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Ground Floor (ground + floor)
Selected AbstractsInfluence of line routing and terminations on transient overvoltages in LV power installationsEUROPEAN TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRICAL POWER, Issue 8 2009Ibrahim A. Metwally Abstract IEC 62305-4 gives the rules for the selection and the installation of surge protective devices (SPDs), where the maximum enhancement factor is considered to be equal to 2 in the worst case of open-circuit condition. The objective of the present paper is to check this relation for equipment connected to low-voltage (LV) power system. The LV power system is considered as TN-S system with different routings in three- and six-storey buildings. The terminals of apparatus are substituted by a variety of different loads, namely, resistances, inductances, and capacitances. All Maxwell's equations are solved by the method of moments (MoM) and the voltage is calculated at the apparatus terminals. The SPD itself is simulated by a voltage source at the ground floor. The results reveal that the voltage at the apparatus terminals may overshoot the SPD protection level by a factor of 3 irrespective of the number of floors and loops. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] An efficient synthesis and crystal structure of novel 1-oxo-2-propyl-4-(substituted)phenylimino-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydro[1,4,3]thiazaphosphorino[4,3- a][1,3,2]benzodiazaphosphorine 3-oxides,HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY, Issue 7 2002Junmin Huang A series of 1-oxo-2-propyl-4-(substituted)phenylimino-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydro-[1,4,3]thiazaphosphorino[4,3-a][1,3,2]benzodiazaphosphorine 3-oxides (5a,g) has been synthesized in excellent yields via the reaction of 1-(2-bromoethyl)-2,3-dihydro-3-propyl-1,3,2-benzodiazaphosphorin-4(1H)-one 2-oxide with (substituted) phenyl isothiocyanates, which contain the proximate imino and phosphoryl groups in the fused heterocycle. The structures of all of the new compounds were confirmed by spectroscopic methods and microanalyses. The results from X-ray crystallography analysis of 5a showed that the proximate imino and phosphoryl groups are not coplanar due to their being jointly located in the fused heterocycle, thus having ring tension, and this then destroys the conjugation between the CN and the PO moieties. As a result, the length of the PC bond, measured as 1.8285(18) Å, is just the same as that of a PC bond not involved in conjugation (1.80,1.85 Å). Also, the C(1), C(2), S(1), C(3), P(1), and N(2) atoms of the [1,4,3]thiazaphosphorino moiety exist preferably in the boat conformation. The coplanar C(1), N(2), C(3), and S(1) atoms, within an average deviation of 0.0564 Å, form the ground floor of the boat conformation, whereas, the P(1) and C(2) atoms are on the same side of the coplanar structure with the distance of 0.7729 Å and 0.7621 Å, respectively. On the other hand, around the CN double bond, the P(1)C(3) bond and the N(1)C(11) bond are in a trans relationship because of the repulsive action of the n-propyl group in the 2-position of the title compound. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 13:599,610, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10041 [source] Reflections on Retelling a Renaissance MurderHISTORY AND THEORY, Issue 4 2002Thomas V. Cohen This mischievously artful essay plays out on several levels; think of them as storeys of an imaginary castle much like the real, solid, central Italian one it explores and expounds. On its own ground floor, the essay recounts a gruesome murder, a noble husband's midnight revenge upon his wife and upon her bastard lover, his own half,brother, in her castle chamber, in bed. In sex. Of course. The murder itself is pure Renaissance, quintessential Boccaccio or Bandello, but the aftermath, in fort and village, is more singular, more ethnographically delightful, as castle and village trace a ceremonious passage from frozen limbo to fluid grief and storytelling, finally set in motion by the arrival of the dead wife's brother. Meanwhile, one flight up, the essay retells my own investigation of the real castle's geometry, as I clambered through rooms, peered out windows, prowled the roof, and scanned blueprints seeking the places of the plotters' plots. In an expository attic, I lodge reflections on my teaching stratagems, as I led a first,year seminar into detection's crafts and exposition's ploys. All the while, on its rooftop, this essay dances among fantastical chimneys and turrets of high theory and literary practice, musing on the patent irony of artful artifice, which evokes both the irony and the pathos of scholars' cool histories about hot deeds and feelings. Art suggests we authors had best hide ourselves, unlike normal essayists, so as not to spoil the show. But, I posit, our self,effacement is so conspicuous that it proclaims our presence, as in fact it should, and, by so doing, trumpets the necessary tensions of our artifice and craft. Thus artfulness itself nicely both proclaims and celebrates the bittersweet frustrations of historians' and readers' quest for knowledge and, especially, for experience of a lost past. [source] Energetisch und bauphysikalisch optimierte Sanierung eines Baudenkmals in GörlitzBAUPHYSIK, Issue 3 2007Christian Conrad Dipl.-Ing. Mit den angewendeten Sanierungsmassnahmen an einem barocken Gebäude in Görlitz (Innendämmung Straßenfassade, WDVS Hoffassade, Solaranlage, Lüftungsanlage mit WRG, Grauwassernutzung und Fußbodenabwasserheizung) wurden unter Einhaltung der Auflagen des Denkmalschutzes die Energieeffizienzklasse A+ erreicht, die Belange des Umweltschutzes berücksichtigt und die Dauerhaftigkeit und Zuverlässigkeit der Konstruktionen gewährleistet. Die erreichten Ergebnisse werden u.a. mit instationären Simulationsrechnungen (Wärme-, Luft- und Feuchtetransport in kapillarporösen Baustoffen) für die einzelnen Bauteile und instationären Simulationsrechnungen anlagentechnischer Komponenten verifiziert. Dabei wird bauphysikalisch der Einfluss der hohen Bauwerksmasse ganzjährig quantifiziert. Die Auswirkungen der eingesetzten Anlagentechnik auf historische Bauteile, wie z. B. die Holzbalkendecken, werden untersucht. Auf der Grundlage der Erfahrungen zur Vermeidung der Kondensat- und Reifbildungen bei hochdämmenden geneigten Verglasungen wurde gemeinsam mit einem ortsansässigen Glaswerk eine neue Wärmeschutzverglasung mit einer außenliegenden Beschichtung entwickelt/kombiniert und eingesetzt. Optimized energy saving rehabilitation of a baroque building monument. With the rehabilitation of the baroque building Handwerk 15 in Görlitz the authors achieved the energy efficiency class A+ under observance of all conditions from preservation of historic buildings and monuments, taking into account the environmental issues as well as durability and safety of the constructions in the house. The rehabilitation includes the internal thermal insulation of the historically valuable façade on the street side, the thermal insulation of the façade on the backyard side, the use of solar energy for hot water and for the support of heating especially in summer for heating the ground floor, a ventilation system with heat exchanger, the use of gray water generated from domestic processes such as laundry and bathing, and an underfloor heating for the ground floor with waste water as medium. The measurement results will be verified with numerical simulations (temperature, air, moisture transport in porous materials) of the separate building constructions and the technical components. The physical influence of the high building mass is quantified. The effects of the HVAC system on the historical building construction like for instance the timber beam floor will be investigated. Based on experiences about avoiding condensate and hoarfrost on inclined insulated glass together with a glass producing firm a new insulate glass with a special coating was developed. [source] | ||||||||||