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Health Threat (health + threat)
Kinds of Health Threat Selected AbstractsTransgenic strains of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as biomonitors of metal contaminationENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & CHEMISTRY, Issue 8 2000L. K. Cioci Abstract Transition metal contamination poses a serious environmental and human health threat. The bioavailability of transition metals in environmental samples can best be assessed with living organisms. A transgenic strain of the free-living soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been engineered for monitoring the bioavailability of metals. A reporter transgene consisting of a fragment of the promoter from the C. elegans metallothionein-2 gene (mtl-2) that controls the transcription of a ,-galactosidase reporter (lacZ) has been integrated into the genome of this organism. By using these transgenic C. elegans, the toxicological response to metals in samples can be quickly measured with a simple histochemical staining assay. The C. elegans that contain the mtl-2:lacZ transgene provide a more sensitive assay of exposure to cadmium, mercury, zinc, and nickel than 24-h LC50 assays or those using nematodes with heat-shock protein,based reporter transgenes. This study demonstrates that C. elegans that contain mtl-2:lacZ transgenes can function as sensitive toxicological indicators of metals. [source] Improving media campaigns promoting physical activity: the underutilized role of genderINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NONPROFIT & VOLUNTARY SECTOR MARKETING, Issue 3 2008Dan J. Graham As the obesity epidemic worsens in the United States and globally, resources are increasingly being allocated to address this public health threat. Media campaigns promoting physical activity are receiving funding from government and private sources, and some of these campaigns have achieved modest success. Still, more can be done to increase the effectiveness of these campaigns. Drawing on facets of consumer behavior, psychology, and public policy, this work represents a cross-disciplinary theoretical analysis suggesting that the effectiveness of media-based campaigns promoting physical activity could be enhanced by making use of gender-specific advertising. Research is reviewed suggesting that gender differences in information processing styles and values lead to gender-specific responses to media campaigns. Recommendations are made to help practitioners improve physical activity campaigns by crafting advertisements that specifically appeal to the unique preferences of each gender. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Viable ultramicrocells in drinking waterJOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 1 2009F.S. Silbaq Abstract Aims:, To examine the diversity of cultivable 0·2 micron filtrate biofilm forming bacteria from drinking water systems. Methods and Results:, Potable chlorinated drinking water hosts phylogenetically diverse ultramicrocells (UMC) (0·2 and 0·1 ,m filterable). UMC (starved or dwarf bacteria) were isolated by cultivation on minimal medium from a flow system wall model with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes. All cultivated cells (25 different isolates) did not maintain their ultra-size after passages on rich media. Cultured UMC were identified by their 16S ribosomal DNA sequences. The results showed that they were closely related to uncultured and cultured members of the Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes. The isolates of phylum Actinobacteria included representatives of a diverse set of Actinobacterial families: Micrococcaceae, Microbacteriaceae, Dermabacteraceae, Nocardiaceae and Nocardioidaceae. Conclusions:, This study is the first to show an abundance of cultivable UMC of various phyla in drinking water system, including a high frequency of bacteria known to be involved in opportunistic infections, such as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Microbacterium sp., Pandoraea sp. and Afipia strains. Significance and Impact of the Study:, Chlorinated tap water filtrate (0·2 and 0·1 ,m) still harbours opportunistic micro-organisms that can pose some health threat. [source] Endogenous TNF, Lowers Maximum Peak Bone Mass and Inhibits Osteoblastic Smad Activation Through NF-,B,,JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH, Issue 5 2007Yan Li Abstract Endogenous TNF, prevents the attainment of maximum achievable peak bone mass in vivo. In vitro, TNF, suppresses BMP-2, and TGF,-mediated Smad activation through induction of NF-,B. Consistently, pharmacological suppression of NF-,B augments osteoblast differentiation and mineralization in vitro. Introduction: Osteoporosis is a major health threat. Traditional therapeutic strategies have centered on anti-catabolic drugs that block bone resorption. Recently focus has shifted to anabolic agents that actively rebuild lost bone mass. Future strategies may involve elevating peak bone mass to delay osteoporosis development. Recent in vitro studies show that TNF, represses osteoblast differentiation and mineralization; however, the mechanisms are poorly understood and the impact of basal TNF, concentrations on the acquisition of peak bone mass in vivo is unknown. Materials and Methods: We examined peak BMD, bone volume, and bone turnover makers in mice deficient in TNF, or its receptors. We further examined the effect of TNF, on Smad-induced signaling by TGF, and BMP-2 in vitro using a Smad responsive reporter. The effect of TNF,-induced NF-,B signaling on Smad signaling and on in vitro osteoblast mineralization was examined using specific NF-,B inhibitors and activators, and effects of TNF,-induced NF-,B signaling on BMP-2,induced Runx2 mRNA were examined using RT-PCR. Results: Mice null for TNF, or its p55 receptor had significantly increased peak bone mass, resulting exclusively from elevated bone formation. In vitro, TNF, potently suppressed Smad signaling induced by TGF, and BMP-2, downregulated BMP-2,mediated Runx2 expression, and inhibited mineralization of osteoblasts. These effects were mimicked by overexpression of NF-,B and prevented by pharmacological NF-,B suppression. Conclusions: Our data suggest that TNF, and NF-,B antagonists may represent novel anabolic agents for the maximization of peak basal bone mass and/or the amelioration of pathological bone loss. [source] The SARS Crisis: Was Anybody Responsible?JOURNAL OF CONTINGENCIES AND CRISIS MANAGEMENT, Issue 2 2006Stephanie Buus As scholars in fields such as media studies, crisis studies and public policy studies have argued, there exists a fundamental link between crises and the media. Once an event has been interpreted as a crisis, questions of accountability inevitably appear on the media agenda, and the struggle to attribute blame and responsibility to a specific entity or entities,the blame game,thus becomes an inexorable part of the crisis process. Focusing on three liberal Western newspapers with an international, primarily Western elite readership and a reputation for in-depth analysis of global events, The Economist, the Financial Times and the International Herald Tribune, this article employs Iyengar's and Valkenburg's notions of responsibility frames to examine whether initial coverage of the 2003 SARS crisis in these accounts held any particular entity accountable for the crisis, looks at three key themes used to communicate to the reader a particular way of thinking about responsibility for SARS and examines some of the consequences of the kind of responsibility frame constructed around the SARS crisis in these accounts. As our findings show, there is an entity that the early news accounts studied consistently held responsible for the 2003 SARS crisis, the Chinese system, and the corresponding responsibility frame at operation in these accounts is thematic rather than episodic in nature, since it consistently places the SARS crisis within a broader context (a product of "China" itself and/or of societal-governmental forces in China) rather than in relation to a specific episode or as the result of the particular actions of individuals. The SARS crisis narrative therefore presented in these accounts tells the story of an anachronistic Chinese system faced with a contemporary health threat that, by its very nature, it is incapable of assessing accurately or managing responsibly. By way of conclusion, we argue that, while the use of such a thematic frame to explain China's role in the 2003 SARS crisis may be accurate in certain respects, this frame falls short in other respects and proves particularly inadequate to the challenge of capturing the economic complexities of China's role during the crisis. [source] August 2003: Reflections on a French Summer DisasterJOURNAL OF CONTINGENCIES AND CRISIS MANAGEMENT, Issue 4 2005Why were its medical consequences so serious? The heat wave of August 2003 caused a hecatomb in France. Its extent and consequences (INVS 2003) require analysis in order to understand why such a situation occurred and how to avoid that the same medical disaster will be caused in the future by identical climatic conditions. This natural disaster had no known precedent in France. The heatwave lasted for three weeks in August 2003 and led to 14800 deaths. However, the human toll of this catastrophe cannot be explained solely by the violence of the attack. Any analysis of this dramatic crisis, as for any public health threat, should take into account the agent involved, the population concerned, the specific relation between the agent and the target, and, based upon this, the crisis management needed. The analysis presented in this article, following the described line, shows that the crisis management was far from optimal. Learning from this situation should allow us to do better, next time such a climatic catastrophe occurs. A key factor is promoting adequate citizen response. [source] A prevalence survey for zoonotic enteric bacteria in a research monkey colony with specific emphasis on the occurrence of enteric YersiniaJOURNAL OF MEDICAL PRIMATOLOGY, Issue 1 2001Stephen J. Vore Transmissible pathogenic and opportunistic zoonotic enteric bacteria comprise a recognized occupational health threat to exposed humans from non-human primates (NHPs). In an effort to evaluate the occurrence of selected enteric organisms with zoonotic and biohazard potential in a research colony setting, we performed a prevalence study examining 61 juvenile and young adult rhesus macaques participating in a transplant immunology project. Primary emphasis was directed specifically to detection of pathogenic enteric Yersinia, less well-documented and reported NHP pathogens possessing recognized significant human disease potential. NHPs were surveyed by rectal culture during routine health monitoring on three separate occasions, and samples incubated using appropriate media and specific selective culture methods. Enteric organisms potentially transmissible to humans were subcultured and identified to genus and species. Significant human pathogens of the Salmonella/Shigella, Campylobacter, and enteric Yersinia groups were not isolated throughout the survey, suggesting prevalence of these organisms may generally be quite low. [source] Effect of HIV co-infection on mutation patterns of HBV in patients with lamivudine-resistant chronic hepatitis B,,§JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY, Issue 7 2009Fabio Iacomi Abstract A retrospective review was performed comparing lamivudine-resistance mutation patterns between patients infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) with or without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection. Medical records that included a genotypic test of patients infected with HBV and treated with lamivudine as the only anti-HBV drug were reviewed. Pol gene mutations were assessed by direct sequencing of the reverse transcriptase fragment 125,213 aa. Eighty-nine patients infected with HBV (29 co-infected with HIV) with rtM204V or rtM204I mutations were included. Multiple mutations associated with the YMDD motif were observed in 33 (55%) of 60 patients infected with HBV only and in 28 (96.6%) of patients co-infected with HIV/HBV. In this latter group, the prevalence of the rtV173L,+,rtL180M,+,rtM204V triple mutation was 31% versus a prevalence of 3.4% observed among patients infected with HBV only. All patients with the triple mutational pattern showed sE164D,+,sI195M changes in the envelope gene. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that HIV co-infection (adjusted OR 11.2, 95% CI 2.0,61.0) and HBV genotype A (adjusted OR 7.2, 95% CI 1.5,34.8) were the only independent variables associated with the chance of harboring rtM204V. Patients with HBV genotype A or HIV co-infection were more likely to harbor the rtM204V mutation. Patients co-infected with HIV showed multiple mutations more frequently, including the triple mutation that may elicit a vaccine escape phenotype. Among patients co-infected with HIV/HBV, strict HBV DNA monitoring is essential to detect treatment failure and adapt therapy to avoid limitations of future therapeutic options or the emergence of a public health threat. J. Med. Virol. 81:1151,1156, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Theoretical and experimental study of vapor deposition onto a dressed body partAICHE JOURNAL, Issue 4 2008Paul Brasser Abstract When air-permeable clothing is worn, vapor will penetrate to the inside of the clothing. The vapor can deposit onto the skin, thus, forming a potential health threat. In a previous article a model was presented, which describes the airflow around body parts, covered with clothing. This airflow profile is used to calculate the vapor deposition onto the skin. A test setup was developed to validate the deposition model. Cylinders are used as a representative for human body parts. They are covered by a layer of protective clothing and exposed to vapor of methylsalicylate. The amount of vapor which deposites onto the surface of the cylinder is determined by using charcoal cloth. The influence of the clothing air permeability, the wind speed, the diameter of the cylinder, and the distance between clothing and cylinder surface was investigated. The experimental results show reasonable to good agreement with the model. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008 [source] Silent disaster: A European perspective on threat perception from Chernobyl far field falloutJOURNAL OF TRAUMATIC STRESS, Issue 6 2002Arnfinn Tønnessen Abstract Surveys investigated the perceived threat of radioactive fallout and public coping following a "silent disaster" (Chernobyl) across Europe. Survey data from national representative samples in 12 European countries are compiled, 6 months and 2 years after the accident, across 12 countries. Exposure to information about the accident, and perception of the consequences of Chernobyl as a health threat, were significantly related to the level of fallout in each country. Another significant relationship was found between the level of fallout in these 12 countries and the proportion of respondents who reported having taken countermeasures. Information challenges for the authorities are highlighted. [source] Crystal structure of the Streptococcus pneumoniae mevalonate kinase in complex with diphosphomevalonatePROTEIN SCIENCE, Issue 5 2007John L. Andreassi II Abstract Streptococcuspneumoniae, a ubiquitous gram-positive pathogen with an alarming, steadily evolving resistance to frontline antimicrobials, poses a severe global health threat both in the community and in the clinic. The recent discovery that diphosphomevalonate (DPM), an essential intermediate in the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway, potently and allosterically inhibits S. pneumoniae mevalonate kinase (SpMK) without affecting the human isozyme established a new target and lead compound for antimicrobial design. Here we present the crystal structure of the first S. pneumoniae mevalonate kinase, at a resolution of 2.5 Å and in complex with DPM·Mg2+ in the active-site cleft. Structural comparison of SpMK with other members of the GHMP kinase family reveals that DPM functions as a partial bisubstrate analog (mevalonate linked to the pyrophosphoryl moiety of ATP) in that it elicits a ternary-complexlike form of the enzyme, except for localized disordering in a region that would otherwise interact with the missing portion of the nucleotide. Features of the SpMK-binding pockets are discussed in the context of established mechanistic findings and inherited human diseases linked to MK deficiency. [source] Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 2-Mercapto-1,3-benzothiazole Derivatives with Potential Antimicrobial ActivityARCHIV DER PHARMAZIE, Issue 10 2009Carlo Franchini Abstract The enhancement of bacterial resistance of pathogens to currently available antibiotics constitutes a serious public health threat. So, intensive efforts are underway worldwide to develop new antimicrobial agents. To identify compounds with a potent antimicrobial profile, we designed and synthesized low molecular weight 2-mercaptobenzothiazole derivatives 2a,2l and 3a,3l. Both series were screened for in-vitro antibacterial activity against the representative panel of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria strains. The biological screening identified compounds 2e and 2l as the most active ones showing an interesting antibacterial activity with MIC values of 3.12 ,g/mL against Staphylococcus aureus and 25 ,g/mL against Escherichia coli, respectively. The replacement of the S-H by the S-Bn moiety resulted in considerable loss of the antibacterial action of the 3a,3l series. The antibiotic action of compounds 2e and 2l was also investigated by testing their activity against some clinical isolates with different antimicrobial resistance profile. Moreover, the involvement of the NorA efflux pump in the antibacterial activity of our molecules was evaluated. Finally, in this paper, we also describe the cytotoxic activity of the most interesting compounds by MTS assay against HeLa and MRC-5 cell lines. [source] Should Aspirin be Used to Counteract ,Salicylate Deficiency'?BASIC AND CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY, Issue 4 2003Gareth Morgan Emerging evidence suggests that aspirin reduces the risk of other chronic diseases such as certain forms of cancer. Salicylate may contribute to the disease reduction effects. It is present naturally in fruits and vegetables and individuals with a low intake of these foods may be ,salicylate deficient'. This deleterious state may constitute a significant public health threat. Interventions to prevent deficiency, such as low-dose aspirin programmes, could have substantial beneficial health impacts around the world. [source] The epidemiology of age-related macular degeneration in the Indian subcontinentACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 3 2009Jyh Haur Woo Abstract. Context:, The Indian subcontinent is one of the most populous regions in the world. Given the projected rapid population growth and ageing of the population, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is likely to emerge as a major public health threat in the near future. However, existing literature on AMD in the region is scarce. Methods:, This paper reviews the epidemiology and risk factors of AMD in the Indian subcontinent. Results:, Data on AMD in India show prevalences ranging from 1.8% to 4.7%. Blindness prevalence studies in Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal have also reported rates of 2.1% to 8.7% for all blindness attributable to AMD. Age-related macular degeneration is therefore a significant cause of visual morbidity in these countries. To date, no reliable epidemiological data on AMD or blindness have been published for Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, Maldives or Bhutan. Conclusions:, The prevalence of AMD in the region is likely to follow a trend similar to that seen in the developed world in the coming years. Eye care policies should therefore make provisions for this chronic age-related eye disease. In addition, there is an urgent need for more data on the epidemiology of AMD in the Indian subcontinent. [source] Molecular typing of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus isolates collected in the Yogyakarta area in Indonesia, 2006CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION, Issue 1 2010R. H. Deurenberg Abstract The characterization of 62 community-associated methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) isolates from 440 individuals in the Yogyakarta area of Indonesia in 2006 showed that: (i) almost half of the isolates were associated with methicillin-resistant S. aureus lineages [clonal complex (CC)1, CC8 and CC45] and (ii) ten Panton,Valentine leukocidin-positive isolates were associated with CC1 (n = 7), CC30 (n = 1) and CC51 (n = 2). The high Panton,Valentine leukocidin prevalence (16%) among S. aureus is of concern because these strains can cause severe infections and the introduction of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec into virulent and epidemic MSSA could pose a serious public health threat. [source] Ecology of invasive mosquitoes: effects on resident species and on human healthECOLOGY LETTERS, Issue 5 2005Steven A. Juliano Abstract Investigations of biological invasions focus on patterns and processes that are related to introduction, establishment, spread and impacts of introduced species. This review focuses on the ecological interactions operating during invasions by the most prominent group of insect vectors of disease, mosquitoes. First, we review characteristics of non-native mosquito species that have established viable populations, and those invasive species that have spread widely and had major impacts, testing whether biotic characteristics are associated with the transition from established non-native to invasive. Second, we review the roles of interspecific competition, apparent competition, predation, intraguild predation and climatic limitation as causes of impacts on residents or as barriers to invasion. We concentrate on the best-studied invasive mosquito, Aedes albopictus, evaluating the application of basic ecological theory to invasions by Aedes albopictus. We develop a model based on observations of Aedes albopictus for effects of resource competition and predation as barriers to invasion, evaluating which community and ecosystem characteristics favour invasion. Third, we evaluate the ways in which invasive mosquitoes have contributed to outbreaks of human and animal disease, considering specifically whether invasive mosquitoes create novel health threats, or modify disease transmission for existing pathogen,host systems. [source] Environmental Nursing Diagnoses: A Proposal for Further Development of Taxonomy IIINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NURSING TERMINOLOGIES AND CLASSIFICATION, Issue 1 2003Pauline M. Green PhD PURPOSE. To propose further development of environmental diagnoses and to offer recommendations for expanding Taxonomy II to include more diagnostic labels that encompass the environmental domain. SOURCES. Literature in the disciplines of nursing, biology, toxicology, public health, sociology, and anthropology. DATA SYNTHESIS. Nurses need language to describe the human responses of individuals, families, communities, and global society to environmental health threats. CONCLUSIONS. New environmental diagnoses will lead to refinement of language that describes the contribution of nursing to an emerging international and community health priority. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS. Environmental diagnostic labels will allow nurses to name responses and plan interventions that respond to instances or risks of exposure to threats from the physical and sociocultural environment. Search terms: Environmental contamination, environmental health threats, exposure, nursing diagnoses [source] The Metabolic Syndrome: A Modern Plague Spread by Modern TechnologyJOURNAL OF CLINICAL HYPERTENSION, Issue 12 2009Aaron Spalding MD Malnutrition and infectious disease represent the most common health threats facing the developing world. However, increasing technological developments and the expansion of western culture have contributed to the increasing prevalence of the metabolic syndrome. The epidemiologic significance and potential costs to governmental health care systems of an increasing incidence of metabolic syndrome could become high. The role of environmental influences that lead to the development of the metabolic syndrome needs to be explored. Because the metabolic syndrome becomes more common as nations develop, investigations into the ramifications of this disease often come too late. [source] Personality Factors in Older Women's Perceived Susceptibility to Diseases of AgingJOURNAL OF PERSONALITY, Issue 2 2004Mary A. Gerend A latent factor of general perceived susceptibility to disease was shown to underlie disease-specific perceptions of susceptibility. Affect-related personality traits (neuroticism, extraversion, optimism, worry, and self-deceptive enhancement) and internal and chance health locus of control predicted general perceived susceptibility. Perceived disease characteristics (e.g., perceived controllability, severity) and the use of cognitive heuristics (i.e., perceived similarity to those who contract each disease) also displayed marked consistency across the three distinct diseases. Finally, our results suggested that general beliefs about the characteristics of health threats and the use of cognitive heuristics may mediate the link between personality traits and perceived risk. [source] Tuberculosis and leprosy in perspectiveAMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue S49 2009Anne C. Stone Abstract Two of humankind's most socially and psychologically devastating diseases, tuberculosis and leprosy, have been the subject of intensive paleopathological research due to their antiquity, a presumed association with human settlement and subsistence patterns, and their propensity to leave characteristic lesions on skeletal and mummified remains. Despite a long history of medical research and the development of effective chemotherapy, these diseases remain global health threats even in the 21st century, and as such, their causative agents Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. leprae, respectively, have recently been the subject of molecular genetics research. The new genome-level data for several mycobacterial species have informed extensive phylogenetic analyses that call into question previously accepted theories concerning the origins and antiquity of these diseases. Of special note is the fact that all new models are in broad agreement that human TB predated that in other animals, including cattle and other domesticates, and that this disease originated at least 35,000 years ago and probably closer to 2.6 million years ago. In this work, we review current phylogenetic and biogeographic models derived from molecular biology and explore their implications for the global development of TB and leprosy, past and present. In so doing, we also briefly review the skeletal evidence for TB and leprosy, explore the current status of these pathogens, critically consider current methods for identifying ancient mycobacterial DNA, and evaluate coevolutionary models. Yrbk Phys Anthropol 52:66,94, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Advancing Health Rights in a Globalized World: Responding to Globalization through a Collective Human Right to Public HealthTHE JOURNAL OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS, Issue 4 2007Benjamin Mason Meier The right to health was codified in Article 12 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights as an individual right, focusing on individual health services at the expense of public health systems. This article assesses the ways in which the individual human right to health has evolved to meet collective threats to the public's health. Despite its repeated expansions, the individual right to health remains normatively incapable of addressing the injurious societal ramifcations of economic globalization, advancing individual rights to alleviate collective inequalities in underlying determinants of health. By examining modern changes to underlying determinants of health, this article concludes that responding to globalized health threats necessitates a collective right to public health. [source] New Directions for Health Insurance Design: Implications for Public Health Policy and PracticeTHE JOURNAL OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS, Issue 2003Sara Rosenbaum ABSTRACT National attention on issues of public health preparedness necessarily brings into sharp focus the question of how to assure adequate, community-wide health care financing for preventive, acute care, and long-term medical care responses to public health threats. In the U.S., public and private health insurance represents the principal means by which medical care is financed. Beyond the threshold challenge of the many persons without any, or a stable form of, coverage lie challenges related to the structure and characteristics of health insurance itself, particularly the commercial industry and its newly emerging market of consumer-driven health plans. States vary significantly in how they approach the regulation of insurance and in their willingness to support various types of insurance markets. This variation is attributable to the size and robustness of the insurance market, the political environment, and regulatory tradition and custom. Reconciling health insurance markets with public health-related health care financing needs arising from public health threats should be viewed as a major dimension of national health reform. [source] Gendered War and Rumors of Saddam Hussein in UgandaANTHROPOLOGY & HUMANISM, Issue 1 2009Sverker Finnström SUMMARY This article discusses the role of rumors in everyday Acholi life in war-torn northern Uganda. These rumors concern various health threats such as HIV and Ebola. The rumors are closely associated with the forces of domination that are alleged to destroy female sexuality and women's reproductive health and, by extension, Acholi humanity. Moreover, the rumors are stories that say something profound about lived entrapments and political asymmetries in Uganda and beyond. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||