall body fatness and age). In conclusion, parity caused a slightly higher body mass and BMI later in life. However, parity did not lead to covert maternal depletion, perhaps because women in this population have relatively high-dietary intake of PUFAs. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Childhood overweight problem in a selected school district in HawaiiAMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY, Issue 2 2003Dennis Chai Anthropometric measurements were collected from 1,437 public school students in a selected school district in Hawaii every year from 1992 to 1996. Results showed that boys and girls of Hawaiian ancestry (HA) are generally taller in stature and somewhat heavier in weight than their non-Hawaiian counterparts (Non-HA). Also, there are no clear differences between the two groups in BMI, sums of skinfolds, waist and hip circumferences, and waist/hip circumference ratios. When compared to data from NHANES III (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), the median statures of HA boys and girls are very close to the median statures of NHANES III, but the body weights of HA are heavier at most ages. Also, the BMI values of HA are distinctly higher and their medians are closer to the 75th percentile of NHANES III. In addition, the values of the sums of skinfolds and the waist and hip circumferences of HA are also higher at most ages than NHANES III. These multiple anthropometric indicators suggest that there might be more overweight children and adolescents of HA. When compared to the statistics in NHANES III, there are twice as many HA and Non-HA boys and girls classified as obese. Clearly, a serious childhood problem exists among the children in this selected school district in Hawaii. More research is needed in other school districts in Hawaii. Also, it is suggested in this study that using multiple anthropometric indicators, rather than a single one, may be more accurate and appropriate in determining overweight problems in a youth population. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 15:164,177, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Anthropometric correlates of lipoprotein profile and blood pressure in high BMI African American childrenACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 6 2010A Raman Abstract Objective:, To explore the association of anthropometric indices with lipoprotein profile and blood pressure as risk factors of cardiovascular disease, in African American (AA) children. Methods:, A cross-sectional analysis was carried out on children aged 9,13 years with BMI >85th percentile. Height, weight, waist and hip circumferences, % body fat and blood pressure [systolic (sBP) and diastolic (dBP)] were measured. Fasting plasma levels of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), intermediate density lipoprotein cholesterol (IDL-C) and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) were analysed. Results:, After accounting for age, gender and pubertal status of the child, multiple linear regression models showed that waist circumference and BMIz were strong predictors for lipoprotein variables. In independent analysis, waist circumference and BMI z-scores were found to be interdependently associated with TG, LDL-C:HDL-C ratio, VLDL-C and sBPz. However, for HDL-C, TG:HDL-C ratio and dBPz, waist circumference was independently and more strongly associated with these risk factors than BMI. Conclusion:, Waist circumference was a stronger predictor for lipoprotein variables and blood pressure in high BMI AA children than other anthropometric indices, and may be adequate as a screening test to identify children who are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease. [source] | |||||||||||||