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Herpes Simplex Virus (herpes + simplex_virus)
Terms modified by Herpes Simplex Virus Selected AbstractsFast anterograde transport of Herpes Simplex Virus: Role for the amyloid precursor protein of Alzheimer's diseaseAGING CELL, Issue 3 2010Prasanna Satpute-Krishnan No abstract is available for this article. [source] Prevalence of Herpes Simplex Virus in Malignant Laryngeal Lesions,THE LARYNGOSCOPE, Issue 2 2000Anna M. Pou MD Abstract Objective: To determine the prevalence of herpes simplex virus (HSV) in malignant laryngeal lesions. Study Design: Retrospective review. Materials and Methods: Paraffin-embedded, histologically confirmed specimens containing benign laryngeal lesions, squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx, and squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity were identified from archived surgical specimens. Biopsies of normal-appearing oral cavity tissue were also obtained from fresh-frozen cadavers. These tissues were analyzed for the presence of HSV DNA using polymerase chain reaction techniques. Patient charts were reviewed for patient demographics, risk factors, stage, clinical course, treatment, and outcome. Results: HSV was detected in nine laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas (75%) and in none of the benign laryngeal lesions (P = .0001). HSV was also found in three oral cavity squamous cell carcinomas (25%) and in none of the controls (P = .049). Conclusion: HSV is more prevalent in squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and oral cavity than in their respective control groups, suggesting a role for carcinogenesis. HSV is more prevalent in squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx than of the oral cavity. Further studies to determine the role of HSV as a cocarcinogen and its interrelationship with other environmental factors in laryngeal cancer are warranted. [source] In vitro effect of oral antiseptics on human immunodeficiency virus-1 and herpes simplex virus type 1JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 7 2001A. A. M. A. Baqui Abstract Aim: The antiviral effectiveness of widely used commercial mouthrinses has not been well studied. A project was undertaken to evaluate and compare the in vitro antiviral effectiveness of essential oil-containing mouthrinses (LA & TLA) and chlorhexidine mouthrinses (PX & CHX) on 2 different enveloped viruses, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) and Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) McIntyre strain. Method: HIV-189.6 (1×105/ml) and HSV-1 (1×106/ml) in RPMI-1640 medium were treated with two commercially available forms of LA & TLA (tartar control LA), and 2 formulations of chlorhexidine [(PX), 0.12% chlorhexidine & (CHX), 0.2% chlorhexidine] for 30 sec. The antiviral effect was estimated by inhibition of the syncytia formation or the cytopathic effect (CPE) for HIV-1 on MT-2 cells and by inhibition of the plaque formation for HSV-1 on Vero cell monolayers. Results: Undiluted LA, TLA, PX and CHX completely inhibited both HIV-189.6 and HSV-1 McIntyre strain. PX and CHX inhibited HIV-1 up to 1:4 dilution, whereas, LA and TLA inhibited HSV-1 up to 1:2 dilution. The antiviral effects of LA and TLA were found to be similar and also the antiviral effect of PX and CHX were also found to be comparable. Conclusions: The methods used in this investigation allow easy and reproducible evaluations of antiviral efficacy. The anti-HIV-1 and anti-HSV-1 effects of LA, TLA, PX and CHX as evidenced in our in vitro study suggest that we should investigate potential in vivo effects during the use of essential oil-containing or chlorhexidine containing products when used by patients as mouthrinses. If the clinical studies confirm the in vitro data, pre-procedural use by clinicians may be beneficial in reducing viral contamination of bio-aerosols during the delivery of dental care. Zusammenfassung Ziel: Die antivirale Effektivität von breit genutzten kommerziellen Mundwässern wurde bisher nicht gut untersucht. Ein Projekt wurde deshalb aufgenommen, um den in vitro antiviralen Effekt von ätherischen Öl enthaltenden Mundwässern (LA & TLA) und Chlorhexidin Mundwässern (PX & CHX) auf 2 unterschiedlich entwickelte Viren, das menschliche Immundefizienz Virus (HIV-1) und das Herpes simplex Virus (HSV-1) McIntyre Stamm zu evaluieren und zu vergleichen. Methoden: HIV-189.6 (1×105/ml) und HSV-1 (1×106/ml) in RPMI-1640 Medium wurden mit 2 kommerziellen Formen von LA & TLA (Tartarkontrolle LA) und 2 Arten von Chlorhexidin [(PX), 0.12% Chlorhexidin & (CHX), 0.2% Chlorhexidin] für 30 Sekunden behandelt. Der antivirale Effekt wurde durch Inhibition der Syncytiumbildung oder des cytopathischen Effektes (CPE) für HIV-1 auf MT-2 Zellen und durch Inhibition der Plaquebildung für HSV-1 auf Vero Zellmonolayers bestimmt. Ergebnisse: Unverdünntes LA, TLA, PX und CHX inhibierte sowohl HIV-189.6 und HSV-1 McIntyre Stamm. PX und CHX inhibierte HIV-1 bis zu einer 1:4 Verdünnung, während LA und TLA HSV-1 bis zu einer 1:2 Verdünnung inhibierte. Die antiviralen Effekte von LA und TLA wurden gleichwertig gefunden und auch der antivirale Effekt von PX und CHX waren vergleichbar. Zusammenfassung: Die genutzten Methoden in dieser Untersuchung erlaubten leicht und reproduzierbar die Evaluation von antiviralen Effekten. Die anti-HIV-1 und anti-HSV-1 Effekte von LA, TLA, PX und CHX, die in unserer in vitro Studie evident waren, suggerieren, daß wir das Potential der in vivo Effekte während des Gebrauches von ätherischen Öl enthaltenden oder Chlorhexidin enthaltenden Produkten untersuchen sollten, wenn die Patienten dies als Mundwässer benutzen. Wenn die klinischen Studien die in vitro Ergebnisse bestätigen, kann der vorherige Gebrauch durch die Kliniker die virale Kontamination von Bioaerosolen während der durchgeführten zahnäztlichen Behandlung reduzieren. Résumé But: L'efficacité antivirale des bains de bouches largement commercialises n'a pas été bien étudiée. Notre projet a évalué et comparé l'efficité antivirale in vitro de bains de bouche aux huiles essentielles (LA et TLA) et à la chlorexhidine (PX et CHX) sur 2 virus à envelopes, le virus de l'immunodéfiscience acquise 1 (HIV1) et la souche McIntyre du virus de l'Herpes simplex de type 1 (HSV1). Méthode: HIV1896 (1×105/ml) et HSV1 (1×106 ml) dans un milieu RPMI-1640 furent traits avec 2 formes disponibles sur le marché de LA et TLA, et 2 formules de chloxhexidine (PX, 0.12% chlorexhidine et CHX, 0.2% chlorexhidine) pendant 30 s. L'effet antiviral fut estimé par l'inhibition de la formation de syncitia ou par l'effet cytopathique (CPE) pour HIV1, sur des cellules MT2 et par l'inhibition de la formation de plaque pour HSV1 sur des monocouches cellulaires Vero. Résultats: CHX, LA, TLA et PX non dilués inhibaient complètement à la fois HIV1896 et la souche McIntyre HSV1. PX et CHX inhibaient HIV1 jusqu'à une dilution par 4 alors que LA et TLA inhibaient HSV1 jusqu'à une dilution par 2. Les effets antiviraux de LA et TLA étaient similaires, et les effets antiviraux de PX et CHX étaient aussi comparables. Conclusions: Les methodes utilisées pour cette recherche permettent une évaluation facile et reproductible de l'efficacité antivirale. Les effets anti-HIV1 et anti-HSV1 de LA, TLA, PX et CHX trouvés ici in vitro suggèrent que nous recherchions des effects potentiels in vivo lors de l'utilisation de produits contenant des huiles essentielles ou de la chlorexhidine utilisés comme bains de bouches par les patients. Si les études cliniques confirment les données in vitro, l'utilisation préclinique par les praticiens pourrait leur être bénéfique en réduisant la contamination virale des bioaérosols lors des soins dentaires. [source] Efficacy of Listerine® Antiseptic in reducing viral contamination of salivaJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 4 2005Timothy F. Meiller Abstract Aim: The anti-viral efficacy of oral antimicrobial rinses has not been adequately studied in terms of potential clinical significance. As a follow-up to an in vitro study on the effect of oral antiseptics on Herpes simplex virus, Type 1, this study was undertaken to evaluate the in vivo effect of an essential oil containing oral antiseptic on the reduction of viral titer in saliva during active viral infection. Method: Patients were recruited and evaluated in a single visit protocol at the onset of a perioral outbreak, consistent historically and clinically with recurrent Herpes labialis. Direct immunofluorescence of cytological smears of the lesions/oral fluids was used to confirm Herpes simplex virus types I or II. Patients were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups: (1) active ingredient and (2) sterile water control. The viral lesion was evaluated as to clinical stage according to standard protocol. Salivary fluid samples were taken: (1) at baseline; (2) immediately following a 30 s rinse; (3) 30 min. after the 30 s rinse; and (4) on the repeat trial, also at 60 min. after the 30 s rinse. All samples were evaluated for viral titer and results compared. Results: In Trial 1, the sample population consisted of 19 males and 21 females with an average age of 29.2 and in Trial 2, 21 males, 19 females with an average age of 28. In both Trials 1 and 2, recoverable infectious virions were reduced to zero after a 30 s experimental rinse; whereas, the control rinse resulted in a non-significant (p>0.05) reduction. The experimental group also demonstrated a continued significant (p<0.05) reduction 30 min. post rinse when compared with baseline while the control group returned to baseline levels. In Trial 2, the 60 min. post rinse follow-up demonstrated a 1,2 log residual reduction from baseline in the experimental group; however, this was not significant. Conclusions: There is clinical efficacy in utilizing an oral rinse with the antimicrobial agent Listerine® Antiseptic in reducing the presence of viral contamination in oral fluids for at least 30 min. after oral rinse. The risk of viral cross contamination generated from these oral fluids in person to person contact or during dental treatment may be reduced. [source] In vitro effect of oral antiseptics on human immunodeficiency virus-1 and herpes simplex virus type 1JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 7 2001A. A. M. A. Baqui Abstract Aim: The antiviral effectiveness of widely used commercial mouthrinses has not been well studied. A project was undertaken to evaluate and compare the in vitro antiviral effectiveness of essential oil-containing mouthrinses (LA & TLA) and chlorhexidine mouthrinses (PX & CHX) on 2 different enveloped viruses, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) and Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) McIntyre strain. Method: HIV-189.6 (1×105/ml) and HSV-1 (1×106/ml) in RPMI-1640 medium were treated with two commercially available forms of LA & TLA (tartar control LA), and 2 formulations of chlorhexidine [(PX), 0.12% chlorhexidine & (CHX), 0.2% chlorhexidine] for 30 sec. The antiviral effect was estimated by inhibition of the syncytia formation or the cytopathic effect (CPE) for HIV-1 on MT-2 cells and by inhibition of the plaque formation for HSV-1 on Vero cell monolayers. Results: Undiluted LA, TLA, PX and CHX completely inhibited both HIV-189.6 and HSV-1 McIntyre strain. PX and CHX inhibited HIV-1 up to 1:4 dilution, whereas, LA and TLA inhibited HSV-1 up to 1:2 dilution. The antiviral effects of LA and TLA were found to be similar and also the antiviral effect of PX and CHX were also found to be comparable. Conclusions: The methods used in this investigation allow easy and reproducible evaluations of antiviral efficacy. The anti-HIV-1 and anti-HSV-1 effects of LA, TLA, PX and CHX as evidenced in our in vitro study suggest that we should investigate potential in vivo effects during the use of essential oil-containing or chlorhexidine containing products when used by patients as mouthrinses. If the clinical studies confirm the in vitro data, pre-procedural use by clinicians may be beneficial in reducing viral contamination of bio-aerosols during the delivery of dental care. Zusammenfassung Ziel: Die antivirale Effektivität von breit genutzten kommerziellen Mundwässern wurde bisher nicht gut untersucht. Ein Projekt wurde deshalb aufgenommen, um den in vitro antiviralen Effekt von ätherischen Öl enthaltenden Mundwässern (LA & TLA) und Chlorhexidin Mundwässern (PX & CHX) auf 2 unterschiedlich entwickelte Viren, das menschliche Immundefizienz Virus (HIV-1) und das Herpes simplex Virus (HSV-1) McIntyre Stamm zu evaluieren und zu vergleichen. Methoden: HIV-189.6 (1×105/ml) und HSV-1 (1×106/ml) in RPMI-1640 Medium wurden mit 2 kommerziellen Formen von LA & TLA (Tartarkontrolle LA) und 2 Arten von Chlorhexidin [(PX), 0.12% Chlorhexidin & (CHX), 0.2% Chlorhexidin] für 30 Sekunden behandelt. Der antivirale Effekt wurde durch Inhibition der Syncytiumbildung oder des cytopathischen Effektes (CPE) für HIV-1 auf MT-2 Zellen und durch Inhibition der Plaquebildung für HSV-1 auf Vero Zellmonolayers bestimmt. Ergebnisse: Unverdünntes LA, TLA, PX und CHX inhibierte sowohl HIV-189.6 und HSV-1 McIntyre Stamm. PX und CHX inhibierte HIV-1 bis zu einer 1:4 Verdünnung, während LA und TLA HSV-1 bis zu einer 1:2 Verdünnung inhibierte. Die antiviralen Effekte von LA und TLA wurden gleichwertig gefunden und auch der antivirale Effekt von PX und CHX waren vergleichbar. Zusammenfassung: Die genutzten Methoden in dieser Untersuchung erlaubten leicht und reproduzierbar die Evaluation von antiviralen Effekten. Die anti-HIV-1 und anti-HSV-1 Effekte von LA, TLA, PX und CHX, die in unserer in vitro Studie evident waren, suggerieren, daß wir das Potential der in vivo Effekte während des Gebrauches von ätherischen Öl enthaltenden oder Chlorhexidin enthaltenden Produkten untersuchen sollten, wenn die Patienten dies als Mundwässer benutzen. Wenn die klinischen Studien die in vitro Ergebnisse bestätigen, kann der vorherige Gebrauch durch die Kliniker die virale Kontamination von Bioaerosolen während der durchgeführten zahnäztlichen Behandlung reduzieren. Résumé But: L'efficacité antivirale des bains de bouches largement commercialises n'a pas été bien étudiée. Notre projet a évalué et comparé l'efficité antivirale in vitro de bains de bouche aux huiles essentielles (LA et TLA) et à la chlorexhidine (PX et CHX) sur 2 virus à envelopes, le virus de l'immunodéfiscience acquise 1 (HIV1) et la souche McIntyre du virus de l'Herpes simplex de type 1 (HSV1). Méthode: HIV1896 (1×105/ml) et HSV1 (1×106 ml) dans un milieu RPMI-1640 furent traits avec 2 formes disponibles sur le marché de LA et TLA, et 2 formules de chloxhexidine (PX, 0.12% chlorexhidine et CHX, 0.2% chlorexhidine) pendant 30 s. L'effet antiviral fut estimé par l'inhibition de la formation de syncitia ou par l'effet cytopathique (CPE) pour HIV1, sur des cellules MT2 et par l'inhibition de la formation de plaque pour HSV1 sur des monocouches cellulaires Vero. Résultats: CHX, LA, TLA et PX non dilués inhibaient complètement à la fois HIV1896 et la souche McIntyre HSV1. PX et CHX inhibaient HIV1 jusqu'à une dilution par 4 alors que LA et TLA inhibaient HSV1 jusqu'à une dilution par 2. Les effets antiviraux de LA et TLA étaient similaires, et les effets antiviraux de PX et CHX étaient aussi comparables. Conclusions: Les methodes utilisées pour cette recherche permettent une évaluation facile et reproductible de l'efficacité antivirale. Les effets anti-HIV1 et anti-HSV1 de LA, TLA, PX et CHX trouvés ici in vitro suggèrent que nous recherchions des effects potentiels in vivo lors de l'utilisation de produits contenant des huiles essentielles ou de la chlorexhidine utilisés comme bains de bouches par les patients. Si les études cliniques confirment les données in vitro, l'utilisation préclinique par les praticiens pourrait leur être bénéfique en réduisant la contamination virale des bioaérosols lors des soins dentaires. [source] Naturally occurring fatal herpes simplex virus 1 infection in a family of white-faced saki monkeys (Pithecia pithecia pithecia)JOURNAL OF MEDICAL PRIMATOLOGY, Issue 1 2003M.D. Schrenzel Abstract: A family of three white-faced saki monkeys (Pithecia pithecia pithecia) died 48,96 hours after the onset of anorexia, nasal discharge, pyrexia and oral ulceration. One animal also had clonic seizures. Lesions found post-mortem consisted of oral and esophageal ulcers, hepatic and intestinal necrosis, meningoencephalitis and sporadic neuronal necrosis. Intranuclear inclusion bodies and syncytial cells were present in oral lesions and affected areas of liver. Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) was identified as the etiology of disease by virus isolation, polymerase chain reaction, or in situ hybridization in all three animals. Immunohistochemistry for detection of apoptotic DNA and activated caspase-3 showed significant levels of apoptosis in oral and liver lesions and occasional apoptotic neurons in the brain. These findings demonstrate the vulnerability of white-faced saki monkeys to HSV-1 and provide initial insight into the pathogenesis of fatal HSV-1-induced disease, indicating that apoptosis plays a significant role in cell death. [source] Oral mucosal reactivation rates of herpesviruses among HIV-1 seropositive personsJOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY, Issue 7 2008Elizabeth Griffin Abstract Herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus infections are prevalent among HIV-1 infected persons. The relationships between salivary shedding of these herpesviruses have not been characterized. Salivary samples were collected on a median of 61 consecutive days from 41 HIV-1 seropositive persons and tested for HSV-1, HSV-2, CMV and EBV. HSV was detected on 5%, CMV on 19% and EBV on 71% of the days of sampling. HSV shedding was not related to CMV or EBV shedding rates. Persons with EBV shedding rates >40% had CMV DNA detected in their saliva significantly more often than those with EBV shedding rates ,40% (P,=,0.008). The odds of detecting CMV were greater on days with HSV (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.4, 4.4) or EBV (OR 3.8, 95% CI 1.9, 7.9) shedding. No significant associations between HSV shedding rates and CD4 count, plasma HIV-1 RNA or HAART were observed. Increasing plasma HIV-1 RNA was associated with greater frequency (P,=,0.01) and quantity (P,<,0.001) of EBV shedding. Among persons not receiving HAART, CD4 counts >200 cells/mm3 were associated with lower frequency (P,=,0.02) and quantity (P,=,0.03) of CMV compared with CD4 counts ,200 cells/mm3. These data suggest that separate factors influence mucosal shedding of each of the three classes of herpesviruses but that virological interactions between the pathogens also exist. J. Med. Virol. 80: 1153,1159, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Genital herpes due to acyclovir-sensitive herpes simplex virus caused secondary and recurrent herpetic whitlows due to thymidine kinase-deficient/temperature-sensitive virusJOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY, Issue 11 2007Yuka Shimada Abstract Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-2 caused a genital ulcer in a 40-year-old allogenic stem cell recipient, and a secondary herpetic whitlow appeared during 2 months of acyclovir (ACV) therapy. Both genital ulcer, and whitlow were cured 3 months later, but 6 months after recovery the whitlow alone recurred. DNA of the genital, first, and recurrent whitlow isolates showed similar endonuclease digestion fragment profiles. The genital virus was ACV-sensitive, and the two whitlow isolates were ACV-resistant/thymidine kinase (TK)-deficient. The TK gene of the whitlow isolates had the same frame shift from the 274th amino acid and termination at the 347th amino acid due to the deletion of a cytosine at the 819th nucleotide. Because the temperature of the thumb is 33/34°C or lower, the temperature sensitivity of the isolates were compared, and both whitlow isolates were significantly more temperature-sensitive (ts) at 39°C than the genital isolate. The two whitlow isolates showed cutaneous pathogenicity in mouse ear pinna but not midflank, while the genital isolate was pathogenic at both sites, suggesting that temperature adaptation was an important element of pathogenicity in the whitlow. The virus populations of isolates of the genital, and first whitlow were examined by 31, and 82 clones, respectively, and the clones from genital, and whitlow isolates were ACV-sensitive, and -resistant, respectively, showing their homogeneity. The acyclovir-sensitive genital lesion had spread as a TK-deficient/ts herpetic whitlow during ACV treatment, and an apparently TK-deficient virus adapted to the local temperature might have caused the whitlow recurrence. J. Med. Virol. 79:1731,1740, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Prevalence of oral herpes simplex virus reactivation in cancer patients: a comparison of different techniques of viral detectionJOURNAL OF ORAL PATHOLOGY & MEDICINE, Issue 2 2009Milanko Djuric Background:, Oral reactivation of latent Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection may easily occur in cancer patients. Virus reactivation can cause oral mucosa damage, worsen already existing lesions caused by stomatotoxic effect of cancer therapy and, whether symptomatic or asymptomatic, ample spreading and promote viral transmission. Methods:, Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), cell-culture and direct immunofluorescence have been used to determine the frequency of oral HSV reactivation in 60 patients undergoing chemotherapy for different malignancies. Results:, By means of PCR, the presence of viral DNA was detected in 71.7% of patients prior to chemotherapy and in 85.0% after chemotherapy. 33.3% of patients before and 40.0% after chemotherapy were viral-culture positive, while 3.3% of patients before and 11.7% after chemotherapy were positive as shown by direct immunofluorescence. No significant difference in HSV-1 reactivation was found before and after chemotherapy. In addition, no significant difference was found when comparing HSV-1 reactivation in patients with and without mucositis. HSV-2 was not detected in any of the patients. Conclusions:, Reactivation of latent HSV is exceptionally frequent in cancer patients. The results of this study suggest that virus reactivation occurs independently of cancer chemotherapy. The potential role of HSV reactivation in oral mucosa damage remains unclear. [source] Mucoadhesive and penetration enhancement properties of three grades of hyaluronic acid using porcine buccal and vaginal tissue, Caco-2 cell lines, and rat jejunumJOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACOLOGY: AN INTERNATI ONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE, Issue 9 2004Giuseppina Sandri The influence of the molecular weight on mucoadhesive and penetration enhancement properties of three grades of hyaluronic acid (1878, 693 and 202 kDa) has been evaluated. The mucoadhesive properties were investigated using buccal and vaginal porcine mucosa by means of a tensile stress method and using rat jejunum by means of an inclined plane method. The mucoadhesive performances observed using animal tissues were compared with the mucoadhesive properties observed using submaxillary or gastric mucin dispersions. The penetration enhancement properties were investigated using porcine buccal epithelium membrane or vaginal tissue and a cell monolayer (Caco-2 cell line). Chitosan hydrochloride, already described as a penetration enhancer towards buccal and vaginal mucosae and Caco-2 cell monolayers, was used as reference. Aciclovir (acyclovir), a poorly soluble and absorbable drug, commonly used in the treatment of Herpes simplex virus (type I and II), was used as the model drug. Unlike chitosan hydrochloride, which does not show any mucoadhesive potential at pH close to neutrality (buccal and intestinal), all hyaluronic acid grades show mucoadhesive properties in all the environments considered (buccal, vaginal and intestinal). In all cases, a decrease in molecular weight of hyaluronic acid produced an increase in the mucoadhesive performance. The hyaluronic acid with the lowest molecular weight (202 kD) exhibited the best penetration enhancement properties, that, depending on the substrate under consideration, was either comparable with or even better than chitosan hydrochloride. Therefore, this grade would be the most promising for buccal, vaginal and intestinal delivery of aciclovir. [source] High Prevalence of Sexually Transmitted Infections Among Young Peruvians Who Have Sexual Intercourse With Foreign Travelers in CuzcoJOURNAL OF TRAVEL MEDICINE, Issue 5 2009Miguel M. Cabada MD Background Sexual networking in popular tourist destinations is a problem worldwide. In Peru, locals sexually interacting with travelers bridge high-risk groups, the general population, and travelers. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in Cuzco about sexual behavior among young Peruvians who admitted having sex with travelers. A subgroup of the participants had serologic testing for Chlamydia trachomatis, Herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 2, and Treponema pallidum. Results Eighty-eight subjects volunteered for blood sampling. Their mean age was 22.9 years (±4.1) and 53.4% were male. The majority were single (86.2%), but 12.6% had a stable relationship. The median number of sexual partners in the 3 months prior to the study was 2 [interquartile range (IQR): 1,4]. During that period, 43.1% reported foreign partners, 28.4% reported foreign and Peruvian partners, 17% reported Peruvian partners, and the remaining 11.5% reported combinations of Peruvian, foreign, and sex workers partners. The median number of foreign partners in the 12-month period prior to the study was 4 (IQR: 2,8). Only 25.3% reported consistent condom use. Alcohol (69%) and drugs (36.8%) were commonly used before sexual activity. Seventy-eight percent tested positive for HSV type 2, 25% for C trachomatis, and 1.1% for T pallidum. Conclusions The core group of young Peruvians we report on demonstrated a high-risk sexual behavior and a high prevalence of sexually transmitted infections. Our results underscore the need for education on safer sex practices among this group and among travelers. [source] Using community pharmacies to conduct an HSV-1 prevalence studyPHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY AND DRUG SAFETY, Issue 5 2002Joseph C. Veltri PharmD Abstract Purpose To describe the effectiveness of community-based pharmacists in conducting a study to measure the baseline prevalence of Herpes simplex virus, type-1 susceptibility to two antiviral medications in subjects with recurrent Herpes labialis Method A cross-sectional study conducted in 47 US community pharmacies. The pharmacist obtained a viral sample from the surface of the lesion, placed the virus-laden swab in a vial of holding medium, and stored it in a refrigerator until shipment to a central laboratory. Results The population that had swabs processed for viral isolation (1795) was predominantly white (90.1%) and female (67.9%) with a mean age of 37.5 years. A total of 1087 (60.3%) swabs were positive for HSV-1. On-site monitoring revealed 219 protocol deviations related to the stage of the lesion (124), not properly dating or signing the consent form (80), and indeterminate age (15). Conclusions This study demonstrates the ability of pharmacists to conduct a large surveillance study in busy community pharmacies. A population of RHL sufferers with active lesions was recruited to study pharmacies during a 5-month period. Pharmacists successfully obtained viral samples from cold sore lesions at a rate comparable to physician-conducted studies. Protocol deviations were generally not serious, and did not compromise the study results or endanger the rights or welfare of participants. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] In vitro activity of dermaseptin S1 derivatives against genital pathogensAPMIS, Issue 9 2010DIANELLA SAVOIA Savoia D, Donalisio M, Civra A, Salvadori S, Guerrini R. In vitro activity of dermaseptin S1 derivatives against genital pathogens. APMIS 2010; 118: 674,80. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biological activity of nine dermaseptin-S1 (DRS-S1) derivatives (synthesized by solid-phase methods and purified) against different pathogens causing genital infections (Trichomonas vaginalis, Herpes simplex virus, Papillomavirus). The in vitro activity on T. vaginalis was determined by counting the protozoon in a hemocytometer after vital staining with trypan blue; antiviral activity of the compounds was tested on monolayers of Vero cells for Herpes simplex virus-1 (GFP) and on 293TT cells for human papillomavirus (HPV-16) pseudovirions (GFP). The cytotoxicity of the derivatives was assessed by evaluating both the hemolytic activity and the effect on Vero and 293TT cells. The DRS-S1 longer peptides demonstrated a superior activity on T. vaginalis but also a certain cytopathic effect. The compounds with 29 amino acids exhibited activity against the two viruses tested at concentrations not toxic to cells. The results obtained show that some of the synthetic peptides assessed have inhibitory activity against the pathogens tested, indicating a potential for the development of new molecules for use as topical microbicides to prevent the sexual transmission of microorganisms. [source] Herpes simplex virus type-2 in Egyptian patients with bladder cancer or cystitisAPMIS, Issue 1 2010HALA BADAWI Badawi H, Ahmed H, Aboul Fadl L, Helmi A, Fam N, Diab M, Ismail A, Badawi A, Saber M. Herpes simplex virus type-2 in Egyptian patients with bladder cancer or cystitis. APMIS 2010; 118: 37,44. The present study was designed to investigate the prevalence of herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2) in Egyptian patients with bladder cancer or cystitis and to evaluate the performance of different diagnostic HSV-2 assays. The study included 50 patients: 27 with bladder cancer (group I), 23 with cystitis (group II) and 20 subjects as controls (group III). HSV-2 DNA was detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on bladder tissue and buffy coat cells (BCC). Electron microscopic studies (EMS) on BCC and ELISAs for IgM, IgG and specific glycoprotein G-2 (gG-2) IgG were performed. HSV-2 DNA was detected by PCR on bladder tissue biopsies in 29.6% and 21.7% of group I and II respectively and it was also detected by PCR on BCC in 22.2% and 21.7% of group I and II respectively. EMS revealed HSV like particles in 16.6% of cases. IgG, specific gG-2 IgG and IgM were detected in 30%, 16% and 6% of cases respectively. The different assays were evaluated in relation to PCR on bladder tissue biopsies. The gG-2-based ELISA and EMS on BCC were found to be highly specific (97.3% and 100% respectively), with similar low sensitivity of ,54%. PCR on BCC was the most sensitive assay. The association of HSV-2 with bladder cancer is suggested especially in schistosomal patients. [source] Overlapping Guillain,Barré syndrome and Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis associated with anti-GQ1b IgG antibody after herpes simplex virus infectionACTA NEUROLOGICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 1 2001N. Yuki Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a rare, antecedent infectious agent in Guillain,Barré syndrome (GBS). We report a patient with overlapping GBS and Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis (BBE). The patient had a vesicular lesion on her nose. Antecedent HSV type 1 (HSV-1) infection was confirmed by isolation of the virus and detection of the presence of serum anti-HSV-1 IgM antibody during the acute phase. Her serum IgG had high anti-GQ1b antibody titer. External ophthalmoplegia has been noted in 2 of 4 reported cases of HSV-associated GBS. Herpetic brainstem encephalitis cases of poor prognosis are known, but only 2 cases of benign brainstem encephalitis secondary to HSV infection, in which there was acute ophthalmoplegia and clinical features consistent with those of BBE have been reported. [source] 1212: Herpes simplex and zoster keratitisACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 2010M LABETOULLE Herpes simplex virus (HSV) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV) are two leading causes of corneal infection with potential severely impaired visual acuity. These two viruses share multiple characteristics, including the ability to become latent in the trigeminal ganglia, before reactivation and migration along the trigeminal fibers innervating the cornea. The clinical settings of keratitis may vary from an epithelial defect (dendritic of geographic) to a more severe disease involving the stroma and/or the endothelium. Classically, HSV keratitis occurs from the second decade of life, and associated skin disease is not frequent and only involves the eyelids. In contrast, VZV keratitis mostly occurs after the sixth decade, as an associated finding of herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO). However, several studies recently highlighted that the rate of HSV keratitis increases with age, even in elderly, and some other studies reported VZV keratitis in children, either isolated or associated with HZO. Antiviral drugs currently available are highly efficient to reduce the severity on ongoing HSV- or VZV keratitis, but preventive treatments still have to be optimized. For HSV keratitis, the usual preventive treatment, as defined by the HEDS study, only reduces the rate of relapses in a two-fold manner, and the optimal dosage has not been settled for patient with severe herpetic disease. For VZV, the two vaccines against chickenpox and HZO probably will lead in the future to a reduction of the incidence of keratitis, but they are not widely used, even in most of developed countries. [source] 2213: Herpetic keratitis: Herpes simplex virus versus hostACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 2010G VERJANS Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is an endemic virus worldwide that causes ocular disease in a limited but significant number of infected persons. Corneal HSV-1 infection is clinically classified into herpetic epithelial keratitis (HEK) and herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK). HEK is an acute inflammation and results from viral toxicity of infected corneal epithelial cells. In contrast, HSK is characterized as a chronic immunopathogenic disease in which tissue injury and eventually blindness is due to the complex interplay between cells of the innate and adoptive immune response to viral antigens expressed in the corneal tissue. Studies performed on the experimental HSK mouse model greatly improved our understanding of the pathogenesis of HSK. This talk will recapitulate current insights on the virus-host interactions involved in the initiation and perpetuation of herpetic keratitis in mice and men. [source] Dancing with the enemy: the interplay of herpes simplex virus with dendritic cellsCLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 3 2005N. Novak Summary Herpes simplex virus (HSV) represents a smart pathogen, which displays both lytic and latent modes of interaction with its natural human host. In order to be optimally equipped for immune evasion and to reply to any attacks of the host during reactivation, HSV has developed a multitude of cleverly devised defence strategies. Dendritic cells (DC) as antigen-presenting cells located at the border zones of the body and the environment have been shown to play a crucial role as one of the first cells interacting with HSV beside epithelial cells, on one hand, and as important controllers of the viral spreading on the other hand. Here, we provide a research update about the interaction of HSV with DC and summarize the latest proceedings in this field. [source] Rapid review of liquid-based smears as a quality control measureDIAGNOSTIC CYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 3 2004Sheryl Henderson M.Med.Sc.(Cytol.) Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a standardized method of rapid review (RR) of monolayer preparations for the identification of abnormalities, the presence of an endocervical component and infectious agents. A total of 200 ThinPrep (Cytyc, Boxborough, MA) slides representing the spectrum of abnormalities commonly encountered in cervical/vaginal cytologic specimens was retrieved from archive. The study set comprised 129 cases within normal limits (WNL); 36 low-grade epithelial abnormalities (LGEA); 28 high-grade epithelial abnormalities (HGEA), including 2 endocervical adenocarcinomas in situ (AIS) and 7 carcinomas. Eighteen false negative (FN) cases were also included for study. Originally missed on initial review, these cases were found to be abnormal on quality control review (17 LGEA; 1 AIS). Commonly encountered infectious agents were represented and included Candida albicans, Trichomonas vaginalis, herpes simplex virus, and Actinomyces. The slides were reviewed using a standardized method of RR (turret technique, for 60 sec) by three experienced screeners masked to the original reference diagnosis. Median sensitivity for LGEA was 70% (range, 67,72%); HGEA, 69% (range, 54,80%); and FN, 65% (range, 56,78%). Specificity remained high, median specificity for LGEA was 95%; HGEA, 97%; and FN, 100%. There was no significant overcalling of any diagnostic category. The chi-square test at P < 0.05 showed no significant difference between RR and full manual rescreen of the ThinPrep smears in this study. While no statistical difference was proven, the sensitivity measurements for all categories of abnormality were moderate due to the high proportion of atypical cases included into the study set. Abnormalities on the monolayer preparations frequently displayed fewer, smaller groups of disaggregated cells with rounded cytoplasmic outlines that were difficult to discern on RR. Interobserver variation was noted. Monolayers with a paucity of diagnostic cells and those displaying subtle nuclear atypia were often overlooked. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;31:141,146. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] MS and clinically isolated syndromes: Shared specificity but diverging clonal patterns of virus-specific IgG antibodies produced in vivo and by CSF B cells in vitroEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY, Issue 10 2009G. Skorstad Background:, Intrathecal synthesis of oligoclonal IgG antibodies against measles virus (MeV), varicella zoster virus (VZV) and herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) is a characteristic feature multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods:, We have used isoelectric focusing-immunoblot to define the clonal patterns of IgG and of IgG antibodies to MeV, VZV and HSV-1 in supernatants of in vitro cultures of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cells and in sera and CSF from three patients with MS and three patients with clinically isolated syndromes (CIS) suspective of demyelinating disease. Results:,In vitro synthesis of IgG by PBL was not detected in any patient. In contrast, in vitro synthesis by CSF cells of oligoclonal IgG and oligoclonal IgG antibodies to one or two of the three viruses tested was observed in all six patients. The clonal patterns of the in vitro synthesized IgG and virus specific IgG differed to varying extent from those synthesized intrathecally in vivo. However, in each patient, the in vitro and in vivo intrathecally produced antibodies displayed specificity for the same viruses. The addition of B cell activating factor (BAFF) had no effect on the amounts or clonal patterns of either total IgG or virus-specific IgG produced by CSF cells in vitro. Conclusion:, Virus specific B cells capable of spontaneous IgG synthesis are clonally expanded in the CSF of patients with MS. The B-cell repertoire in CSF samples is only partially representative of the intrathecal B-cell repertoire. [source] Transient viral-mediated overexpression of ,-calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in the nucleus accumbens shell leads to long-lasting functional upregulation of ,-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate receptors: dopamine type-1 receptor and protein kinase A dependenceEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE, Issue 7 2010B. F. Singer Abstract Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) activity is necessary for the long-lasting expression of locomotor sensitization and enhanced drug-taking observed in rats previously exposed to psychostimulants. Exposure to these drugs also transiently increases ,CaMKII levels in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), an effect that, when mimicked by transient viral-mediated overexpression of ,CaMKII in NAcc shell neurons, leads to long-lasting enhancement in locomotor responding to amphetamine and NAcc ,-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate (AMPA). The present experiments characterized the dopamine (DA) dependence of the functional AMPA receptor upregulation observed long after transient overexpression of ,CaMKII. Rats infected with herpes simplex virus-,CaMKII in the NAcc shell showed a transient increase in ,CaMKII levels that peaked at 4 days post-infection and returned to baseline 8 days later. When challenged with AMPA (0.8 nmol/side) in the NAcc shell at 20 days post-infection, these rats showed enhanced locomotion compared with controls. This sensitized locomotor response was blocked when AMPA was coinfused with either the DA type-1 receptor antagonist SCH23390 (0.8 nmol/side) or the protein kinase A inhibitor Rp-cAMPS (80 nmol/side). Neither SCH23390 nor Rp-cAMPS produced locomotor effects when infused by itself into the NAcc shell. Furthermore, these antagonists did not block the acute non-sensitized locomotor response to AMPA observed in control rats. These findings show that transient viral-mediated overexpression of ,CaMKII in neurons of the NAcc shell leads to long-lasting functional upregulation of AMPA receptors that is DA type-1 receptor and protein kinase A dependent. Thus, transient increases in levels of ,CaMKII in the NAcc shell produce long-lasting changes in the way that DA and glutamate interact in this site to generate locomotor behavior. [source] Osteopontin and the skin: multiple emerging roles in cutaneous biology and pathologyEXPERIMENTAL DERMATOLOGY, Issue 9 2009Franziska Buback Abstract:, Osteopontin (OPN) is a glycoprotein expressed by various tissues and cells. The existence of variant forms of OPN as a secreted (sOPN) and intracellular (iOPN) protein and its modification through post-translational modification and proteolytic cleavage explain its broad range of functions. There is increasing knowledge which receptors OPN isoforms can bind to and which signaling pathways are activated to mediate different OPN functions. sOPN interacts with integrins and CD44, mediates cell adhesion, migration and tumor invasion, and has T helper 1 (Th1) cytokine functions and anti-apoptotic effects. iOPN has been described to regulate macrophage migration and interferon-, secretion in plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Both sOPN and iOPN, through complex functions for different dendritic cell subsets, participate in the regulation of Th cell lineages, among them Th17 cells. For skin disease, OPN from immune cells and tumor cells is of pathophysiological relevance. OPN is secreted in autoimmune diseases such as lupus erythematosus, and influences inflammation of immediate and delayed type allergies and granuloma formation. We describe that OPN is overexpressed in psoriasis and propose a model to study OPN function in psoriatic inflammation. Through cytokine functions, OPN supports immune responses against Mycobacteria and viruses such as herpes simplex virus. OPN is also implicated in skin tumor progression. Overexpression of OPN influences invasion and metastasis of melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma cells, and OPN expression in melanoma is a possible prognostic marker. As OPN protein preparations and anti-OPN antibodies may be available in the near future, in-depth knowledge of OPN functions may open new therapeutic approaches for skin diseases. [source] Lymphotoxin and LIGHT signaling pathways and target genesIMMUNOLOGICAL REVIEWS, Issue 1 2004Kirsten Schneider Summary:, Lymphotoxins (LT, and LT,), LIGHT [homologous to LT, inducible expression, competes with herpes simplex virus (HSV) glycoprotein D for HSV entry mediator (HVEM), a receptor expressed on T lymphocytes], tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and their specific receptors LT,R, HVEM, and TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) and TNFR2, form the immediate family of the larger TNF superfamily. These cytokines establish a critical communication system required for the development of secondary lymphoid tissues; however, knowledge of the target genes activated by these signaling pathways is limited. Target genes regulated by the LT,,-LT,R pathway include the tissue-organizing chemokines, CXCL13, CCL19, and CCL21, which establish cytokine circuits that regulate LT expression on lymphocytes, leading to organized lymphoid tissue. Infectious disease models have revealed that LT,, pathways are also important for innate and adaptive immune responses involved in host defense. Here, regulation of interferon-, by LT,R and TNFR signaling may play a crucial role in certain viral infections. Regulation of autoimmune regulator in the thymus via LT,R implicates LT/LIGHT involvement in central tolerance. Dysregulated expression of LIGHT overrides peripheral tolerance leading to T-cell-driven autoimmune disease. Blockade of TNF/LT/LIGHT pathways as an intervention in controlling autoimmune diseases is attractive, but such therapy may have risks. Thus, identifying and understanding the target genes may offer an opportunity to fine-tune inhibitory interventions. [source] Prevalence and risk factors of human papillomavirus infection by penile site in uncircumcised Kenyan menINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 2 2010Jennifer S. Smith Abstract Human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence was estimated from 2,705 sexually active, uncircumcised, human immunodeficiency virus seronegative men aged 17,28 years in Kisumu, Kenya. HPV prevalence was 51.1% (95% confidence interval: 49.2,53.0%) in penile cells from the glans/coronal sulcus and/or shaft. HPV prevalence varied by anatomical site, with 46.5% positivity in the glans/coronal sulcus compared with 19.1% in the shaft (p < 0.0001). High-risk HPV was detected in 31.2% of glans and 12.3% of shaft samples (p < 0.0001). HPV16 was the most common type and 29.2% of men were infected with more than one HPV type. Risk factors for HPV infection included presence of C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhea, self-reported sexually transmitted infections, and less frequent bathing. Lifetime number of sexual partners and herpes simplex virus type-2 seropositivity were also marginally associated with HPV infection. [source] Comparison of the Tzanck test and polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of cutaneous herpes simplex and varicella zoster virus infectionsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 11 2007Atilla Ozcan MD Background, Although the diagnosis of herpes simplex virus (HSV) and varicella zoster virus (VZV) infections is usually made clinically, the Tzanck test, electron microscopy, viral culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and serologic tests can be utilized to verify the diagnosis. Methods, We conducted a study on a total of 98 patients (77 patients with recurrent herpes simplex and 21 patients with herpes zoster) to evaluate the reliability and reproducibility of the Tzanck test in comparison with PCR. Results, In herpes virus infections, the general positivity rates of the Tzanck test and PCR were 61.2% and 79.6%, respectively. The difference between the positivity rates of the two tests was statistically significant. The positivity rates of the tests differed according to the type and duration of the lesions. Conclusions, Although PCR was superior to the Tzanck test, the Tzanck test has also been proven to be a reliable diagnostic method, with a sensitivity of 76.9% and a specificity of 100%. We recommend the use of this easy, quick, reproducible, and inexpensive diagnostic test more often in dermatologic practice, especially in cutaneous herpes virus infections. [source] Eccrine squamous syringometaplasia mimicking a herpetic infectionINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 6 2006Vicent Alonso MD A 69-year-old woman with a history of hypertension and essential tremor was diagnosed with a Burkitt-like diffuse large-cell lymphoma. She received chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, vincristine and adriamycin (HyperCVAD). Ten days after starting the second cycle of chemotherapy (HyperCVAD), she presented with well-defined, intense, erythematous macules which coalesced to form a symmetric diffuse erythema located on the upper back. Later, the lesions progressed and affected the lower back and perineal areas, extending to the groin. In a few days, a gradual diminution of the erythema was seen, with subsequent development of postinflammatory gray-brownish hyperpigmentation. On the lower back, there were also superficial erosions. Some asymptomatic, closely grouped, gray papules, vesicles, and blisters were found in the groin, resembling the typical lesions of herpetic infection (Fig. 1). Two biopsies of the groin and one of the upper back were performed, and were processed for histopathologic and microbiologic study. Figure 1. Closely grouped gray papules, vesicles, and blisters on the groin mimicking a herpetic infection The histopathologic study showed epidermal hyperplasia with acanthosis and papillomatosis. In both biopsies, eccrine ducts covered by mature squamous epithelium were found in the reticular dermis (Fig. 2a,c). In the sample from the groin, an intracorneal bulla was found. Numerous normal isolated cornified cells were seen within the lumen of the bulla (Fig. 2d). An inflammatory mononuclear infiltrate was also present in a periductal and perivascular distribution. No multinucleation, ground-glass nuclei, or peripheral margination of chromatin were found. Therefore, no morphologic evidence of herpes virus infection was present. Figure 2. Low (a), medium (b), and high (c) magnification showing epidermal hyperplasia and squamous syringometaplasia involving dermal eccrine ducts. (d) Medium power magnification of the intracorneal bulla (hematoxylin and eosin staining; a, ×40; b, ×100; c, ×400; d, ×100) Cultures and serologic analyses for herpes simplex virus (HSV) 1 and 2, varicella zoster virus (VZV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV) were negative. The lesions were treated with topical corticosteroids, with a good response in a few days. [source] Inhibition of biofilms associated with dentures and toothbrushes by tetrasodium EDTAJOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 6 2007D.A. Devine Abstract Aims:, We examined the efficacy of tetrasodium EDTA in eradicating biofilms derived from salivary inocula or pure cultures of Candida albicans on discs of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) denture base or on toothbrushes that had been used normally for 4,8 weeks. Its efficiency in virus neutralization was also determined. Methods and Results:, Overnight (16 h) treatment with 4% (w/v) tetrasodium EDTA solution reduced salivary and C. albicans biofilm viable counts by ,99%. Biofilm removal was confirmed using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Presence/absence of sucrose during biofilm formation had no effect on killing efficacy. Prolonged treatment of PMMA with tetrasodium EDTA did not influence subsequent formation of C. albicans biofilms or affect surface roughness of the PMMA, but it reduced subsequent biofilm formation from a salivary inoculum. Infectivities of herpes simplex virus and polio virus suspensions were reduced by >99·99% by treatment for 1 and 2 h, respectively. Conclusions:, Tetrasodium EDTA solution efficiently disinfected toothbrushes and PMMA discs, with the detachment of biofilms, and rapidly neutralized both nonenveloped and enveloped viruses. Significance and Impact of the Study:, Dentures and toothbrushes become contaminated by bacterial biofilms and by viruses. There is a need for disinfection methods that are rapidly effective, cost-effective, nontoxic and easily implemented. These studies indicate that tetrasodium EDTA solution has disinfection applications in the oral care field. [source] Recurrent erythema multiforme triggered by progesterone sensitivityJOURNAL OF CUTANEOUS PATHOLOGY, Issue 11 2010Teresa J. Nasabzadeh Determining the underlying etiology of recurrent erythema multiforme (EM) can be a difficult endeavor. Although infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV) has been implicated in some cases, the precise trigger of a given patient's recurrent EM often remains elusive. We discuss the case of a woman with a recurrent blistering eruption that was clinically and histopathologically consistent with EM. An investigation into the etiology of the patient's EM suggested that HSV was not the causative factor but instead pointed toward a hormonal influence that we interpret as autoimmune progesterone dermatitis (APD). This case is presented to highlight the importance of considering hormonal triggers in women with recurrent EM that consistently flares during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, the point at which serum progesterone levels peak. A brief review of the literature regarding the diagnosis, histopathology, etiology and treatment of APD is further provided. Nasabzadeh TJ, Stefanato CM, Doole JE, Radfar A, Bhawan J, Venna S. Recurrent erythema multiforme triggered by progesterone sensitivity. [source] Genital herpes masquerading as a cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: a report of two casesJOURNAL OF CUTANEOUS PATHOLOGY, Issue 8 2008E. Mary Wain Genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection is usually a straightforward clinical diagnosis, rarely requiring histological confirmation. We report two cases of immunosuppressed patients in which the clinical and pathological features were initially suspicious for cutaneous lymphoma with a T-cell clone detected in one case. A diagnosis of HSV infection was eventually made on the basis of histological features and confirmed with immunohistochemistry. [source] Herpetic Folliculitis is Usually a Consequence of Varicella Zoster Virus InfectionJOURNAL OF CUTANEOUS PATHOLOGY, Issue 1 2005J Blair Skin biopsies of 8 patients diagnosed with herpetic folliculitis by light microscopy were retrieved from the files of the UCSF Dermatopathology Service. Clinical and microscopical features were reviewed and tabulated, and PCR analysis was employed to seek DNA sequences specific for herpes simplex virus (HSV) and varicella zoster virus (VZV). The study group included 4 women and 4 men, ages 15 to 54. Five patients (62%) were immunosuppressed, with underlying conditions including HIV infection, leukemia, rheumatoid arthritis, and lupus erythematosus with polyarteritis nodosa. Microscopically, herpetic cytopathic changes involved the isthmus in 7/8 cases (87%), and involved the sebaceous apparatus in 4/8 cases (50%). Herpetic viropathic changes were not found within eccrine epithelium. A moderate to dense perifollicular infiltrate, comprised mostly of lymphocytes, was evident in 7/8 cases (87%). After PCR expansion of genetic material extracted from the original paraffin blocks, VZV-specific DNA sequences were detected in 8/8 cases. We conclude that herpetic folliculitis is a consequence of VZV infection. Because follicular herpetic infection is often accompanied by a dense perifollicular lymphoid infiltrate, the microscopical presentation can simulate inflammatory skin diseases such as lupus erythematosus. Level sections may be required for a specific diagnosis to be made. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||