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Guiding Principles (guiding + principle)
Selected AbstractsA Tale of Two Solitudes: Comparing Conflict and Development-induced Internal Displacement and Involuntary ResettlementINTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, Issue 5 2003Robert Muggah Development projects and war regularly lead to the internal displacement and involuntary resettlement of tens of millions of people each year. Though most "internally displaced people" settle spontaneously, a significant proportion is involuntarily resettled into planned "camps" and "settlements". This article is primarily concerned with a relatively understudied category of forced migration studies: resettlement. It contends that until very recently, the theory, policy, and practice of resettlement for people internally displaced by development and war have been treated as intellectually and practically exclusive. Decision makers and scholars working on the subject are frequently beholden to narrow disciplinary and bureaucratic interests and are unable or unwilling to look across institutional boundaries. As a result, policies and programmes intended to resettle populations have been clustered into two discrete (and disparate) narratives. Each of these draw from distinct normative moorings, government and non-governmental interpretations of "success" and "failure" and a division of labour closely tailored to the disciplines and expertise of those in the development and humanitarian communities. Though arising from separate traditions and conceived exclusively by donors, policy makers, and scholars, this article contends that they actually share many common features. Drawing on a vast and rapidly growing literature, this article seeks to frame the key debates on development and war-induced internal displacement and resettlement. It begins with an overview of definitional issues , including "internal displacement" and "resettlement", two concepts that are regularly contested and misunderstood. The article observes that the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement have, to some extent, clarified the rights of development and conflict-induced internally displaced people, as well as the responsibilities of states. It notes that in practice, however, resettlement of both types of populations is treated separately. The article then turns to a number of seminal theoretical contributions to the study of development and conflict-induced internal displacement and involuntary resettlement (DIDR and CIDR, respectively). The article highlights their separate evolution in theory and practice over time. It closes with a brief treatment of some of the common features of DIDR and CIDR, including their political economy, their institutional and bureaucratic logic, and similar patterns of impoverishment risks. [source] Training and performance improvement professionals' perspectives on ethical challenges during evaluationPERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT QUARTERLY, Issue 1 2010Seung Youn (Yonnie) Chyung EdD Ethical concerns are rising in the business world. With this in mind, training and performance improvement practitioners, especially during evaluation projects, should be aware of principles and codes of ethics, and their behaviors and decisions should reflect the standards recognized by members of the professional society. A study was conducted with 108 training and performance improvement practitioners to reveal the reasoning behind their judgments of ethically challenging evaluation situations and to understand their rationales through the lens of existing guiding principles. Participants read three scenarios and judged the ethicality of the evaluator's actions in each scenario. Results revealed that participants who were aware of both the International Society for Performance Improvement's Code of Ethics and American Evaluation Association's Guiding Principles for Evaluators were stricter in their judgments about the ethicality of one scenario than those who were not. This article discusses implications of the results and higher education's role in reinforcing an ethical culture and ethical practice by employees. [source] Texas Children's Hospital makes leadership development a core business strategyGLOBAL BUSINESS AND ORGANIZATIONAL EXCELLENCE, Issue 3 2007Linda Aldred Even an admirable culture can have its dark side, and convincing current leaders that leadership is the problem is a task best not taken lightly. Texas Children's Hospital rose to the challenge with creative ways for building an enduring commitment to change, and for infusing leadership development into leaders' psyches and practices. Guiding principles and success profiles now link mission and values with the day-to-day expectations for employees, and are fully integrated into measurement, performance management, and selection systems. Powerful new tools and resources are helping build leadership competencies at all levels. Lower turnover and greater employee satisfaction are just the first indicators of the success of the initiative. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] The Economics of Trade Disputes, the GATT's Article XXIII, and the WTO's Dispute Settlement UnderstandingECONOMICS & POLITICS, Issue 3 2002Chad P. Bown Economic theory has yet to provide a convincing argument that can explain why the threat of retaliation under the GATT/WTO dispute settlement procedures is not sufficient to prevent countries from violating the agreement. We consider the question of why countries violate the agreed,upon rules in the face of explicit provisions which allow them to legally adjust their trade policy. Using the GATT/WTO institutional structure and the guiding principle of reciprocity, we provide a theory suggesting when countries will choose to implement protection in violation of GATT/WTO rules, as opposed to under the relevant safeguards provisions, when trade policy adjustments are necessary between "negotiating rounds." [source] Measuring the People Side of FedEx ExpressGLOBAL BUSINESS AND ORGANIZATIONAL EXCELLENCE, Issue 4 2001Scott M. Smith At FedEx Express,the Federal Express subsidiary of the FedEx Corporation,the guiding principle is People-Service-Profit, whereby the company takes care of its people, who provide service to customers, who return profit. That principle works as both management and employee actions are guided by a variety of measured processes designed to ensure the performance that generates more than $15 billion in revenue by delivering an average of 3.3 million packages a day. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [source] Healthcare in a land called PeoplePower: nothing about me without meHEALTH EXPECTATIONS, Issue 3 2001Tom Delbanco MD In a 5-day retreat at a Salzburg Seminar attended by 64 individuals from 29 countries, teams of health professionals, patient advocates, artists, reporters and social scientists adopted the guiding principle of ,nothing about me without me' and created the country of PeoplePower. Designed to shift health care from ,biomedicine' to ,infomedicine', patients and health workers throughout PeoplePower join in informed, shared decision-making and governance. Drawing, where possible, on computer-based guidance and communication technologies, patients and clinicians contribute actively to the patient record, transcripts of clinical encounters are shared, and patient education occurs primarily in the home, school and community-based organizations. Patients and clinicians jointly develop individual ,quality contracts', serving as building blocks for quality measurement and improvement systems that aggregate data, while reflecting unique attributes of individual patients and clinicians. Patients donate process and outcome data to national data banks that fuel epidemiological research and evidence-based improvement systems. In PeoplePower hospitals, constant patient and employee feedback informs quality improvement work teams of patients and health professionals. Volunteers work actively in all units, patient rooms are information centres that transform their shape and decor as needs and individual preferences dictate, and arts and humanities programmes nourish the spirit. In the community, from the earliest school days the citizenry works with health professionals to adopt responsible health behaviours. Communities join in selecting and educating health professionals and barter systems improve access to care. Finally, lay individuals partner with professionals on all local, regional and national governmental and private health agencies. [source] Relational Group Autonomy: Ethics of Care and the Multiculturalism ParadigmHYPATIA, Issue 1 2010FIONA MacDONALD In recent decades, group autonomy approaches to multiculturalism have gained legitimacy within both academic and policy circles. This article examines the centrality of group autonomy in the multiculturalism debate, particularly in the highly influential approach of Will Kymlicka. I argue that his response to the dilemmas of liberal-democratic multiculturalism relies on an underdeveloped conceptualization of group autonomy. Despite presumably good intentions, his narrow notion of cultural group autonomy obscures the requirements of minority group members' democratic capabilities and thereby works against the kind of transformative change that "accommodated" groups are seeking from the state. Although some critics (Young 1990; Benhabib 2002) have gone so far as to reject autonomy-based approaches to accommodation altogether (Young 1990, 251), I suggest that this position goes too far. In response, I offer an intermediary position between those that defend and those that reject an autonomy-based approach. Instead of fully rejecting autonomy as a guiding principle for multiculturalism, I develop an ethics of care approach to group autonomy based on relationality, which addresses the inadequacies of the dominant approach to multiculturalism. Such an account of group autonomy is a vital step toward reconciling multiculturalism with the necessary components of liberal-democratic citizenship. [source] From Habermas's communicative theory to practice on the internetINFORMATION SYSTEMS JOURNAL, Issue 4 2003Michael S. H. Heng Abstract., Communication plays a crucial role in influencing our social life. However, communication has often been distorted by unequal opportunities to initiate and participate in it. Such conditions have been criticized by Habermas who argues for an ideal speech situation, i.e. a situation of democratic communication with equal opportunities for social actors to communicate in an undistorted manner. This ideal situation is partially being realized by the advent of the internet. The paper describes how an internet-based tool for collaborative authoring was conceptualized, developed and then deployed with Habermas's Critical Social Theory as a guiding principle. The internet-based electronic forum, known by its acronym GRASS (Group Report Authoring Support System), is a web tool supporting the production of concise group reports that give their readers an up-to-date and credible overview of the positions of various stakeholders on a particular issue. Together with people and procedures, it is a comprehensive socio-technical information system that can play a role in resolving societal conflicts. A prototype of GRASS has been used by an environmental group as a new way in which to create a more equal exchange and comparison of ideas among various stakeholders in the debate on genetically modified food. With the widespread use of the internet, such a forum has the potential to become an emergent form of communication for widely dispersed social actors to conduct constructive debate and discussion. The barriers to such a mode of communication still remain , in the form of entrenched power structures, and limitations to human rationality and responsibility. However, we believe that the support provided by the comprehensive system of technological functionality as well as procedural checks and balances provided by GRASS may considerably reduce the impact of these obstacles. In this way, the ideal speech situation may be approximated more closely in reality. [source] Asymmetric Activation/Deactivation of Racemic Ru Catalysts for Highly Enantioselective Hydrogenation Irrespective of Ketonic Substrates: Molecular Design of Dimethylbinaphthylamine for Enantiomeric Catalysts DiscriminationADVANCED SYNTHESIS & CATALYSIS (PREVIOUSLY: JOURNAL FUER PRAKTISCHE CHEMIE), Issue 1-2 2003Koichi Mikami Abstract Asymmetric activation and deactivation of racemic catalysts are two extremes in asymmetric catalysis. In a combination of these two protocols, higher enantioselectivity can be achieved by maximizing the difference in catalytic activity between the enantiomers of racemic catalysts through selective activation and deactivation of enantiomeric catalysts. 3,3,-Dimethyl-2,2,-diamino-1,1,-binaphthyl (DM-DABN) is thus designed as a chiral poison (deactivator) for complete enantiomer resolution of racemic BINAP-Ru(II) catalysts. The catalyst system of DM-DABN, 1,2-diphenylethylenediamine (DPEN), and racemic BINAP-Ru(II) led to great success in highly enantioselective hydrogenation irrespective of the ketonic substrates. The lower catalytic activity of the BINAP-Ru(II)/DM-DABN complex stems from the electron delocalization from the Ru center to the diamine moiety in contrast to the BINAP-Ru(II)/DPEN complex where the highest electron densities are localized on the Ru-N region. The present ,asymmetric activation/deactivation protocol' can provide a guiding principle for the rational design of a molecule for enantiomeric discrimination between racemic catalysts. [source] Escaping the Regulatory Net: Why Regulatory Reform Can Fail Consumers,LAW & POLICY, Issue 4 2005HENRY ROTHSTEIN This paper considers the impact of recent reforms to the UK food safety régime and considers whether the reforms have been able to deliver their promised benefits and if not, why not. Empirically, the paper examines the UK Food Standards Agency's (FSA) reforms to the régime managing food allergen risks, and the extent to which those reforms have reflected the FSA's guiding principle of "putting consumers first". The paper finds that the operationalization of that guiding principle was mitigated by a number of factors, including: interpretative flexibility in representing consumer interests; the institutional structure and character of the régime; the political and cultural environment in which the régime operated; and normative uncertainties about the allocation of rights and responsibilities in managing risks. The paper concludes that risk regulation reforms are likely to fail in prioritizing consumer interests unless such factors are taken into account. [source] Attitudes towards the doctor,patient relationship: a prospective study in an Asian medical schoolMEDICAL EDUCATION, Issue 11 2008Kheng Hock Lee Context, Patient-centredness is an accepted guiding principle for health system reform, patient care and medical education. Although these attitudes are strongly linked with cultural values, few studies have examined attitudes towards patient-centredness in a cross-cultural setting. Objectives, This prospective study evaluated attitudes towards patient-centredness in a cohort of Asian medical students and examined changes in these attitudes in the same students on completion of their junior clinical clerkships. Methods, The study was conducted in a cohort of 228 medical students entering Year 3 in medical school. The Patient,Practitioner Orientation Scale (PPOS), a validated instrument which scores an individual's level of patient-centredness, was used. Results, Being female and having personal experience of continuing care were significantly associated with higher scores. Students in the USA were previously reported to have similar ,caring' but higher ,sharing' scores on the same scale. At the end of the junior clinical clerkship, there were improvements in the ,caring' subscale, but no change or a reduction in ,sharing'. Students who did not have previous personal experience with continuing care experienced a greater increase in overall PPOS score. Conclusions, When compared with students in the USA, the students in our study appear to have a lower propensity to view the doctor,patient relationship as a partnership. This may be a reflection of differences in cultural norms and expectations of doctor,patient interaction in different societies. Our finding that attitudes towards patient-centredness did not decline over the course of the year, which contrasts with findings of other studies, may be attributed to various factors and warrants further study. [source] The Paradox of Constituent Power.RATIO JURIS, Issue 4 2007The Ambiguous Self-Constitution of the European Union This ambiguity is a fundamental feature of polities in general, and the European Union in particular. Rather than suppressing this ambiguity, democracy,and a fortiori a European democracy worth its name,institutionalises it as the guiding principle of political action. As will transpire, the conceptual and normative problems raised by political self-constitution are linked to self-attribution, i.e., the conditions under which a collective ascribes legislation to itself. [source] Paul D. Cravath, The First World War, and the Anglophile Internationalist TraditionAUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF POLITICS AND HISTORY, Issue 2 2005Priscilla Roberts The First World War played a central role in the creation within the United States of an Atlanticist foreign policy elite or establishment, a group of influential Americans drawn primarily from upper class lawyers, bankers, academics, and politicians of the Eastern seaboard, committed to a strand of Anglophile internationalism which to date has received considerably less scholarly attention than that of Wilsonian universalism. The evolution of the Atlanticist Establishment can be traced in the career of Paul D. Cravath, one of New York's foremost corporation lawyers. For Cravath, in his mid-fifties when the war began, the conflict served as an epiphany, sparking an interest in international affairs that dominated his remaining career. Fiercely Anglophile, he strongly supported American intervention in the war, and hoped that close Anglo-American cooperation would be the guiding principle of post-war international organization. In the 1920s Cravath urged the reduction of both German reparations and inter-allied war debts; he also supported United States membership in the World Court. Before his death in July 1940 Cravath, though initially far from optimistic that his country would once more take arms against Germany in the Second World War, was as staunchly pro-Allied as during the previous conflict. [source] Temperature perception and nociceptionDEVELOPMENTAL NEUROBIOLOGY, Issue 1 2004Barry G. Green Abstract The specificity theory of somesthesis holds that perceptions of warmth, cold, and pain are served by separate senses. Although no longer accepted in all its details, the theory's basic assumptions of anatomical and functional specificity have remained guiding principles in research on temperature perception and its relationship to pain. This article reviews the response characteristics of thermoreceptors, temperature-sensitive nociceptors, and their associated pathways in the context of old and new perceptual phenomena, most of which cannot be satisfactorily explained by the specificity theory. The evidence indicates that throughout most of the perceptual range, temperature sensitivity depends upon coactivation of, and interactions among, thermal and nociceptive pathways that are composed of both specific "labeled lines" and nonspecific, multimodal fibers. Adding to this complexity is evidence that tactile stimulation can influence the way in which thermal stimulation is perceived. It is argued that thermoreception is best defined as a functional subsystem of somesthesis that serves the very different and sometimes conflicting demands of thermoregulation, protection from thermal injury, and haptic perception. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 61: 13,29, 2004 [source] Differentiation and integration: guiding principles for analyzing cognitive changeDEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE, Issue 4 2008Robert S. Siegler Differentiation and integration played large roles within classic developmental theories but have been relegated to obscurity within contemporary theories. However, they may have a useful role to play in modern theories as well, if conceptualized as guiding principles for analyzing change rather than as real-time mechanisms. In the present study, we used this perspective to examine which rules children use, the order in which the rules emerge, and the effectiveness of instruction on water displacement problems. We found that children used systematic rules to solve such problems, and that the rules progress from undifferentiated to differentiated forms and toward increasingly accurate integration of the differentiated variables. Asking children to explain both why correct answers were correct and why incorrect answers were incorrect proved more effective than only requesting explanations of correct answers, which was more effective than just receiving feedback on the correctness of answers. Requests for explanations appeared to operate through helping children notice potential explanatory variables, formulate more advanced rules, and generalize the rules to novel problems. [source] How to detect cognitive strategies: commentary on ,Differentiation and integration: guiding principles for analyzing cognitive change'DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE, Issue 4 2008Han L.J. Van Der Maas First page of article [source] Design syntheses and mitochondrial complex I inhibitory activity of novel acetogenin mimicsFEBS JOURNAL, Issue 9 2000Kaoru Kuwabara Some natural acetogenins are the most potent inhibitors of mitochondrial complex I. These compounds are characterized by two functional units [i.e. hydroxylated tetrahydrofuran (THF) and ,,,-unsaturated ,-lactone ring moieties] separated by a long alkyl spacer. To elucidate which structural factors of acetogenins, including their active conformation, are crucial for the potent inhibitory activity we synthesized a novel bis-acetogenin and its analogues possessing two ,-lactone rings connected to bis-THF rings by flexible alkyl spacers. The inhibitory potency of the bis-acetogenin with bovine heart mitochondrial complex I was identical to that of bullatacin, one of the most potent natural acetogenins. This result indicated that one molecule of the bis-acetogenin does not work as two reactive inhibitors, suggesting that a ,-lactone and the THF ring moieties act in a cooperative manner on the enzyme. In support of this, either of the two ring moieties synthesized individually showed no or very weak inhibitory effects. Moreover, combined use of the two ring moieties at various molar ratios exhibited no synergistic enhancement of the inhibitory potency. These observations indicate that both functional units work efficiently only when they are directly linked by a flexible alkyl spacer. Therefore, some specific conformation of the spacer must be important for optimal positioning of the two units in the enzyme. Furthermore, the ,,,-unsaturated ,-lactone, the 4-OH group in the spacer region, the long alkyl tail attached to the THF unit and the stereochemistry surrounding the hydroxylated bis-THF rings were not crucial for the activity, although these are the most common structural features of natural acetogenins. The present study provided useful guiding principles not only for simplification of complicated acetogenin structure, but also for further wide structural modifications of these molecules. [source] Theory of chemical bonds in metalloenzymes.INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF QUANTUM CHEMISTRY, Issue 15 2010Abstract Reaction mechanisms of oxygen evolution in native and artificial photosynthesis II (PSII) systems have been investigated on the theoretical grounds, together with experimental results. First of all, our previous broken-symmetry (BS) molecular orbitals (MO) calculations are reviewed to elucidate the instability of the d,-p, bond in high-valent (HV) Mn(X)O systems and the d,-p,-d, bond in HV MnOMn systems. The triplet instability of these bonds entails strong or intermediate diradical characters: ,Mn(IV)O, and ,MnOMn,; the BS MO resulted from strong electron correlation, leading to the concept of electron localizations and local spins. The BS computations have furthermore revealed guiding principles for derivation of selection rules for radical reactions of local spins. As a continuation of these theoretical results, the BS MO interaction diagrams for oxygen-radical coupling reactions in the oxygen evolution complex (OEC) in the PSII have been depicted to reveal scope and applicability of local singlet diradical (LSD) and local triplet diradical (LTD) mechanisms that have been successfully utilized for theoretical understanding of oxygenation reactions mechanisms by p450 and methane monooxygenase (MMO). The manganese-oxide cluster models examined are London, Berlin, and Berkeley models of CaMn4O4 and related clusters Mn4O4 and Mn3Ca. The BS MO interaction diagrams have revealed the LSD and/or LTD mechanisms for generation of molecular oxygen in the total low-, intermediate and high-spin states of these clusters. The spin alignments are found directly corresponding to the spin-coupling mechanisms of oxygen-radical sites in these clusters. The BS UB3LYP calculations of the clusters have been performed to confirm the comprehensive guiding principles for oxygen evolution; charge and spin densities by BS UB3LYP are utilized for elucidation and confirmation of the LSD and LTD mechanisms. Applicability of the proposed selection rules are examined in comparison with a lot of accumulated experimental and theoretical results for oxygen evolution reactions in native and artificial PSII systems. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010 [source] Reevaluating the distinction between Axis I and Axis II disorders: The case of borderline personality disorderJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 12 2005Anthony C. Ruocco The division between Axis I clinical syndromes and Axis II personality disorders is a long-standing distinction based primarily on three guiding principles: phenomenology, cause, and course. Clinical syndromes were generally thought to be characterized by transient symptoms with biological causes and an unstable course; personality disorders were supposed by many to be characterized by long-standing personality traits, whose roots were primarily psychological, and a stable and unremitting course. Borderline personality disorder (BPD), however, is a condition characterized by distinct clinical symptoms, varied causes, and a relatively unstable course. Past theorizing about the distinction between Axis I and Axis II disorders is presented in light of recent empirical evidence refuting the rationalization for the separation of personality disorders and clinical syndromes using BPD as a means for comparison. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 61: 1509,1523, 2005. [source] Activism, Ideology, and Federalism: Judicial Behavior in Constitutional Challenges Before the Rehnquist Court, 1986,2000JOURNAL OF EMPIRICAL LEGAL STUDIES, Issue 2 2006Rorie Spill Solberg In this study, we evaluate the individual voting behavior of the justices on the Rehnquist Court in cases raising constitutional challenges to federal, state, and local legislation. Using activism, federalism, and ideology as our guiding principles, we evaluate the extent to which the justices' voting behavior is consistent with the conventional wisdom that conservatives are more restraintist and more likely to protect states' rights in conformity with Chief Justice Rehnquist's focus on federalism. Although we find that there is some correlation between judicial ideology and activism, with liberals more activist than conservatives in general, we also find that the conservative wing of the Rehnquist Court is also largely guided by its own ideological reaction to the substantive policy embodied in the laws at issue. Thus, conservative justices as well as liberals are likely to strike down state laws when those laws fail to conform to the ideological preferences. This result underscores the importance of the attitudinal model of judicial behavior as an explanation of voting patterns on the Court, regardless of the justices' rhetoric in favor of judicial restraint or states' rights. [source] Forensic aspects of DNA-based human identity testingJOURNAL OF FORENSIC NURSING, Issue 4 2008Stephen M. Roper MS Abstract The forensic applications of DNA-based human identity laboratory testing are often underappreciated. Molecular biology has seen an exponential improvement in the accuracy and statistical power provided by identity testing in the past decade. This technology, dependent upon an individual's unique DNA sequence, has cemented the use of DNA technology in the forensic laboratory. This paper will discuss the state of modern DNA-based identity testing, describe the technology used to perform this testing, and describe its use as it relates to forensic applications. We will also compare individual technologies, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern Blotting, that are used to detect the molecular differences that make all individuals unique. An increasing reliance on DNA-based identity testing dictates that healthcare providers develop an understanding of the background, techniques, and guiding principles of this important forensic tool. [source] Knowledge management implementation frameworks: a reviewKNOWLEDGE AND PROCESS MANAGEMENT: THE JOURNAL OF CORPORATE TRANSFORMATION, Issue 2 2004Kuan Yew Wong One reason why many organizations are still struggling with knowledge management (KM) and failing in their endeavours to realize its full potential is that they lack the support of a strong theoretical foundation to guide them in its implementation. A sound KM implementation framework helps to fulfil this need by providing important guiding principles and directions. However, developing such a framework can be a challenging task for managers and practitioners as they may lack the knowledge of what characteristics, elements and constructs should be included in it. Implementation frameworks that do not have the necessary elements in place can paint an incomplete picture of KM and its implementation process, thus providing a suboptimal guidance for conducting KM. This paper reviews the existing KM implementation frameworks presented in the literature in order to determine and propose a set of guidelines for constructing them. By utilizing these guidelines to develop a KM implementation framework, it is hoped that a stronger theoretical foundation can be constructed, thus facilitating the accomplishment of KM. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Richard Whately and the Gospel of TransparencyAMERICAN JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND SOCIOLOGY, Issue 1 2010David Levy Whately is a difficult thinker, partly because he is competent in so many disciplines. Joseph Schumpeter, who struggled with Whatley's "elusive" greatness, saw a systematic core in Whately: the force behind Nassau Senior's axiomatics. Whately's contemporaries did not talk of axiomatics, but they did point out that his work depended upon an unusually small number of authorities, that is, Aristotle, Bacon, and Smith. In our interpretation, these foundational sources gave Whately three guiding principles to characterize all human activity: innate sociability, innate self-love, and costly mental activity. Self-love includes a desire to know and a desire to share knowledge. These principles, coupled with a normative principle of fairness, constitute the basis for his science of reciprocal exchange, or catallactics. Violations of fairness motivate his multidimensional reform proposals. For Whately, fairness requires transparency, and the demands of transparency for tractions is literally Gospel. [source] Training and performance improvement professionals' perspectives on ethical challenges during evaluationPERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT QUARTERLY, Issue 1 2010Seung Youn (Yonnie) Chyung EdD Ethical concerns are rising in the business world. With this in mind, training and performance improvement practitioners, especially during evaluation projects, should be aware of principles and codes of ethics, and their behaviors and decisions should reflect the standards recognized by members of the professional society. A study was conducted with 108 training and performance improvement practitioners to reveal the reasoning behind their judgments of ethically challenging evaluation situations and to understand their rationales through the lens of existing guiding principles. Participants read three scenarios and judged the ethicality of the evaluator's actions in each scenario. Results revealed that participants who were aware of both the International Society for Performance Improvement's Code of Ethics and American Evaluation Association's Guiding Principles for Evaluators were stricter in their judgments about the ethicality of one scenario than those who were not. This article discusses implications of the results and higher education's role in reinforcing an ethical culture and ethical practice by employees. [source] Model competencies in regulatory therapeutic product assessment: Health Canada's good review guiding principles as a reviewing community's code of intellectual conduct,,§¶PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY AND DRUG SAFETY, Issue 8 2007Robyn R. Lim PhD Abstract Purpose This article describes some work from the Therapeutic Products Directorate of Health Canada regarding Good Review Practices (GRP). Methods and Results Background information is provided on the Therapeutic Products Directorate (TPD) and its regulatory activities regarding drug and medical device assessment in both the pre- and post-market setting. The TPD Good Review Guiding Principles (GRGP) are described which include a Definition of a Good Therapeutic Product Regulatory Review, Ten Hallmarks of a Good Therapeutic Product Regulatory Review and Ten Precepts. Analysis of the guiding principles discusses possible linkages between the guiding principles and intellectual virtues. Conclusions Through this analysis an hypothesis is developed that the guiding principles outline a code of intellectual conduct for Health Canada's reviewers of evidence for efficacy, safety, manufacturing quality and benefit-risk regarding therapeutic products. Opportunities to advance therapeutic product regulatory review as a scientific discipline in its own right and to acknowledge that these reviewers constitute a specific community of practice are discussed. Integration of intellectual and ethical approaches across therapeutic product review sectors is also suggested. Copyright © 2007 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Epitaxial growth of carbon caps on Ni for chiral selectivityPHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI (B) BASIC SOLID STATE PHYSICS, Issue 13 2006S. Reich Abstract We suggest guiding principles for chirality-selective growth of single-walled carbon nanotubes. The chirality of a tube is determined by the carbon cap that forms during nucleation. Controlling the tube chirality requires controlling the nucleation stage. Certain caps can be favored by their epitaxial relationship to a metal surface. Lattice matched caps require ,0.1 eV/C less formation energy on a Ni surface than non-lattice matched cap structures. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Comparative Performance Data for Critical Access HospitalsTHE JOURNAL OF RURAL HEALTH, Issue 4 2004George H. Pink PhD ABSTRACT: Context: Among small rural hospitals, there is a growing recognition of the need to measure and report on the use of resources and the safety and quality of the services provided. Dashboards, clinical value compasses, and balanced scorecards are approaches to performance measurement that have been adopted by many health care organizations. However, there exists very little comparative performance data specific for critical access hospitals. Purpose: To identify how comparative performance data for critical access hospitals (CPD-CAH) might facilitate performance and quality improvement, to assess the potential benefits and drawbacks of such data, and to identify some of the critical issues in the development and implementation of CPD-CAH. Methods: Assessment of discussions by participants at a rural hospital performance improvement summit and authors' analyses. Findings: CPD-CAH potentially could improve quality of care and patient outcomes, provide comparative data and benchmarks, inform policy development, facilitate collaboration, and enhance community relations. However, CPD-CAH could also impose an unaffordable cost, produce poor information, require complex coordination, induce a negative public reaction, and result in perverse hospital behavior. Development and implementation of CPD-CAH would require including stakeholders' assessment of its desirability and feasibility, setting objectives, establishing guiding principles, developing a method, collecting and analyzing data, and disseminating results. Conclusions: CPD-CAH could significantly advance CAH performance and quality improvement. However, development and implementation would be a complicated exercise requiring academic expertise and practitioner consultation. The potential value of CPD-CAH should be carefully weighed against its potential cost. [source] Characteristics of Australia's rangelands and key design issues for monitoring biodiversityAUSTRAL ECOLOGY, Issue 1 2004ANITA K. SMYTH Abstract We explored the key issues that are most likely to influence any set of guiding principles for developing biodiversity monitoring programmes in Australia's rangelands. We defined the Australian rangelands and came up with an overview of their climate extremes, land-use pressures and biodiversity loss, and then focussed on issues underpinning the design phase of any monitoring programme. Using Noss's 1990 framework of compositional, structural and functional attributes of biodiversity and its new revisions by others, we showed how the elusive, abstract concept of biodiversity can be used to identify many measurable attributes that can form a minimum and necessary set of indicators for any biodiversity monitoring task. We then described the steps in the monitoring process, with a particular focus on the reasons for monitoring biodiversity as they strongly influence the selection of indicators. We concluded by compiling a table of key issues as background information for developing guiding principles (Table 4). The list is by no means an exhaustive list for the design phase but it does indicate that considerable attention needs to be given to this phase when developing monitoring programmes. We have intentionally not addressed the equally important issues associated with the planning and delivery phases of developing a monitoring programme, as Wallace et al. and Watson and Novelly cover these in their papers in the present issue of Austral Ecology. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||