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Kinds of HCl Terms modified by HCl Selected AbstractsRisk factors for severe infection in patients with hairy cell leukemia: a long-term study of 73 patientsEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HAEMATOLOGY, Issue 3 2009Ghandi Damaj Abstract Although the survival of patients with hairy cell leukemia (HCL) has been improved by the therapeutic introduction of interferon , and purine analogs, it is still worsened by complications such as severe infections. In this long-term study, we identified factors influencing patient outcomes in 73 patients with HCL. Median age at diagnosis was 53 yr and the gender ratio (M/F) was 2.3. At the time of HCL diagnosis, 60 patients (82%) were symptomatic and 22 of these had an infection. After a median follow-up of 13 yr, eight patients had died of secondary cancer (n = 2), HCL progression (n = 1) and age-related complications (n = 5). The 10-yr overall survival (OS), progression-free survival and relapse rates were 91 ± 3%, 14 ± 5% and 87 ± 5%, respectively. In multivariate analyses, age >53 yr was the only factor adversely influencing OS and secondary cancer incidence, with adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 9.30 (95%CI, 1.15,76.6; P = 0.037) and 2.80 (95%CI, 1.05,7.71; P = 0.04), respectively. Eleven patients developed severe infections. Absolute lymphocyte count (<1 × 109/L) at diagnosis was the only factor influencing the occurrence of severe infections, with an adjusted HR of 4.01 (P = 0.007). Strikingly, we did not observe any significant correlation between neutrophil or monocyte counts and the incidence of infection. We confirmed long-term survival in HCL but found a high incidence of infection , even late in the course of the disease. The absolute lymphocyte count at diagnosis is a risk factor for the occurrence of severe infections. In addition to careful monitoring of infections, prompt initiation of anti-HCL treatment should be considered in patients with low lymphocyte counts. [source] A population-based study of hairy cell leukemia in IsraelEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HAEMATOLOGY, Issue 5 2006Ora Paltiel Abstract:,Objectives: Few population-based data exist on the incidence and prognosis of hairy cell leukemia (HCL). Our objectives were to study the effect of socio-demographic factors on this rare disease and the risk of second malignancies occurring in HCL patients. Methods: We measured crude and age-adjusted incidence rates of HCL based on reporting to the Israel Cancer Registry (ICR) 1991,2001. Using Kaplan,Meier and multivariate analysis, we assessed survival by gender, ethnicity and geographic region. We ascertained additional primary tumors reported in this population and calculated standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) for tumors reported after the diagnosis of HCL. Results: The ICR registered 147 cases of HCL among males and 34 in females between 1991 and 2001. Age-adjusted incidence rates were 1.62/106/yr for women and 7.97/106/yr for men, with rates 1.5 times higher in Jewish than in non-Jewish (mainly Arab) men. Mean overall survival also differed by ethnicity. In a multivariate model, increasing age at diagnosis (P < 0.001), as well as Arab origin (P = 0.008) were associated with poorer survival but gender did not significantly affect the survival after controlling for age and ethnicity. Other primary malignancies were reported in 20 (11%) individuals, with a predominance of genito-urinary tumors (65%) among males. Secondary genito-urinary tumors were significantly increased above the expected population rates (SIR 3.23, 95% confidence interval: 1.39,6.36, P = 0.008). Conclusions: In the Israeli population, age and ethnicity were associated with prognosis of HCL. Variations in disease characteristics, stage of disease at diagnosis or differential access to treatment may contribute to these findings. Patients with HCL appear to be at increased risk for genito-urinary malignancies. [source] A narrow deletion of 7q is common to HCL, and SMZL, but not CLLEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HAEMATOLOGY, Issue 6 2004Claus Lindbjerg Andersen Abstract: To further characterise the genetic background of the two closely related B-lymphocytic malignancies hairy cell leukaemia (HCL), and splenic marginal zone lymphoma (SMZL) we have identified characteristic copy number imbalances by comparative genomic hybridisation (CGH). Based on these findings, areas of special interest were fine mapped, and relevant probes constructed for use in interphase-fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) investigations. Thus, using the CGH data from 52 HCL and 61 SMZL patients, we identified the characteristic profiles of copy number imbalances for both diseases. These were a gain of 5q13-31 (19%) and loss of 7q22-q35 (6%) for HCL, and gain of 3q25 (28%), loss of 7q31 (16%), and gain of 12q15 (16%) for SMZL. A partial loss of 7q unsual for low-malignant B-cell diseases was found to be common to the two diseases. This loss was therefore fine mapped with BAC/PAC clones. Fine mapping revealed that in SMZL the minimal lost region covers 11.4 Mb spanning from 7q31.33 to 7q33 located between sequence tagged site (STS)-markers SHGC-3275 and D7S725. This area was distinct from the commonly deleted 7q region of myelodysplastic syndrome/acute myeloid leukaemia (MDS/AML). A FISH probe specific for the 7q region was constructed. Using this probe in an interphase-FISH investigation we showed the minimal lost 7q-region of HCL and SMZL to be one and the same. In one HCL case, this investigation furthermore showed the extent of the deleted region to be below the detection limit of CGH, whereas interphase-FISH screening of 36 chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) cases showed no deletion of the 7q area. In conclusion, we have identified characteristic profiles of copy number imbalances in HCL and SMZL and fine mapped the minimal extent of a commonly lost 7q area of special interest. We hypothesise that this region may contain (a) gene(s) important for the pathology of HCL and SMZL. [source] Innovative approach to health promotion for the over 45s: using a health check logINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OLDER PEOPLE NURSING, Issue 4 2008BAppSc (AN), June N. Sheriff CM, MHPEd Objectives., To determine effectiveness of the health check log (HCL) in promoting health-related quality of life and health awareness, health monitoring skills and timely consultation with health professionals for a cohort of community-dwelling people over 45 years, compared with a similar cohort not recording the HCL. Design., An exploratory longitudinal study using a quasi-experimental methodology and data triangulation. Outcome measures included the SF-36 health survey; a semi-structured participant feedback survey and participant focus group discussions. Sample., A convenience sample (n = 309) of community dwellers over the age of 45 living in the South Eastern Sydney/Illawarra Area Health Service, Sydney, Australia. Results., The majority of participants recording the HCL reported health benefits. The SF-36 health survey found younger age is a predictor for positive change in ,social functioning' (, = ,0.14, t = 2.25, P < 0.05), while non-pension income was a predictor of positive ,physical functioning' (, = 0.12, t = 2.02, P < 0.05) and ,general health' (, = 0.13, t = 2.11, P < 0.05). Alternatively, full-time employment (, = ,0.12, t = 2.02, P < 0.05) and not living alone (, = 0.18, t = 3.09, P < 0.01) predicted negative change in ,role , physical'. Participant reactions to recording the HCL via feedback survey and focus group discussions were mostly positive. Conclusions., The majority who maintained the HCL benefited by achieving improved health and knowledge of health monitoring, which was, however, moderated by age, income source, employment status and living arrangements. [source] Identification of uniquely expressed transcription factors in highly purified B-cell lymphoma samples,,§AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY, Issue 6 2010Ulrika Andréasson Transcription factors (TFs) are critical for B-cell differentiation, affecting gene expression both by repression and transcriptional activation. Still, this information is not used for classification of B-cell lymphomas (BCLs). Traditionally, BCLs are diagnosed based on a phenotypic resemblance to normal B-cells; assessed by immunohistochemistry or flow cytometry, by using a handful of phenotypic markers. In the last decade, diagnostic and prognostic evaluation has been facilitated by global gene expression profiling (GEP), providing a new powerful means for the classification, prediction of survival, and response to treatment of lymphomas. However, most GEP studies have typically been performed on whole tissue samples, containing varying degrees of tumor cell content, which results in uncertainties in data analysis. In this study, global GEP analyses were performed on highly purified, flow-cytometry sorted tumor-cells from eight subgroups of BCLs. This enabled identification of TFs that can be uniquely associated to the tumor cells of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), follicular lymphoma (FL), hairy cell leukemia (HCL), and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). The identified transcription factors influence both the global and specific gene expression of the BCLs and have possible implications for diagnosis and treatment. Am. J. Hematol., 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] (635) The Advantages and Adverse Effects of Long-Term Intrathecal Delivery of Opioid and Clonidine HCL AdmixturePAIN MEDICINE, Issue 2 2000Article first published online: 25 DEC 200 Introduction: Intrathecal clonidine may be effective in neuropathic pain situations where large doses of opioids and local anesthetics or baclofen result in side effects and inadequate pain control. Addition of clonidine activates K (ATP) channels via a-2 receptors. Clonidine administered intrathecally provides fourfold better pain control with lower side effects than systemic clonidine. Because clonidine does not interact with opioid receptors, it fails to cause opioid-like side effects. Clonidine and opioids may have a synergistic efficacy. Materials & Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of 23 patients, 10 male and 13 female, with a mean age of 55.4 years. Seventeen patients had neuropathic pain and 6 patients had mixed (neuropathic-nociceptive) nonmalignant pain. They had failed to achieve satisfactory analgesia despite preclinical infusion of high dose morphine sulfate, hydromorphone HCL, or combinations of bupivacaine HCL/opioid or baclofen. The range of initiating daily dose of clonidine was 25 ,g to 50 ,g, to a maximum of 900 ,g/day. The clonidine doses were titrated upwards to the end point of either efficacy or adverse effects. Clinical parameters studied were patient vital signs, pain intensity, pain relief, quality of sleep, drug intake, and side effects. Results: The preclonidine VAPS scores were on average 7.67 and the postclonidine VAPS scores were 5.82. Sleep improved for 50% of patients having poor to fair sleep. Length of therapy ranges from 1 month to 35 months with an average of 14.7 months of therapy. Of the 23 patients studied, 8 patients have been satisfied, coping with any side effects, and are still receiving mixed clonidine/opioid therapy. The side effects noted were nausea (9), sleepiness (8), dry mouth (7), dizziness (7), orthostatic hypotension (2), short term memory loss (2), headache (2), edema (2), depression (2), tinnitus (1), lethargy (1), nausea with vomiting (1), decreased energy (1), decreased libido (1), impotence (1), fine tremor (1), and anxiety (1). Conclusions: Intraspinal infusion of clonidine plus opioid may provide safer and better synergistic control of intractable neuropathic or mixed nonmalignant pain than pure intraspinal infusions of u-opioid with local anesthetic. [source] The Effects Of Tizanidine HCL (Zanaflex®) In Patients With FibromyalgiaPAIN MEDICINE, Issue 2 2000Article first published online: 25 DEC 200 David McLain, MD, Brookwood Medical Center, Birmingham, AL This open-label, single-center, dose-finding study of Zanaflex (tizanidine hydrochloride) in 43 patients diagnosed with fibromyalgia showed some effectiveness in reducing pain and other symptoms of this syndrome. Fibromyalgia is a common syndrome characterized by chronic musculoskeletal pain in all 4 quadrants and pain in 18 identified tender points. Effects on fatigue, pain, sleep, and tender points were assessed before and during treatment. Starting doses of 2 mg/day were increased to 4 mg/day after 5 days and increased further as tolerated. Most patients stayed at 4 mg/day or 8 mg/day, and the highest dosage achieved was 12 mg/day. After the initial visit, 6 patients discontinued Zanaflex because of side effects (headaches in 3, hallucinations in 1, hypotension in 1, asthenia in 1), and 11 did not return for a follow-up visit. Results are presented for the remaining 26 patients (25 females; average age 50 years (range, 36,64 years); 25 Caucasian, 1 African-American; 9 on disability or applying for it; all stable on one or more of the following concomitant medications: narcotic analgesics 15%, antidepressants 65%, NSAIDs 46%). On average, at the first follow-up visit (average time 7.8 weeks), patients showed reduction in tender points and improvement on global assessment (GA) scores, Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) results, and visual assessment (VAS) scores for fatigue, pain, and sleep. The results for patients still working or retired were better than those for patients on disability or applying for it. Of the 26 patients in this ongoing study, 14 have had second follow-up visits (average time 13.3 weeks). Of these, 2 discontinued the drug at the second follow-up visit. Six of these patients responded especially well to long-term treatment (average age 51 years; range 46,60 years; 5 females; 1 on disability or applying for it) and showed the following averaged results: global assessment improved by 47%, FIQ by 35%, VAS-fatigue by 48%, VAS-pain by 40%, VAS-sleep by 37%, and tender points by 18%. Zanaflex appears to be effective in improving overall functioning, reducing pain and fatigue, improving sleep, and reducing the number of painful tender points in some patients with fibromyalgia, especially in those who are not on disability or applying for it. [source] Differential in vitro CD4+/CD8+ T-cell response to live vs. killed Leishmania majorPARASITE IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 2 2010M. NATEGHI ROSTAMI Summary Clinical trials of killed Leishmania vaccines showed a limited efficacy compared with leishmanization (LZ). The reason for this difference in protection against cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is not known and in vivo studies on T-cell function may provide valuable information. Nevertheless, there are limited studies on the nature of the stimulatory effects of live vs. killed parasites on human T cells in vitro. A total of nine Leishmanin Skin Test+ volunteers with a history of self-healing CL (HCL) and seven healthy volunteers were included in this study. 5,6-carboxyfluroescein diacetate succinimidyl ester-labelled CD4+/CD8+ lymphocytes were cultured with killed Leishmania Lysate (Killed LL) or live Leishmania major (Live LM) and analysed for proliferation using flow cytometry. Culture supernatants were used for cytokine titration. In HCL volunteers, upon stimulation with killed LL, the number of proliferated CD4+/CD8+ cells was significantly more than that of unstimulated (P < 0·001) or live LM stimulated (P < 0·05) cells, or cells from controls (CD4+/CD8+: P < 0·05/P < 0·001). Stimulation of CD4+ cells with Live LM (P < 0·001) or Killed LL (P < 0·05) induced a significantly higher IFN-, production compared with that of controls, but Live LM induced significantly (P < 0·05) more IFN-, than Killed LL. A significantly (P < 0·05) higher IFN-, production was observed when CD8+ cells were stimulated with Live LM. Cells from HCL volunteers showed significantly more IL-10 production to Live LM stimulation compared with that of controls (CD4+: P < 0·05 /CD8+: P < 0·001) or cells stimulated with Killed LL (CD4+/CD8+: P < 0·001/P < 0·0005). Whereas Killed LL induced more proliferation response in purified T cells, Live LM induced cytokine production without significant induction of proliferation. The results from healed CL volunteers in this study could be implicated in further studies on T-cell response in vaccinated individuals. [source] CD52 expression in hairy cell leukemiaAMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY, Issue 4 2003Michael M. Quigley Abstract Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is a rare chronic B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by splenomegaly, pancytopenia, and circulating atypical lymphocytes with circumferential cytoplasmic projections. Although uncommon, HCL cases refractory to standard therapy occur, and effective alternatives are limited. There is evolving literature supporting monoclonal antibody therapy in the treatment of B-cell lymphoid malignancies, including anti-CD52 (Campath-1H, alemtuzumab). We have examined nine cases of HCL and one case of HCL variant by flow cytometry for CD52 expression. All cases expressed CD52 antigen in 92,100% of the malignant cells. The demonstration of CD52 antigen expression on HCL cells provides the rationale for the use of alemtuzumab in refractory HCL. Am. J. Hematol. 74:227,230, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Comment on Topical Verapamil HCL, Topical Trifluoroperazine, and Topical Magnesium Sulfate for the Treatment of Peyronie's Disease,A Placebo-Controlled Pilot StudyTHE JOURNAL OF SEXUAL MEDICINE, Issue 4i 2007Laurence Levine MD [source] Efficiency of obliteration procedures in the surgical treatment of hydatid cyst of the liverANZ JOURNAL OF SURGERY, Issue 11 2004Yilmaz Akgun Background: Hydatid cyst of the liver (HCL) is a parasitic infestation caused by several species of Echinococcus and is endemic in many sheep-raising areas. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the value of clinical, physical and laboratory findings and to discuss the diagnostic and therapeutic options in 250 patients with HCL. Methods: Between January 1980 and December 1989, 148 patients with HCL were treated surgically, and surgical procedures performed were evaluated retrospectively. On the basis of these findings, a prospective study of 102 patients was initiated between January 1990 and December 1999. Results: External drainage was performed in retrospective and prospective groups, respectively, in 110 and five patients, obliteration procedures in 31 and 82 and resectional procedures in seven and 15. While mean hospitalization time morbidity, mortality and recurrence rates were 16.2 ± 6.9 days, 37.8%, 2.0% and 6.7% in the retrospective group, these rates were decreased to 7.8 ± 3.5 days, 10.7%, 0.9% and 1.9%, respectively, in the prospective group. Overall morbidity, mortality and recurrence rates and median hospitalization time were 49.5%, 2.6%, 9.5% and 18.0 ± 7.4 days in external drainage group, 7.0%, 0% 0.8% and 8.5 ± 4.5 in obliteration procedures and 9.0%, 4.5%, 0% and 7.3 ± 1.9 resectional procedures, respectively. Conclusions: External drainage should be performed only in infected HCL. Resection procedures are too radical and extensive for benign lesions. Obliteration procedures are simple and safe methods for the treatment of HCL, and they have low morbidity, mortality and recurrence rates. [source] The value of tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) immunoreactivity in diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia,APMIS, Issue 3 2005HAMPAR AKKAYA Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is a rare chronic B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by splenomegaly, pancytopenia, and circulating atypical lymphocytes with circumferential cytoplasmic projections. We investigated the specificity and the sensitivity of anti-TRAP antibody immunoreactivity in 57 cases of HCL. We found that there is a statistically highly significant difference between TRAP immunoreactivities of the study and the control groups, and HCL can be diagnosed by TRAP immunoreactivity in bone marrow trephine biopsy materials with a specificity of 98.27 % and a sensitivity of 100%. [source] Sustained long-term remissions with weekly interferon maintenance therapy in hairy cell leukemiaASIA-PACIFIC JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ONCOLOGY, Issue 3 2010Raj RAMAKRISHNA Abstract Aim: This study evaluates the efficacy of weekly ,-interferon (IFN) maintenance therapy in hairy cell leukaemia (HCL), a disease that remains incurable. Method: Nine patients (six male, three female, aged 41,69 yrs) with hairy cell leukaemia (HCL) received IFN 3mU s.c. once weekly as long-term maintenance therapy after achieving optimal clinical and hematological response to initial therapy with thrice weekly IFN. Results: Eight of the nine patients are in a state of sustained response at 3,17 years (median 12 years). Conclusion: Our results are similar to those from three previous studies using long-term IFN maintenance therapy, bringing the total number of patients in sustained remission to 118. We hope these reports will lead to a multi-centre, phase III study of IFN maintenance therapy (including pegylated IFN, given less frequently) in HCL patients achieving optimal response to initial therapy, be it IFN or a purine analogue. [source] High density genome-wide DNA profiling reveals a remarkably stable profile in hairy cell leukaemiaBRITISH JOURNAL OF HAEMATOLOGY, Issue 5 2008Francesco Forconi Summary Hairy cell leukaemia (HCL) is a rare B-cell neoplasm for which the molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. High-density genome-wide DNA profiling was performed with Affymetrix 250K arrays to analyse copy number (CN) changes and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in 16 cases of HCL. Four of 16 cases (25%) demonstrated gross non-recurrent CN deletions. Within the affected regions, we identified genes involved in bone marrow fibrosis (FGF12) and response to treatment (TP53) in individual cases. Large regions (>5 Mb) of LOH without any concomitant DNA CN changes were identified in 5/16 (31%) HCL and were indicative of uniparental disomy UD. The germline origin of UD was demonstrated in one case for which a matched normal sample was available. Overall analysis of LOH showed that identical loci were recurrently targeted in chromosomes 1, 2 and 6. As a whole, however, HCL showed a remarkably stable genome. This finding adds to several other features that are unique to HCL among mature B-cell tumours. [source] Effect of Platinum and Ruthenium Incorporation on Voltammetric Behavior of Nitrogen Doped Diamond-Like Carbon Thin FilmsELECTROANALYSIS, Issue 23 2009W. Khun Abstract Nitrogen doped diamond-like carbon thin films with or without platinum and ruthenium incorporation (N-DLC or PtRuN-DLC) were deposited on highly conductive p-Si substrates by DC magnetron sputtering to study the effect of Pt and Ru doping on the voltammetric performance of the N-DLC films. The potential windows of these film electrodes were measured in different electrolytic solutions, such as H2SO4, HCl and KCl. The cyclic voltammograms obtained from the N-DLC film electrodes in these solutions showed wide potential windows while the introduction of Pt and Ru into the film electrodes apparently narrowed down the potential windows due to their catalytic activities. [source] Electroanalytical Determination of Cadmium(II) and Lead(II) Using an Antimony Nanoparticle Modified Boron-Doped Diamond ElectrodeELECTROANALYSIS, Issue 10 2009Kathryn Abstract We report the simultaneous electroanalytical determination of Pb2+ and Cd2+ by linear sweep anodic stripping voltammetry (LSASV) using an antimony nanoparticle modified boron doped diamond (Sb-BDD) electrode. Sb deposition was performed in situ with the analytes, from a solution of 1,mg L,1 SbCl3 in 0.1,M HCl (pH,1). Pb2+ inhibited the detection of Cd2+ during simultaneous additions at the bare BDD electrode, whereas in the presence of antimony, both peaks were readily discernable and quantifiable over the linear range 50,500,,g L,1. [source] Fast Mapping of Gunshot Residues by Batch Injection Analysis with Anodic Stripping Voltammetry of Lead at the Hanging Mercury Drop ElectrodeELECTROANALYSIS, Issue 2 2005Adriana De, Donato Abstract The forensic analysis of lead in gunshot residues (GSR) sampled on the hands of potential shooters is rendered faster, simpler and less expensive by a new batch injection analysis (BIA) method, based on differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV). A simple "J" shaped adaptor was designed to direct the flux of the analyte injected with a micropipettor onto the hanging mercury drop electrode of any commercial electrode stand. Sampling methods for GSR were compared and lifting with adhesive tape was elected for field use. The tapes are glued on polyethylene screens and stored in capped vials. Sampling with multiple strips provides coarse mapping of the distribution of lead on the shooter's hands. After a dissolution/extraction step with chloroform/aqueous 0.10,mol,L,1 HCl, 100,,L of the aqueous phase are injected during 25,s for accumulation of lead on the HMDE at ,0.60,V (vs. Ag/AgCl). A detection limit of 20,ng/mL of Pb(II), outreaching for GSR analysis, is reached without oxygen removal, at a frequency of 20 injections per hour. Results for sequences of shootings with a revolver and a pistol are presented. [source] Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry of Rifamycins at Unmodified and Surfactant-Modified Carbon Paste ElectrodesELECTROANALYSIS, Issue 20 2004Sonia Gutiérrez-Fernández Abstract The electrochemical behavior of the antibiotics rifampicin and rifamycin SV is investigated by cyclic voltammetry at carbon paste and in situ surfactant modified carbon paste electrodes. Both antibiotics adsorb on the unmodified electrodes and show a reversible redox process due to the oxidation of the 6,9-dihydroxynaphthalene moiety to the corresponding naphthoquinone. This process is used as analytical signal for developing adsorptive voltammetric methods for the determination of the antibiotics. Experimental parameters, such as pH of the supporting electrolyte, accumulation potential and time are optimized. After accumulation from acidic solutions (0.1,M KCl pH 2 or HCl 0.2,M) at ,0.1 or 0,V for 3,min, the differential pulse oxidation peak current changes linearly with the antibiotic concentration in the range 3.5×10,10,M ,5.4×10,9,M or 5×10,11,M ,1.0×10,9,M for rifampicin and rifamycin SV, respectively. Rifamycin SV is not accumulated on carbon paste electrodes modified in situ with the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate, whereas rifampicin is readily accumulated on this modified electrodes resulting in a signal enhancement and allowing rifampicin determinations without interference from rifamycin SV. On the other hand, selective determination of rifamycin SV in the presence of rifampicin is achieved by using carbon paste electrodes in situ modified with the cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium chloride. [source] Enhancement of Anodic Response for DMSO at Ruthenium Oxide Film Electrodes as a Result of Doping with Iron(III)ELECTROANALYSIS, Issue 2 2003Brett Abstract The oxidation of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to dimethyl sulfone (DMSO2) is representative of numerous anodic oxygen-transfer reactions of organosulfur compounds that suffer from slow kinetics at noble metal electrodes. Anodic voltammetric data for DMSO are examined at various RuO2 -film electrodes prepared by thermal deposition on titanium substrates. The response for DMSO is slightly larger at RuO2 films prepared in a flame as compared with films prepared in a furnace; however, temperature is more easily controlled in the furnace. Doping of the RuO2 films with Fe(III) further improves the sensitivity of anodic response for DMSO. Optimal response is obtained at an Fe(III)-doped RuO2 -film electrode prepared using a deposition solution of 50,mM RuCl3 and 10,mM FeCl3 in a 1,:,1 mixture of isopropanol and 12,M HCl at an annealing temperature of 450,°C. The Levich plot (i vs. ,1/2) and Koutecky-Levich plot (1/i vs. 1/,1/2) of amperometric data for the oxidation of DMSO at an Fe(III)-doped RuO2 -film electrode configured as a rotated disk are consistent with an anodic response controlled by mass-transport processes at low rotational velocities. Flow injection data demonstrate that Fe(III)-doped RuO2 -film electrodes exhibit detection capability for methionine and cysteine in addition to DMSO. Detection limits for 100-,L injections of the three compounds are ca. 3.2×10,4,mM, i.e., ca. 32,pmol. [source] Determination of iodide in samples with complex matrices by hyphenation of capillary isotachophoresis and zone electrophoresisELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 20 2007Pavla Pant Abstract A method has been developed for the determination of iodide in mineral water, seawater, cooking salt, serum, and urine based on hyphenation of capillary ITP and zone electrophoresis. A commercially available instrumentation for capillary ITP with column-switching system was used. ITP served for removal of chloride present in the analyzed samples in a ratio of 106,107:1 to iodide, zone electrophoresis was used for evaluation. Isotachophoretic separation proceeded in a capillary made of fluorinated ethylene,propylene copolymer of 0.8,mm id and 90,mm total length to the bifurcation point filled with a leading electrolyte (LE) composed of 8,mM HCl,+,16,mM ,-alanine (,-Ala),+,10% PVP,+,2.86,mM N2H4×2HCl, pH,3.2; and a terminating electrolyte composed of 8,mM H3PO4,+,16,mM ,-Ala,+,10% PVP,+,5,mM N2H4, pH,3.85 for all the matrices except seawater. For ITP of seawater the LE consisted of 50,mM HCl,+,100,mM ,-Ala,+,10% PVP +,2.86,mM N2H4×2HCl, pH,3.52. Distance of conductivity detector from the injection point and bifurcation point was 52 and 38,mm, respectively. Zone electrophoresis was performed in a capillary made of fused silica of 0.3,mm id and 160,mm total length filled with LE from isotachophoretic step. LODs reached for all matrices were 2,3×10,8,M concentration (2.5,4,,g/L) enabled monitoring of iodide in all analyzed samples with RSD 0.4,9.3%. Estimated concentrations of iodide in individual matrices were 10,6,10,8,M. [source] Simultaneous detection of S -adenosylmethionine and S -adenosylhomocysteine in mouse and rat tissues by capillary electrophoresisELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 7-8 2003Eric O. Uthus Abstract A capillary electrophoresis method for the determination of S -adenosylmethionine (SAM) and S -adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) in rat liver and kidney and mouse liver is described. The method can also be used to determine SAM in whole blood. The method provides rapid (approximately 16 min sample to sample) resolution of both compounds in perchloric extracts of tissues. Separation was performed by using an uncoated 50 ,m ID capillary with 60 cm total length (50 cm to the detector window). Samples were separated at 22.5 kV and the separation running buffer was 200 mM glycine pH 1.8 (with HCl). The method compares favorably to HPLC methods (r,2 = 0.994 for SAM, r,2 = 0.998 for SAH) and has a mass detection limit of about 10 fmol for both SAM and SAH at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. The method is linear over ranges of 1,100 ,M SAM and 1,250 ,M SAH. This method can be used to determine tissue concentrations of SAM and SAH, two metabolites that can provide insight into many biological processes. [source] Toxicity of the molybdate anion in soil is partially explained by effects of the accompanying cation or by soil pHENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & CHEMISTRY, Issue 6 2010Jurgen Buekers Abstract Previous studies have shown that toxicity of cationic trace metals in soil is partially confounded by effects of the accompanying anions. A similar assessment is reported here for toxicity of an oxyanion, i.e., molybdate (MoO), the soil toxicity of which is relatively unexplored. Solubility and toxicity were compared between the soluble sodium molybdate (Na2MoO4) and the sparingly soluble molybdenum trioxide (MoO3). Confounding effects of salinity were excluded by referencing the Na2MoO4 effect to that of sodium chloride (NaCl). The pH decrease from the acid MoO3 amendment was equally referenced to a hydrochloric (HCl) treatment or a lime-controlled MoO3 treatment. The concentrations of molybdenum (Mo) in soil solution or calcium chloride (CaCl2) 0.01,M extracts were only marginally affected by either MoO3 or Na2MoO4 as an Mo source after 10 to 13 days of equilibration. Effects of Mo on soil nitrification were fully confounded by associated changes in salinity or pH. Effects of Mo on growth of wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum L) were more pronounced than those on nitrification, and toxicity thresholds were unaffected by the form of added Mo. The Mo thresholds for wheat growth were not confounded by pH or salinity at incipient toxicity. It is concluded that oxyanion toxicity might be confounded in relatively insensitive tests for which reference treatments should be included. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:1274,1278. © 2010 SETAC [source] Slow desorption behavior of one highly resistant aromatic amine in Lake Macatawa, Michigan, USA, sedimentENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & CHEMISTRY, Issue 12 2005Shihua Chen Abstract The desorption behavior of benzidine from Lake Macatawa (Holland, MI, USA) sediment was investigated in this study using batch solvent extraction method. Seven solvents were tested as the extracting reagents: Deionized water (DI), calcium chloride in DI (CaCl2), sodium hydroxide in DI (NaOH), acetonitrile (ACN), a mixture of acetonitrile and ammonium acetate in DI (ACNNH4OAc), methanol (MeOH), and hydrochloric acid in DI (HCl). These solvents are proposed to react with sediment-associated benzidine by different mechanisms (e.g., cation exchange, hydrophobic partitioning, and covalent binding). Three sets of sorption isotherm experiments were conducted separately in these seven solvents with a 7-d, three-week, and two-month contact time. The results demonstrated nonlinear isotherms with Freundlich 1/n values varying from 0.25 to 0.52. The desorption behavior of benzidine in the solvents was evaluated after the sorption of benzidine onto the sediment with same contact times of 7 d, three weeks, and two months. A two-stage model subsequently was applied to simulate the experimental data. The rapidly desorbing rate constants were on the order of one to two per day for ACN, ACN-NH4OAc, and NaOH solvents, and the slowly desorbing rate constants were on the order of 10,5 to 10,4/d. Sequential desorption experiment demonstrated low total extraction efficiency of less than 40%. Both the observed sorption and desorption phenomena suggested that hysteresis and/or mass-transfer limited diffusion may result in the slow desorption behavior observed in this study. [source] Monomeric and Dimeric Copper(II) Complexes of a Pyrrole-Containing Tridentate Schiff-Base LigandEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 19 2009Rongqing Li Abstract Three copper(II) complexes of (L1),, [CuL1Cl] (1), [CuL1Br]n (2) and [Cu2(L1)2(,1,3 -NCS)2] (3), and two copper(II) complexes of HL1, [Cu(HL1)X2] (X = Cl,, 4; X = Br,, 5), have been prepared and characterised [where HL1 is the Schiff-base ligand derived from pyrrole-2-carbaldehyde and 2-aminomethylpyridine]. The removal of a chloride ion and deprotonation of [Cu(HL1)Cl2] (4) to form [CuL1Cl] (1) worked well. However, attempts to protonate [CuL1Cl] with HCl to re-form [Cu(HL1)Cl2] were not successful. X-ray structure determinations revealed that 1 is a N3Cl-coordinated square-planar copper(II) monomer [CuL1Cl], whereas 3 is a doubly end-to-end thiocyanate-bridged square-pyramidal copper(II) dimer [Cu2(L1)2(,1,3 -NCS)2]. The structure determinations on 4 and 5 showed that in both cases the copper(II) ion is in a distorted square-planar N2X2 environment, with the pyrrole NH remaining non-deprotonated and uncoordinated. Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility investigations carried out on the end-to-end thiocyanate doubly bridged square-pyramidal copper(II) dimer 3 showed that no magnetic coupling occurs between the two copper(II) ions; it exhibits Curie-like magnetic behaviour.(© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009) [source] Different Morphological Organic,Inorganic Hybrid Nanomaterials as Fluorescent Chemosensors and Adsorbents for CuII IonsEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 10 2008Soo Jin Lee Abstract Functionalized silica nanotubes (FSNT), functionalized mesoporous silica (FMS), and functionalized silica nanoparticles (FSNP-15) with an immobilized phenanthroline moiety as a fluorescent receptor were fabricated by a sol,gel reaction, and their binding abilities with metal ions were evaluated by fluorophotometry in water/acetonitrile (8:2, v/v) at pH 7. They selectively recognized Cu2+ ions among other metal cations such as Co2+, Cd2+, Hg2+, Ni2+, Fe3+, Ag+, Pb2+, and Zn2+, because the Cu2+ ion selectively binds to the nitrogen atoms of the phenanthroline moiety. Among the three silica nanomaterials with the immobilized receptor 1, the sensitivity of FSNT for Cu2+ ions is better than those of FMS and FSNP-15, indicating that the adsorption capacity for metal ions is dependent on the shape and surface area of the supporting nanomaterials. FSNT (10 mg) adsorb 75,% of the Cu2+ ions (2.0,×,10,4 mM) while FSNP-15 (10 mg) adsorb only 36,%. The detection limit of FSNT for Cu2+ ions was ca. 3.0,×,10,8M. FSNT and FMS can be easily renewed by treatment with a solution of HCl and tetrabutylammonium hydroxide. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008) [source] Synthesis, Characterization, and Sensitizing Properties of Heteroleptic RuII Complexes Based on 2,6-Bis(1-pyrazolyl)pyridine and 2,2,-Bipyridine-4,4,-dicarboxylic Acid LigandsEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 36 2007Athanassios I. Philippopoulos Abstract Starting from the Ru(bpp)Cl3 precursor (1), a family of novel heteroleptic RuII complexes of the general formulae [Ru(bpp)(dcbpyH)(X)] [X = Cl, (2a), NCS,, (3)] and Na[Ru(bpp)(dcbpy)(CN)] (4) with the ligands 2,6-bis(1-pyrazolyl)pyridine (bpp) and 2,2,-bipyridine-4,4,-dicarboxylic acid (dcbpyH2) has been synthesized, spectroscopically characterized, and attached to nanocrystalline TiO2 electrodes to be tested as solar cell sensitizers. Addition of HCl to (2a) led to the corresponding cationic derivative [Ru(bpp)(dcbpyH2)Cl]Cl (2b). All complexes were characterized by FT-IR, FT-Raman, UV/Vis, 1H NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and mass spectrometry. Complex 4 and the previously reported [Ru(bdmpp)(dcbpyH2)Cl](PF6) (5) [bdmpp is 2,6-bis(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)pyridine] were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The photo-electochemical properties of the dyes 2,4 were investigated and the efficiency of the corresponding dye-sensitized solar cells was compared to the sensitizing performance of the cis -[Ru(dcbpyH)2(NCS)2](NBu4)2 (N719) dye.(© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007) [source] Synthesis and Functionalization of Germanium Triphenylcorrolate: The First Example of a Partially Brominated CorroleEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 16 2007Sara Nardis Abstract Ge complexes of 5,10,15-triphenylcorrole were prepared in refluxing dry DMF using GeCl4 as the source of Ge. Chromatographic separation of the crude reaction mixture afforded the ,-oxo dimer 1 and the methoxy derivative 2a. The corresponding chloride 2b can be obtained by treatment of 1 or 2a with HCl. The reaction of 2a with Br2 in CHCl3/py afforded the hexabromo derivative 3 as the main product, giving the first indication of the regioselective substitution of pyrroles B and C on the corrole ring. The fully brominated open-chain tetrapyrrole 4 was also characterized as a reaction by-product. Different partially brominated Ge complexes 5 and 6 have been obtained by variation of reaction conditions, while the heptabromo derivative was obtained in a mixture with the corresponding fully brominated Gecorrole. Photophysical characterization of Ge corrolates confirmed the high fluorescence quantum yield of such complexes, and also led to the first observation of phosphorescence emissions from corrole complexes. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007) [source] Comparative Sol,Hydro(Solvo)thermal Synthesis of TiO2 NanocrystalsEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 11 2006Xianfeng Yang Abstract Three small inorganic compounds [acetic acid (CH3COOH), nitric acid (HNO3), and hydrochloric acid (HCl)] andfive small organic compounds [n -butyl alcohol (CH3CH2CH2CH2OH), 1,2-propanediol (CH2OHCHOHCH3), propane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (HOOCCH2COOH), butane-1,4-dicarboxylic acid (HOOCCH2CH2COOH), and ethylenediamine (H2NCH2CH2NH2)] with different donors (Cl,, NO3,, OH, COO,, and NH2) are used respectively and comparatively in different reaction media for tailoring the sol,hydrothermal synthesis of TiO2 nanocrystals at a specific reaction temperature and/or for different reaction times. Both anatase and rutile with a variety of nanostructures such as nanocubes, nanorods, nanoneedles, and their self-assembled nanospheres are selectively grown. Well-defined and crystalline anatase nanocrystals with a narrow size distribution are prepared in the presence of n -butyl alcohol. With the use of HCl, nanoneedles and their assembled nanospheres of phase-pure rutile are obtained under much less drastic conditions, even at 100 °C and for only two hours. The effects of the reaction media, synthesis temperatures, and aging times on the structures and shapes of the products are investigated in detail by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006) [source] Ring Closure of Alkoxycarbonyl(tetracarbonyl)pyruvoyliron Complexes into Metallalactones Induced by Nucleophilic Attack of CarbanionsEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 7 2006Patrice Cabon Abstract The reaction of carbanions with the pyruvoyl-substituted iron complex [(CO)4Fe(CO2CH3){C(O)C(O)CH3}] (1) affords the anionic trifunctionalized metallalactones [(CO)3Fe{C(O)C(CH3)(CRR,R,)OC4(O)(Fe,C4)}(CO2CH3)], (3), whose formation results from the addition of the nucleophile to the , carbonyl of the pyruvoyl moiety, followed by attack of the oxygen of this , carbonyl on a terminal carbonyl ligand. These anionic lactones react, at low temperature, with HCl to give rise to the neutral lactones [(CO)4Fe{C(O)C(CH3)(CRR,R,)OC4(O)(Fe,C4)}] (2), which were previously obtained by addition of NuH nucleophiles to 1. Complex 3(3), whose lactonic ring formation has been performed using the diethyl malonate anion (R = R, = CO2C2H5; R, = H), and the dimethyl-substituted neutral lactone 2(1) (R = R, = R, = H) have been characterized by X-ray diffraction studies. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006) [source] Synthesis and Characterization of [OsCl2(=C=CHR)(PPh3)2] and Related ComplexesEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 14 2004Ting Bin Wen Abstract Treatment of [OsCl2(PPh3)3] with HC,CR (R = Ph, p -tolyl, CMe3) in the presence of HCl gives the corresponding trichloro(carbyne) complexes [OsCl3(,CCH2R)(PPh3)2] in good yields. The vinylidene complexes [OsCl2(=C=CHR)(PPh3)2] (R = Ph, p -tolyl, CMe3) are, in turn, prepared from the reactions of the carbyne complexes [OsCl3(,CCH2R)(PPh3)2] with NEt3. These new vinylidene complexes are hygroscopic and react with H2O to give (aqua)(vinylidene) complexes [OsCl2(H2O)(=C=CHR)(PPh3)2]. The structures of several of these new complexes have been determined by X-ray diffraction studies. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004) [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||