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H Duration (h + duration)
Selected AbstractsWhere to now with carbon monoxide poisoning?EMERGENCY MEDICINE AUSTRALASIA, Issue 2 2004Carlos D Scheinkestel Abstract The controversy regarding the role of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) in the treatment of carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning has been re-ignited following the publication of a further randomized controlled trial by Weaver et al., the results of which appear to conflict with our findings. Comparative analysis suggests that the apparent outcome differences may be secondary to the design, analysis and interpretation of the results of the two studies. Following careful analysis of these two papers and further results from a study by Raphael et al on 385 CO-poisoned patients, we can still find no convincing evidence favouring HBO therapy. Pending further research to determine optimal oxygen therapy for CO-poisoning, current therapy should involve stratifying patients for risk of a poor outcome. This stratification may be aided by the evolving availability of biochemical markers of brain injury and the finding that patients with transient loss of consciousness and poor performance on neuropsychological tests of the supervisory attention system are at higher risk of neuropsychological sequelae. We propose that those patients most at risk be admitted and receive more prolonged normobaric oxygen therapy whilst those with more minor CO-poisoning should be provided with normobaric oxygen of no less than 6 h duration and certainly until sign and symptom free. [source] Bacteria of preoperative urinary tract infections contaminate the surgical fields and develop surgical site infections in urological operationsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UROLOGY, Issue 11 2004RYOICHI HAMASUNA Abstract Background: The risk factors for surgical site infection (SSI) following urological operations have not been clearly identified, although the presence of a preoperative urinary tract infection (UTI) is thought to be one risk factor. We studied potential risk factors to clarify when and how bacteria contaminate wounds and SSI develop. Methods: Objects of the present study were patients with SSI after open urological operations that were performed at the Department of Urology, Miyazaki Medical College Hospital, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, Japan, during the period between June 1999 and December 2000. Endourological operations, operations on children and short operations of less than 2 h duration were excluded. Patients were screened for the presence of UTI before the operation and subcutaneous swabs for culture were collected at the end of the operation by brushing with a sterile cotton-swab just before skin closure. Results: Surgical site infections occurred in 20 of 134 patients. Bacteria from the subcutaneous swabs were detected in 15 (75.0%) of the patients with SSI. All patients received antimicrobial prophylaxis (AMP), but bacteria from the subcutaneous swabs of patients with SSI were less susceptible to the agents (20.0%). Preoperative UTI were observed in 11 (55.0%) of the patients with SSI. In these patients, four had the same species of bacteria detected from urine, swab and wound, three had the same species from swab and wound and one had the same species from urine and wound. Conclusions: Preoperative UTI was the most important risk factor for SSI following urological operations. It is most likely that the bacteria in the urine contaminated the surgical fields and the AMP resistant strains produced SSI. [source] H1 -antihistaminic activity of cetirizine and fexofenadine in allergic childrenPEDIATRIC ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 3 2003F. Estelle R. Simons The clinical pharmacology of H1 -antihistamines has not yet been optimally studied in children and other special groups of patients. Our objective was to determine the onset, extent, and duration of H1 -antihistaminic activity of cetirizine and fexofenadine in the pediatric population. We performed a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover, single-dose study of these H1 -antihistamines in 15 allergic children, mean±SEM age 8.8±0.5 years. We used suppression of the histamine-induced wheal and flare as the primary outcome. Compared with pre-dose baseline, cetirizine 10 mg suppressed the wheals significantly (p,0.05) from 2 to 24 h and the flares significantly from 1 to 24 h, achieving 77±SEM 10% to 86±9% suppression of the wheal from 2 to 7 h and 85±6% to 88±6% suppression of the flare from 2 to 24 h, inclusive. Compared with baseline, fexofenadine 30 mg did not suppress the wheals or flares significantly at any time, achieving 40±9% to 54±9% wheal suppression from 2 to 7 h and 45±11% to 68±9% flare suppression from 2 to 7 h, inclusive. Compared with placebo, cetirizine suppressed the wheals and flares significantly from 2 to 24 h. Compared with placebo, fexofenadine suppressed the wheals significantly at 4 and 6 h, and the flares from 4 to 7 h. Cetirizine suppressed the wheals and flares significantly more than fexofenadine at 2 h (wheals), and at 3 and 24 h (flares). Placebo did not suppress the wheals and flares significantly at any time. In children age 6,11 years, cetirizine 10 mg has a rapid onset of H1 -antihistaminic activity, a 24-h duration of action, and greater H1 -activity than fexofenadine 30 mg. Higher doses of fexofenadine should be tested in children. [source] Clinical pharmacology of the H1 -receptor antagonists cetirizine and loratadine in childrenPEDIATRIC ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 2 2000F. Estelle R. Simons H1 -receptor antagonists are widely used in children but are not as well-studied in children as they are in adults. Our objective was to determine the onset and duration of action and the relative potency of the H1 -receptor antagonists cetirizine and loratadine in children. We performed a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover, single-dose study of cetirizine and loratadine using suppression of the histamine-induced wheal and flare as the primary outcome. In 15 allergic children, mean age 9 years, compared with baseline, cetirizine (10 mg) suppressed the wheals and flares significantly from 0.25 to 24 h, achieving nearly 100% of flare suppression from 2 to 24 h, inclusive, and loratadine (10 mg) suppressed the wheals and flares significantly from 0.75 to 24 h, inclusive. Cetirizine suppressed the wheals and flares significantly more than loratadine from 0.25 to 1 h, inclusive, and at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, and 24 h, respectively. Placebo also suppressed the wheal and flare significantly at some assessment times. Cetirizine and loratadine both have excellent antihistaminic activity in children, with a rapid onset of action and a 24-h duration of action in this population. [source] Summer activity patterns of nocturnal Scarabaeoidea (Coleoptera) of the southern tablelands of New South WalesAUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 1 2007Martin J Steinbauer Abstract, Australia has a rich diversity of Scarabaeoidea; however, little is known about the majority of them. Because adults of Anoplognathus, Automolius, Heteronychus, Heteronyx and Liparetrus in particular are reliant upon eucalypts, a number of bluegum plantation companies supported the commencement of research into the biology and ecology of scarabs of economic significance to them. Consequently, it was decided that the occurrences of species endemic to this area would be studied and it was assumed that information on the nocturnal species in the aforementioned genera would be obtained. From late November 2003 until late February 2004, the abundances of Scarabaeoidea caught in two light traps that partition insects caught on a given night into seven time periods each of 1.75 h duration were recorded. A total of 48 263 scarabs representing 21 genera were caught. Within the 14 species caught most often, six types of summer activity pattern were apparent: late spring to early summer (Australobolbus gayndahensis), early to mid-summer (Scitala sericans), mid-summer only (Sericesthis ignota), mid- to late summer (Acrossidius tasmaniae, Aphodius lividus, Heteronyx chlorotica, Het. praecox and Antitrogus morbillosus), late summer only (Ataenius picinus) and all summer (Anoplognathus pallidicollis, Phyllotocus macleayi, Sericesthis geminata, Ser. micans and Ser. nigrolineata). Abundances of nine species peaked between 21:30 and 23:15 h (Aph. lividus, Phy. macleayi, Het. chlorotica, Sci. sericans, Ser. geminata, Ser. micans, Ser. nigrolineata and possibly also Ant. morbillosus), three were most abundant between 19:45 and 21:30 h (Ano. pallidicollis, Ser. ignota and possibly also Ata. picinus), another two were most abundant from 19:45 to 23:15 h (Acr. tasmaniae and Het. praecox) and Aus. gayndahensis was most abundant between 23:15 and 01:00 h. Of course, it is not just a knowledge of the identity of the species and the timing of their occurrence that are important when making insect management decisions, but also the size of population needed to inflict economically significant loss. It is now beholden upon bluegum plantation companies to support further research to determine the relationships between light trap catches of eucalypt-feeding scarabs, tree age and/or size and level of defoliation in order to improve their confidence in this method of monitoring over ground surveys. [source] | ||||||||||