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Hand
Kinds of Hand Terms modified by Hand Selected AbstractsErythropoietin plus insulin-like growth factor-I protects against neuronal damage in a murine model of human immunodeficiency virus-associated neurocognitive disordersANNALS OF NEUROLOGY, Issue 3 2010Yeon-Joo Kang PhD Objective Prolonged human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection leads to neurological debilitation, including motor dysfunction and frank dementia. Although pharmacological control of HIV infection is now possible, HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) remain intractable. Here, we report that chronic treatment with erythropoietin (EPO) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) protects against HIV/gp120-mediated neuronal damage in culture and in vivo. Methods Initially, we tested the neuroprotective effects of various concentrations of EPO, IGF-I, or EPO+IGF-I from gp120-induced damage in vitro. To assess the chronic effects of EPO+IGF-I administration in vivo, we treated HIV/gp120-transgenic or wild-type mice transnasally once a week for 4 months and subsequently conducted immunohistochemical analyses. Results Low concentrations of EPO+IGF-I provided neuroprotection from gp120 in vitro in a synergistic fashion. In vivo, EPO+IGF-I treatment prevented gp120-mediated neuronal loss, but did not alter microgliosis or astrocytosis. Strikingly, in the brains of both humans with HAND and gp120-transgenic mice, we found evidence for hyperphosphorylated tau protein (paired helical filament-I tau), which has been associated with neuronal damage and loss. In the mouse brain following transnasal treatment with EPO+IGF-I, in addition to neuroprotection we observed increased phosphorylation/activation of Akt (protein kinase B) and increased phosphorylation/inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3,, dramatically decreasing downstream hyperphosphorylation of tau. These results indicate that the peptides affected their cognate signaling pathways within the brain parenchyma. Interpretation Our findings suggest that chronic combination therapy with EPO+IGF-I provides neuroprotection in a mouse model of HAND, in part, through cooperative activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/GSK-3, signaling. This combination peptide therapy should therefore be tested in humans with HAND. ANN NEUROL 2010;68:342,352 [source] HS08 CONGENITAL HAND: THE DEFORMITY-DEFICIENCY INDEXANZ JOURNAL OF SURGERY, Issue 2007L. C. Teoh Congenital hand is a complex and vast subject therefore classification is very necessary for the purpose of teaching, communication and guide treatment. The first comprehensive and yet user friendly classification was proposed by Swanson et al. in 1976. This classification based on etiopathogenic is popularly known as the ,IFSSH 7 groups classification'. (I) Failure of formation: transverse or longitudinal (II) Failure of differentiation (III) Polydactyly (IV) Overgrowth (V) Undergrowth (VI) Amniotic band syndrome (VII) Generalized skeletal syndromes. However this classification was found not able to satisfactorily classify 20,30% of cases. Other classifications based on genetic defects, teratogenic sequence and syndromics were being introduced previously and continue to be used parallel with the IFSSH classification. Furthermore the classification continue to be besieged by multiple morphological types of deformity in a same hand. Ogino introduced the JSSH expanded classification to address some of the deficiencies of the IFSSH classification. For a beginner in treating congenital hand, it is indeed daunting, as the variations in morphology, the degree of severity and functional deficit even in the same diagnosis can be very different. It is usual to find further sub classifications. For the purpose of guiding treatment, I propose the concept of deformity/ deficiency index. Group I) The imbalance/ small in size II) Extra digits III) Mal positioned/ Mal-aligned IV) Poor/ No function V) Total absent. The residual functional decreases from group I to V. And similarly the reconstruction becomes complex and difficult. [source] ROC Curves for Continuous Data by KRZANOWSKI, W. J. and HAND, D. J.BIOMETRICS, Issue 2 2010Lori E. Dodd No abstract is available for this article. [source] HOT HANDS AND SUPERANNUATION FUND PERFORMANCE: A SECOND NOTE FOR TRUSTEESECONOMIC PAPERS: A JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECONOMICS AND POLICY, Issue 4 2001MICHAEL E. DREW First page of article [source] WILLING HANDS AT HUALIENAUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF RURAL HEALTH, Issue 6 2003Stobe Driver No abstract is available for this article. [source] Human immunodeficiency virus-associated neurocognitive disorders: Mind the gapANNALS OF NEUROLOGY, Issue 6 2010Justin C. McArthur MBBS Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorders (HANDs) remain among the most common disorders in people infected with HIV, even in an era when potent antiretroviral therapy is widely deployed. This review discusses the clinical features of HANDs and the implications for more effective treatment. With the improved survival of individuals treated with antiretrovirals, comorbid conditions are increasingly salient, including particularly coinfection with hepatitis C and the effects of aging. This review attempts to answer why there appears to be a therapeutic gap between the salutary effects of antiretroviral regimens and normalization of neurological function. A second gap is found in the understanding of the pathophysiology of HANDs. This review addresses this and discusses the animal models that have helped to elucidate these mechanisms. Although triggered by productive HIV infection of brain macrophages, aberrant and sustained immune activation appears to play a major role in inducing HANDs, and may explain the often incomplete neurological response to highly active antiretroviral therapy. Novel therapies aimed at persistent central nervous system inflammation will be needed to close this gap. ANN NEUROL 2010;67:699,714 [source] A Grasping Hand, Made of Small StonesCOMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM, Issue 1 2010Adrien Peytavie No abstract is available for this article. [source] Gazing at the Hand: A Foucaultian View of the Teaching of Manipulative Skills to Introductory Chemistry Students in the United States and the Potential for Transforming Laboratory InstructionCURRICULUM INQUIRY, Issue 3 2005STEPHEN DEMEO ABSTRACT Many studies of chemistry have described the rise of the academic chemical laboratory and laboratory skills in the United States as a result of famous men, important discoveries, and international influences. What is lacking is a perspective of the manifestations of the balances of power and knowledge between teacher and student. A Foucaultian analysis of the teaching of manipulative skills to the introductory student in high school and college in the United States during the later half of the 19th and into the 20th century has provided such a perspective. The analysis focuses on the body, specifically students' hands, and how this body has been redescribed in terms of time, space, activity, and their combinations. It is argued in the first part of this article that the teaching of manipulative skills in the chemistry laboratory can be characterized by effects of differential forms of power and knowledge, such as those provided by Foucault's ideas of hierarchical observation, normalization, and the examination. Moreover, it is evident that disciplinary techniques primarily focused on the physical hands of the student have been recast to include a new cognitive-physiological space in which the teaching of manipulative skills currently takes place. In the second part of this article, the author describes his own professional development as a laboratory instructor through a series of reflective statements that are critiqued from a Foucaultian perspective. The personal narratives are presented in order to pro- vide science educators with an alternative way for their students to think about the relationship between one's manipulative skills and the quality of their data. The pedagogical approach is related to the maturation process of the chemist and contextualized in the current paradigm of laboratory practice, inquiry-based science education. [source] Capitalism and Climate Change: Can the Invisible Hand Adjust the Natural Thermostat?DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE, Issue 6 2009Servaas Storm Some say the world will end in fire, Some say in ice. From what I've tasted of desire I hold with those who favor fire. But if it had to perish twice, I think I know enough of hate To say that for destruction ice Is also great And would suffice. (Robert Frost, ,Fire and Ice', New Hampshire,1923) ABSTRACT Can climate change be stopped while fossil fuel capitalism remains the dominant system? What has to be done and what has to change to avoid the worst-case consequences of global warming? These questions are debated in the six contributions which follow. This introduction to the debate sets the stage and puts the often widely diverging views in context, distinguishing two axes of debate. The first axis (,market vs. regulation') measures faith in the invisible hand to adjust the natural thermostat. The second axis expresses differences in views on the efficiency and equity implications of climate action. While the contributions do differ along these axes, most authors agree that capitalism's institutions need to be drastically reformed and made fundamentally more equitable. This means a much broader agenda for the climate movement (going beyond carbon trading and technocratic discussion of mitigation options). What is needed for climate stability is a systemic transformation based on growth scepticism, a planned transition to a non-fossil fuel economy, democratic reform, climate justice, and changed global knowledge and corporate and financial power structures. [source] Fetal handedness and head position preference: A developmental studyDEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOBIOLOGY, Issue 3 2001J.I.P. de Vries Abstract Hand,head contacts were observed by means of serial ultrasound recordings in 10 healthy fetuses from 12 to 38 weeks of gestational age. Contacts were distinguished as being unimanual or bimanual, and if unimanual, whether they were made with the right or left hand. Both types of contact and ones made unimanually with the right or left hand were identified at each age as to whether they were associated with a preferential head position. A strong unimanual bias was evident at each age except for Week 36. At this age, there was a bimanual bias. Unimanual contacts did not develop a lateralized preference, and neither type of contact established a stable relationship with head position. Furthermore, there was no evidence to support the suggestion that hand contact and head position codevelop to form a preferred ipsilateral synergy. Findings are discussed relative to contradictory evidence from other fetal and neonatal studies. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 39: 171,178, 2001 [source] Maurice Ravel and right-hemisphere musical creativity: influence of disease on his last musical works?EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY, Issue 1 2002L. Amaducci The problem of finding correspondence between a particular neuronal organization and a specific function of the human brain remains a central question of neuroscience. It is sometimes thought that language and music are two sides of the same intellectual coin, but research on brain-damaged patients has shown that the loss of verbal functions (aphasia) is not necessarily accompanied by a loss of musical abilities (amusia). Amusia without aphasia has also been described. This double dissociation indicates functional autonomy in these mental processes. Yet verbal and musical impairments often occur together. The global picture that emerges from studies of music and its neural substrate is by no means clear and much depends on which subjects and which aspect of musical abilities are investigated. An illustration of these concepts is provided by the case of the French composer Maurice Ravel, who suffered from a progressive cerebral disease of uncertain aetiology, with prominent involvement of the left hemisphere. As a result, Ravel experienced aphasia and apraxia and became unable to compose. The available facts favour a clinical diagnosis of primary progressive aphasia (PPA), with the possibility of an overlap with corticobasal degeneration (CBD). In view of Ravel's clinical history, we propose that two of his final compositions, the Bolero and the Concerto for the Left Hand, include certain patterns characteristic of right-hemisphere musical abilities and may show the influence of disease on the creative process. [source] Hailing with an Invisible Hand: A ,Cosy' Political Dispute amid the Rise of Neoliberal Politics in Modern IrelandGOVERNMENT AND OPPOSITION, Issue 4 2002George Taylor First page of article [source] Efficacy of plaque removal and learning effect of a powered and a manual toothbrushJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 8 2003D. Lazarescu Abstract Background: Subjects with high plaque and gingivitis scores can profit most from the introduction of new manual or powered tooth brushes. To improve their hygiene, not only the technical characteristics of new brushes but also the learning effect in efficient handling are of importance. Aim: The present study compared the efficacy in plaque removal of an electric and a manual toothbrush in a general population and analysed the learning effect in efficient handling. Method: Eighty healthy subjects, unfamiliar with electric brushes, were divided into two groups: group 1 used the Philips/Jordan HP 735 powered brush and group 2 used a manual brush, Oral-B40+. Plaque index (PI) and gingival bleeding index (GBI) were assessed at baseline and at weeks 3, 6, 12 and 18. After each evaluation, patients abstained from oral hygiene for 24 h. The next day a 3-min supervised brushing was perfomed. Before and after this brushing, PI was assessed for the estimation of the individual learning effect. The study was single blinded. Results: Over the 18-week period, PI reduced gradually and statistically significantly (p<0.001) in group 1 from 2.9 (±0.38) to 1.5 (±0.24) and in group 2 from 2.9 (±0.34) to 2.2 (±0.23). From week 3 onwards, the difference between groups was statistically significant (p<0.001). The bleeding index decreased in group 1 from 28% (±17%) to 7% (±5%) (p<0.001) and in group 2 from 30% (±12%) to 12% (±6%) (p<0.001). The difference between groups was statistically significant (p<0.001) from week 6 onwards. The learning effect, expressed as the percentage of plaque reduction after 3 min of supervised brushing, was 33% for group 1 and 26% for group 2 at week 0. This percentage increased at week 18 to 64% in group 1 and 44% in group 2 (difference between groups statistically significant: p<0.001). Conclusion: The powered brush was significantly more efficient in removing plaque and improving gingival health than the manual brush in the group of subjects unfamiliar with electric brushes. There was also a significant learning effect that was more pronounced with the electric toothbrush. Zusammenfassung Hintergrund: Personen mit einem hohen Plaque- und Gingivitisindex können am meisten von der Einführung einer neuen Hand- oder elektrischen Zahnbürste profitieren. Um ihre Hygiene zu verbessern, sind nicht nur die technischen Charakteristika der neuen Bürste von Wichtigkeit, sondern auch der Lerneffekt für das effiziente Nutzen. Ziel: Die vorliegende Studie vergleicht die Effektivität bei der Plaqueentfernung bei einer elektrischen und einer Handzahnbürste in einer allgemeinen Bevölkerung und analysiert den Lerneffekt bei der effektiven Benutzung. Methoden: 80 gesunde Personen, die nicht an elektrische Zahnbürsten gewöhnt waren, wurden in zwei Gruppen eingeteilt: Gruppe 1 nutzte die Philips/Jordan HP 735 elektrische Bürste und die Gruppe 2 eine Handbürste, Oral-B40+. Der Plaqueindex (PI) und der gingivale Blutungsindex (GBI) wurden zur Basis und zu den Wochen 3, 6, 12 und 18 gemessen. Nach jeder Evaluation enthielten sich die Patienten für 24 Stunden der oralen Hygiene. Am nächsten Tag wurde ein beaufsichtigtes Bürsten durchgeführt. Vor und nach diesem Bürsten wurde der Plaqueindex für die Einschätzung des individuellen Lerneffektes aufgezeichnet. Die Studie war einfach blind. Ergebnisse: Über die 18wöchige Periode reduzierte sich der PI graduell und statistisch signifikant (p<0,001) in der Gruppe 1 von 2.9 (±0.38) auf 1.5 (±0.24) und in der Gruppe 2 von 2.9 (±0.34) auf 2.2 (± 0.23). Von der Woche 3 aufwärts wurde die Differenz zwischen den beiden Gruppen signifikant (p<0.001). Der Blutungsindex verringerte sich in der Gruppe 1 von 28% (± 17%) auf 7% (±5%) (p<0.001) und in der Gruppe 2 von 30% (±12%) auf 12% (±6%) (p<0.001). Die Differenz zwischen den beiden Gruppen war statistisch signifikant (p<0.001) von der 6. Woche an. Der Lerneffekt, ausgedrückt durch den Prozentsatz der Plaquereduktion nach 3 Minuten beaufsichtigtem Putzen, war 33% bei der Gruppe 1 und 26% bei der Gruppe 2 zur Woche 0. Dieser Prozentsatz vergrößerte sich zur Woche 18 auf 64% in der Gruppe 1 und auf 44% in der Gruppe 2 (Differenzen zwischen den Gruppen statistisch signifikant: p<0.001). Schlussfolgerung: Die elektrische Zahnbürste war signifikant mehr effektiv in der Plaqueentfernung und Verbesserung der gingivalen Gesundheit als die Handbürste in dieser Gruppe von Personen, die nicht an elektrische Bürsten gewöhnt waren. Es gab auch einen signifikanten Lerneffekt, welcher bei der Nutzung der elektrischen Zahnbürste größer war. Résumé Contexte: Des sujets présentant des scores de plaque et de gingivite élevés peuvent bénéficier de façon importante de l'apparition de nouvelles brosses manuelles et électriques. Pour améliorer leur hygiène, les caractéristiques techniques, mais aussi les instructions pour une manipulation efficace sont des éléments importants. But: Cette étude compare l'efficacité d'élimination de la plaque d'une brosse à dent manuelle et électrique dans une population générale et analyse l'effet de l'apprentissage pour une manipulation efficace. Méthode: 80 sujets sains, pas habitués aux brosses électrique, ont été divisés en deux groupes : Le groupe 1 utilisa la brosse Philips/Jordan HP 735 électrique et le groupe 2, une brosse manuelle Oral-B40+. L'indice de plaque (PI) et l'indice de saignement gingival (GBI) furent enregistrés initialement et à 3, 6, 12 et 18 semaines. Après chaque évaluation, les patients arrêtaient l'hygiène buccale pendant 24 heures. Le jour suivant, un brossage surveillé de 3 minutes était réalisé. Avant et après ce brossage, l'indice de plaque était relevé en vue de l'estimation de l'effet de l'apprentissage. L'étude était en aveugle simple. Résultats: Pendant la période de 18 semaines, le PI diminuait graduellement et de façon statistiquement significative (p<0.001) dans le groupe 1, de 2.9 (±0.38) à 1.5 (±0.24) et dans le groupe 2 de 2.9 (±0.34) à 2.2 (±0.23). A partir de la troisième semaine, la différence était déjà significative (p<0.001). L'indice de saignement diminuait dans le groupe 1 de 28% (±17%) à 7% (±5%) (p<0.001) et dans le groupe 2, de 30% (±12%) à 12% (±6%) (p<0.001). La différence entre les groupes était statistiquement significative à partir de la sixième semaine. L'effet de l'apprentissage, exprimé en pourcentage de la réduction de plaque après un brossage de 3 minutes surveillé fut de 33% pour le groupe 1 et de 26 % pour le groupe 2 initialement et augmentait lors de la semaine 18 jusqu'à 64% dans le groupe 1 et 44% dans le groupe 2 (différence entre les groupes significative: p<0.001). [source] Relative effectiveness of powered and manual toothbrushes in elderly patients with implant-supported mandibular overdenturesJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 4 2002A. Tawse-Smith Abstract Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the clinical effectiveness of a powered toothbrush (Braun Oral-B Plaque Remover 3-D) and a manual soft toothbrush (Oral-B Squish-grip brush) for the control of supragingival plaque and soft tissue inflammation around implants supporting mandibular overdentures. Material and methods: The study sample involved 40 edentulous subjects, aged 55,80 years, having 2 unsplinted mandibular implants supporting a complete removable overdenture opposed by a maxillary complete denture. In this single-blinded, randomised, cross-over clinical trial, two 6-week experimental phases were separated by a 2-week wash-out period. 2 weeks prior to each experimental phase (pre-entry visits), implant abutments were polished to remove all plaque and a standardised instruction in the use of the toothbrush was given. Modified plaque and bleeding indices were recorded at the start and end of each experimental period. Mean index scores at each phase were analysed using paired t -test, and the mean number of sites showing a change in plaque or mucositis were compared using the Mann-Whitney U -test. Combined data from 2 different implant systems were considered after controlling for implant type. Results: Only minor changes in plaque and bleeding scores were observed following the two test periods. There were no statistically significant differences between the manual and powered toothbrushes. Conclusion: Manual and powered brushes were found to be of comparable efficacy with regard to improvement in peri-implant bleeding and plaque indices. Zusammenfassung Zielsetzung: Untersuchung der klinischen Effektivität einer elektrischen Zahnbürste (Braun Oral-B Plaque Remover 3-D) im Vergleich zu einer weichen Handzahnbürste (Oral-B Squish-grip brush) zur Kontrolle supragingivaler Plaque und Weichgewebsentzündung an Implantaten, die Unterkiefer-Totalprothesen tragen. Material und Methoden: Das Untersuchungskollektiv bestand aus 40 zahnlosen Patienten im Alter zwischen 55 und 80 Jahren, die 2 unverblockte Unterkiefer-Implantate zur Unterstützung einer Totalprothese aufwiesen. Der Oberkiefer war jeweils mit einer total schleimhautgetragenen Prothese versorgt. In dieser einfach verblindeten, randomisierten klinischen Cross-over-Studie wurden 2 6-wöchige experimentelle Phasen von einer 2-wöchigen Auswaschperiode unterbrochen. 2 Wochen vor jeder experimentellen Phase wurden die supragingivalen Implantatflächen von sämtlicher Plaque gereinigt und die Patienten erhielten eine Instruktion im Gebrauch der Zahnbürsten. Modifizierte Plaque- und Blutungsindizes wurden zu Beginn und am Ende jeder experimentellen Phase erhoben. Die Mittelwerte für die Indizes wurden mittels des paarigen t -Tests und die Zahl der Stellen, die eine Veränderung in Plaque und Mucositis aufwiesen, wurden durch den Mann-Whitney U -Test verglichen. Die Daten für 2 Implantatsysteme wurden zusammengefasst, nachdem der Einfluss des Implantatsystems überprüft worden war. Ergebnisse: Es wurden nur geringe Veränderungen der Plaque- und Blutungsindizes am Ende beider Testphasen beobachtet. Ein statistisch signifikanter Unterschied zwischen elektrischer und Handzahnbürste konnte nicht gezeigt werden. Schlussfolgerungen: Hand- und elektrische Zahnbürsten erwiesen sich als gleich effektiv für die Verbesserung periimplantärer Plaque- und Blutungsindizes. Résumé But: Le but de cette étude était de comparer l'efficacité clinique d'une brosse à dent électrique (Plaque remover 3D de Braun Oral B) et une brosse souple manuelle (squish grip d'oral B) pour le contrôle de la plaque supra-gingivale et l'inflammation des tissus mous autour d'implants supportant des overdentures mandibulaires. Matériaux et méthodes: L'échantillon étudié comprenait 40 sujets édentés, âgés de 55 à 80 ans, ayant 2 implants mandibulaires non reliés supportant une overdenture amovible complète et une prothèse maxillaire antagoniste complète. Dans cet essai clinique croisé en aveugle simple, randomisée, 2 phases expérimentales de 6 semaines encadraient une période d'arrêt de 2 semaines. 2 semaines avant chaque phase expérimentale, (visite de pré-entrée), les piliers implantaires étaient polis afin d'éliminer toute la plaque et des instructions standardisées d'utilisation de la brosse étaient données. On notait les indices, de saignement et de plaque modifié, au début et à la fin de chaque période expérimentale. Les notes d'indices moyens à chaque phase étaient analysées par le test t apparié et le nombre moyen de sites présentant une modification de la plaque ou de la mucosite était comparé par le test U de Mann Whitney. Les données combinées des 2 systèmes implantaires étaient considérées après cotrôle pour chaque type d'implant Résultats: De minimes modifications des notes de plaque et de saignement étaient observées après les deux périodes de test. Il n'y avait pas de différences statistiques significatives entre les brosses manuelles et électriques. Conclusion: Les brosses manuelles et électriques ont une efficacité comparable du point de vue de l'amélioration des indices de saignement et de plaque peri-implantaires. [source] Hand to sensor calibration: A geometrical interpretation of the matrix equation AX=XBJOURNAL OF FIELD ROBOTICS (FORMERLY JOURNAL OF ROBOTIC SYSTEMS), Issue 9 2005Irene Fassi In this paper, the matrix equation AX=XB used for hand to sensor calibration of robot-mounted sensors is analyzed using a geometrical approach. The analysis leads to an original way to describe the properties of the equation and to find all of its solutions. It will also be highlighted why, when multiple instances AiX=XBi (i=1,2,...) of the equation are to be solved simultaneously, the system is overconstrained. Finally, singular cases are also discussed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Hand and forearm dermatoses among veterinariansJOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY & VENEREOLOGY, Issue 3 2007DM Bulcke Abstract Background, Infectious and non-infectious hand and forearm dermatoses are frequent in daily veterinary medicine. In this specific occupation there is a serious impact of skin disease on the lives and careers of veterinarians. Objective, In this study we clarify the different occupational dermatoses on hands and forearms among veterinarians, using data collected in different dermatological patch-test expert centres in Belgium and the Netherlands. Methods, Instead of questioning veterinarians themselves, which has been done in different studies in the past, we contacted dermatologists in Belgium and the Netherlands, questioning them about their experiences with dermatoses among veterinarians. Results, Seven dermatologists described a total of 58 veterinarians. Infectious dermatoses were described in 12 cases (20.7%). The non-infectious dermatoses (46 cases, 79.3%) can be classified as contact urticaria and as irritant or allergic contact dermatitis. Conclusion, While irritant contact dermatitis accounts for the vast majority of hand and forearm dermatoses among veterinarians, contact urticaria and allergic contact dermatitis also significantly contribute to the occupational morbidity. Repeated hand washing, occlusion under rubber gloves, contact with animal protein fluids during obstetric procedures and contact with antiseptic agents, systemic and topical corticosteroids and antibiotics are the most likely causes of hand and forearm dermatoses among veterinarians. [source] Selected Statistical Papers of Sir David Cox, vols I and II by D. J. Hand and A. M. HerzbergJOURNAL OF THE ROYAL STATISTICAL SOCIETY: SERIES A (STATISTICS IN SOCIETY), Issue 1 2007David Bartholomew No abstract is available for this article. [source] Swaying the Hand of Justice: The Internal and External Dynamics of Regime Change at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former YugoslaviaLAW & SOCIAL INQUIRY, Issue 3 2006John Hagan This article develops a conflict approach for studying the field of international criminal law. Focusing on the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, we draw on Burawoy's (2003) elaboration of reflexive ethnography to determine how external political changes affect the work of an international legal institution. We explore how political frameworks of legal liberalism, ad hoc legalism, and legal exceptionalism result in internal office, organizational, and normative changes within this Tribunal, thereby linking national political transformations with the construction of the global. Drawing on rolling field interviews and a two-wave panel survey, we conclude that the claims to universals that underwrite transnational legal fields cannot be understood solely through an analysis of external political forces, but must be combined with attention to how these are refracted through internal organizational change within international institutions. [source] Gesture Gives a Hand to Language and Learning: Perspectives from Cognitive Neuroscience, Developmental Psychology and EducationLINGUISTICS & LANGUAGE COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 4 2008Spencer D. Kelly People of all ages, cultures and backgrounds gesture when they speak. These hand movements are so natural and pervasive that researchers across many fields , from linguistics to psychology to neuroscience , have claimed that the two modalities form an integrated system of meaning during language production and comprehension. This special relationship has implications for a variety of research and applied domains. Gestures may provide unique insights into language and cognitive development, and also help clinicians identify, understand and even treat developmental disorders in childhood. In addition, research in education suggests that teachers can use gesture to become even more effective in several fundamental aspects of their profession, including communication, assessment of student knowledge, and the ability to instill a profound understanding of abstract concepts in traditionally difficult domains such as language and mathematics. This work converging from multiple perspectives will push researchers and practitioners alike to view hand gestures in a new and constructive way. [source] Surgical treatment of "terrible triad of the elbow": technique and outcomeORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY, Issue 2 2010Yu-xing Wang MD Objective:, To describe the authors' surgical technique and to evaluate the final functional outcome of surgical treatment of the "terrible triad of the elbow". Methods:, Eight patients identified with "terrible triad" injury patterns, including posterior elbow dislocation, radial head fracture and coronoid fracture, were available for a minimum of 11 months follow-up. Evaluation of functional outcome was based on Mayo elbow performance, Broberg-Morrey scores, and the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire. Complications were also recorded. Results:, Five elbows redislocated while in a splint after manipulative reduction. Three had residual subluxation after operative treatment. The final mean extent of forearm movement was as follows: 21° of extension deficit (range, 5° to 45°), 126° of flexion (range, 110° to 140°), 75° of supination (range, 45° to 90°), and 71° of pronation (range, 30° to 90°). The mean Mayo, Broberg-Morrey, and DASH scores were 78.0 ± 13.4, 76.0 ± 14.0, and 28.0 ± 24.7, respectively. Conclusions:, When an elbow joint is affected by the terrible triad, it is very unstable and prone to numerous complications. With operative treatment, the surgeon should attempt to perform internal fixation of the coronoid fracture, to regain normal radiocapitellar contact (either by preserving the radial head with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) or by replacing it with a prosthesis), and to repair the lateral collateral ligament (LCL). Thus early functional recovery and a successful final functional outcome can be achieved. [source] A Metastatic Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma of the HandPEDIATRIC BLOOD & CANCER, Issue 1 2006G. Seifert No abstract is available for this article. [source] Vibration Causes Acute Vascular Injury in a Two-Step Process: Vasoconstriction and Vacuole DisruptionTHE ANATOMICAL RECORD : ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE ANATOMY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY, Issue 8 2008Sandya R. Govindaraju Abstract Hand,arm vibration syndrome is a vasospastic and neurodegenerative occupational disease. In the current study, the mechanism of vibration-induced vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) injury was examined in a rat-tail vibration model. Tails of male Sprague Dawley rats were vibrated continuously for 4 hr at 60 Hz, 49 m/s2 with or without general anesthesia. Ventral tail arteries were aldehyde fixed and embedded in epoxy resin to enable morphological analysis. Vibration without anesthesia caused vasoconstriction and vacuoles in the SMC. Anesthetizing rats during vibration prevented vasoconstriction and vacuole formation. Exposing tail arteries in situ to 1 mM norepinephrine (NE) for 15 min induced the greatest vasoconstriction and vacuolation. NE induced vacuoles were twice as large as those formed during vibration. When vibrated 4 hr under anesthesia after pretreatment with NE for 15 min, the SMC lacked vacuoles and exhibited a longitudinal banding pattern of dark and light staining. The extracellular matrix was filled with particulates, which were confirmed by electron microscopy to be cellular debris. The present findings demonstrate that vibration-induced vasoconstriction (SMC contraction) requires functioning central nervous system reflexes, and the physical stress of vibration damages the contracted SMC by dislodging and fragmenting SMC vacuoles. Anat Rec, 291:999,1006, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] There is no ,truth' outside a context: implications for the teaching of analytical psychology in the 21st centuryTHE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 2 2007Michael Horne Abstract:, Humans are from birth embedded in a historical and contemporary context of meanings. This always constrains their theoretical and practical activities. In this paper, I will be suggesting that there are no guiding ,truths' outside such contexts. In order to understand the foundations of any concept or new idea, it is important to comprehend the context in which it is embedded. Candidates and some of their teachers have very little knowledge of the intellectual context in which Jung or any other analytic theorist wrote. As a result, the analytic ,founders' are often believed to have discovered ,truths' transcending the context of history and of everyday life. They were, however, as much creative synthesizers as pure originators. I propose that the components of all analytic theories emerge from their embeddedness. I contend, therefore, that the understandings of these components such as psychic causality, epistemology and identity formation were quite differently conceived at the time the analytic founders were working than they are today. I will give examples to show how the acceptance of this attitude is useful in inculcating a discerning approach in candidates towards traditionally accepted analytic theories and practices. This can provide them with a method to promote their individual creative development. Translations of Abstract L'être humain est pris dès sa naissance dans un contexte de sens, historique et contemporain. Ceci délimite toujours ses activités théoriques et pratiques. Dans cet article, je suggère qu'il n'existe pas de , vérités premières » en dehors d'un tel contexte. Pour comprendre pleinement les fondements de tout nouveau concept ou idée, il est important d'englober la situation de discours dans lequel l'idée est enchâssée. Les candidats en formation et certains de leurs enseignants possèdent une connaissance très restreinte du contexte intellectuel dans lequel Jung,ou tout autre théoricien analytique,produisit son ,uvre. Avec pour résultat, la croyance commune que les , fondateurs » analytiques auraient découvert des vérités transcendant le contexte de l'histoire et de la vie quotidienne, alors qu'ils furent en réalité des synthétiseurs créatifs autant que de purs découvreurs. J'avance l'idée que les composantes de toute théorie analytique émergent de leur contexte sémantique et j'affirme par conséquent, que des composantes telles que la causalité psychique, l'épistémologie et la constitution de l'identité furent conçues différemment à l'époque des fondateurs qu'elles ne le sont aujourd'hui. Je montre à travers des exemples, qu'une telle attitude contribue à inculquer aux candidats en formation une approche critique des théories et des pratiques analytiques communément admises. Elle peut leur fournir une méthode propice au développement de leur créativité personnelle. Alle Menschen sind von Geburt an in einem historischen und zeitgenössischen Zusammenhang eingebettet. Hierdurch werden ihre theoretischen und praktischen Aktivitäten eingeschränkt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit vertrete ich die Ansicht, dass es keine leitenden Wahrheiten außerhalb eines solchen Kontextes gibt. Um die Grundlagen eines Konzeptes oder einer neuen Idee zu verstehen, ist es wichtig, den Kontext zu begreifen, in den die Idee eingebettet ist. Auszubildende und einige ihrer Dozenten und Dozentinnen haben wenig Wissen über den intellektuellen Kontext, in dem Jung oder andere analytisch theoretische Autoren und Autorinnen schrieben. Dies führt dazu, dass oft geglaubt wird, analytische ,Gründer' hätten die Wahrheit entdeckt, die weit über den historischen Kontext und das alltägliche Leben hinausgehen. Tatsächlich waren diese jedoch in der Lage, sowohl neue Ideen hervorzubringen, als auch auf kreative Weise vorhandenes Wissen zusammenzustellen. Ich vertrete die Ansicht, dass die Komponenten aller analytischen Theorien aus ihrem Eingebettetsein hervorgehen. Dementsprechend vertrete ich die These, dass alles Verständnis ihrer Komponenten, wie z.B. psychische Kausalität, die Erkenntnistheorie und IdentitätsbiIdung zu Zeiten der analytischen Gründer etwas anders aufgefasst wurden als heutzutage. Ich werde Beispiele geben, um zu zeigen, wie die Anerkennung dieser Einstellung nützlich ist, um Auszubildenden eine differenzierte Wahrnehmung gegenüber der traditionell akzeptierten analytischen Theorie und Praxis zu vermitteln. Dies gibt ihnen eine Methode an die Hand, mit der sie ihre individuelle kreative Entwicklung fördern können. Fin dalla nascita gli esseri umani sono immersi in un contesto storico e contemporaneo di significati. Questo condiziona sempre le loro attività teoriche e pratiche. In questo scritto io sosterrò che non esistono ,verità guida' al di fuori di tali contesti. Per poter comprendere pienamente le fondamenta di qualunque concetto o nuova idea, è importante comprendere il contesto in cui tale idea è radicata. I candidati e alcuni dei loro docenti hanno una scarsa conoscenza del contesto intellettuale nel quale Jung o qualsiasi altro teorico di analisi scrisse. Ne risulta che si crede spesso che i ,fondatori' dell'analisi hanno scoperto ,verità' che trascendono il contesto della storia e della vita di tutti i giorni.Essi erano, comunque, tanto capaci di sintesi creative, quanto creatori. La mia ipotesi è che le componenti di qualunque teoria analitica emergono da dove sono già le loro radici. Il risultato è che io metto in discussione che la comprensione delle loro componenti quali la causalità psichica, l'epistemologia e la costruzione dell'identità fossero concepite differentemente ai tempi in cui lavoravano i fondatori di quanto non lo siano oggi. Porterò degli esempi per dimostrare come l'accettazione di questo atteggiamento sia utile nell'inculcare nei candidati un approccio più attento nei confronti di prassi e teorie analitiche tradizionalmente accettate. Ciò può fornirli di un metodo che incoraggi il loro sviluppo creativo individuale. Los humanos son criados en un contexto contemporáneo de significados históricos. Esto siempre restringe sus actividades prácticas y teóricas. En este trabajo, estaré sugiriendo que no hay ,verdades' que puedan dar guía fuera de estos contextos. Para poder entender en su totalidad los fundamentos de cualquier concepto o idea nueva, es importante comprender el contexto en el cual ella está incluida. Los candidatos y algunos de sus profesores tienen muy poco conocimiento del contexto intelectual en el cual escribieron Jung o cualquier otro teórico del análisis. Como resultado, se cree con frecuencia que los ,pioneros' del análisis han descubierto ,verdades' que trascienden el contexto de la historia y la vida cotidiana. Ellos fueron, sin embargo, tan sintetizadores creativos como originadotes puros. Propongo que los componentes de todas las teorías analíticas emergen de su hábitat. Como consecuencia, Estoy estableciendo que la comprensión de los componentes tales como causalidad psíquica, epistemología, y formación de la identidad fueron concebidas en alguna manera diferente en la época en la cual los fundadores del análisis estaban trabajando que en nuestros días. Daré ejemplos para mostrar como la aceptación de esta actitud es útil para inculcar la capacidad de discernir entre los candidatos en relación a las teorías y prácticas analíticas tradicionalmente aceptadas. Estos les puede proveer un método que promueva su desarrollo creativo individual. [source] Status 5 Years after Bilateral Hand TransplantationAMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 4 2006S. Schneeberger Graft survival and function early after hand transplantation is good. It remains unknown, however, whether long-term survival is limited by chronic rejection. We here describe the clinical course and the status 5 years after bilateral hand transplantation with emphasis on immunosuppression (IS), function, morphology and graft vascular changes. Clinical observation, evaluation of hand function, skin biopsies, X-ray, ultrasound, angiography, CT angiography, electrophysiologic studies including compound motor and sensory action potentials (CMAP, CSAP) and somatosensory evoked potentials were performed and results recorded at regular intervals. Following reduction of IS one mild (grade II) rejection episode occurred at 4 years. Subsequently, skin histology remained normal and without signs of chronic rejection. Hand function continuously improved during the first 3 years and remained stable with minor improvement thereafter. CMAP and CSAP progressively increased during the observation period. Latencies of the cortical responses were prolonged but amplitudes were within normal range. Investigation of hand vessels revealed no signs of occlusion but showed revascularization of a primarily occluded right radialis artery. Motor and sensory function improved profoundly between years 1 and 5 after hand transplantation. No signs whatsoever of chronic rejection have been observed. [source] Thiol-Alkin-Chemie: ein leistungsfähiges Syntheseverfahren für hochfunktionalisierte Verbindungen,ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE, Issue 20 2010Richard Hoogenboom Dr. Mit Klick zu Dendrimeren: Die Thiol-Alkin-Chemie gibt Polymerchemikern eine effiziente Kupplungsreaktion an die Hand, mit deren Hilfe verzweigte Strukturen erzeugt werden können (siehe Schema). Die Methode eignet sich zum Aufbau hochfunktionalisierter Dendrimere und stark verzweigter Polymere. [source] Small-Molecule Affinity Ligands for Protein Purification: Combined Computational Enrichment and Automated In-line Screening of an Optically Encoded Library,ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE, Issue 20 2010Jakob Hand in Hand: Eine vielseitige Methode zur Entwicklung niedermolekularer Affinitätsliganden wird beschrieben. Die Kombination aus Datenbankanreicherung mit automatisiertem Screening und Affinitätskartierung einer optisch codierten kombinatorischen Bibliothek ermöglichte die Identifizierung eines neuen Satzes von Liganden für die einstufige Aufreinigung des menschlichen Wachstumshormons (siehe Bild). [source] Cobalt(II)-Responsive DNA Binding of a GCN4-bZIP Protein Containing Cysteine Residues Functionalized with Iminodiacetic Acid,ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE, Issue 37 2009Yusuke Azuma Hand in Hand: Zwei Paare von Iminodiessigsäure(Ida)-Einheiten wurden in das Leucin-Zippersegment des GCN4-bZIP-Proteins so eingebaut, dass sich die Ida-Einheiten eines jeden Paars an den Positionen i und i+2 befanden. Komplexbildung zwischen den Ida-Gruppen und CoII bewirkte eine Destabilisierung der helicalen Struktur, was ein reversibles Schalten der Bindung des Proteins an die Zielposition AP-1 ermöglichte (siehe Bild). [source] Complete Stereoretention in the Rhodium-Catalyzed 1,2-Addition of Chiral Secondary and Tertiary Alkyl Potassium Trifluoroborate Salts to Aldehydes,ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE, Issue 34 2009Abel Ros Dr. Nimm den neuen Partner bei der Hand: Chirale sekundäre und tertiäre benzylische Trifluoroborat-Salze reagieren mit Aldehyden in einer Rh-katalysierten 1,2-Addition unter vollständiger Stereoretention (siehe Schema; cod=Cycloocta-1,5-dien). Dies ermöglicht die Erzeugung quartärer Stereozentren mit praktisch perfekter Enantioselektivität. [source] Generalized bone loss as a predictor of three-year radiographic damage in African American patients with recent-onset rheumatoid arthritisARTHRITIS & RHEUMATISM, Issue 8 2010Jie Zhang Objective To examine the association between baseline bone mineral density (BMD) and radiographic damage at 3 years of disease duration in a longitudinal cohort of African Americans with recent-onset rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods African American RA patients with a disease duration of <2 years (n = 141) were included in the study. All patients underwent baseline BMD measurements (femoral neck and/or lumbar spine) using dual x-ray absorptiometry. T scores were calculated using normative data from the general population of African Americans. Patients were categorized as having osteopenia/osteoporosis (T score less than or equal to ,1) or as being healthy. Hand and wrist radiographs, obtained at baseline and at 3 years of disease duration, were scored using the modified Sharp/van der Heijde method. The association between baseline BMD and total radiographic score at 3 years of disease was examined using multivariable negative binomial regression. Results At baseline, the mean age and the mean disease duration were 52.4 years and 14.8 months, respectively; 85.1% of the patients were women. The average total radiographic scores at baseline and at 3 years of disease were 2.4 and 5.7, respectively. In the final reduced multivariable model, adjusting for age, sex, anti,cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody positivity, and the presence of radiographic damage at baseline, the total radiographic score at 3 years disease in patients with osteopenia/osteoporosis of the femoral neck was twice that in patients with normal bone density, and the difference was statistically significant (P = 0.0084). No association between lumbar spine osteopenia/osteoporosis and radiographic score was found. Conclusion Our findings suggest that reduced generalized BMD may be a predictor of future radiographic damage and support the hypothesis that radiographic damage and reduced generalized BMD in RA patients may share a common pathogenic mechanism. [source] Hand, foot and mouth disease in an immunocompromised adult treated with aciclovirAUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 3 2003Catherine F Faulkner SUMMARY A 27-year-old man, immunosuppressed from recent chemotherapy for metastatic Ewing's sarcoma, presented with a 1-week history of a painful, pruritic, papulovesicular eruption on the hands and feet. A diagnosis of hand, foot and mouth disease was made based on histology, detection of Enterovirus ribonucleic acid by polymerase chain reaction on a swab from a vesicle, and a four-fold increase in Enterovirus antibody levels. At no stage however, were there lesions in the mouth. Another unusual feature in this case was a prolonged course, presumably as a result of immunosuppression. After 3½ weeks he was commenced on oral aciclovir 200 mg five times daily, with subsequent resolution of all lesions within 5 days. There may be a role for systemic aciclovir in some patients with hand, foot and mouth disease. 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