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Gray
Kinds of Gray Terms modified by Gray Selected AbstractsPOSTPARTUM DYNAMICS OF REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES IN GRAY AND HOODED SEALSMARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, Issue 1 2005J. E. Mellish [source] RESURRECTION OF MESOPLODON TRAVERSII (GRAY, 1874), SENIOR SYNONYM OF M. BAHAMONDI REYES, VAN WAEREBEEK, CÁRDENAS AND YÁÑEZ, 1995 (CETACEA: ZIPHIIDAE)MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, Issue 3 2002Anton L. van Helden Abstract Mesoplodon traversii (Gray, 1874) is shown to be a senior synonym of the recently described beaked whale Mesoplodon hahamondi Reyes et al., 1995 on the basis of a phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA control region sequences. The mandible and teeth of M. traversii, first reported in 1873 by Hector as Dolichodon layardii. are redescribed. The species can be distinguished by features of the calvaria; including the large jugal, broad rostrum, and small distance between premaxillary foramina. The male teeth, which are large and spade-shaped with a strong terminal denticle, are also diagnostic. M. traversii is known only from Pitt Island and White Island, New Zealand and Robinson Crusoe Island, Juan Fernandez Archipelago, Chile. [source] Legislation to institutionalize resources for tobacco control: the 1987 Victorian Tobacco ActADDICTION, Issue 10 2009Ron Borland ABSTRACT Aim To describe the process surrounding the creation of the first organization in the world to be funded from an earmarked tax on tobacco products, the Victorian Health Promotion Foundation (VicHealth), and to outline briefly its subsequent history. Description The genesis of VicHealth came from an interest of the Minister for Health in the Victorian State Government to address the tobacco problem, and the strategic capacity of Dr Nigel Gray from the Anti-Cancer Council of Victoria to provide a vehicle and help the government to muster support for its implementation. Success involved working with government to construct a Bill it was happy with and then working with the community to support the implementation and to counter industry attempts to derail it. The successful Bill led to the creation of VicHealth. VicHealth has played a creative and important role in promoting health not only in Victoria (Australia), but has been a stimulus for similar initiatives in other parts of the world. Conclusions Enacting novel advances in public policy is made easier when there is a creative alliance between advocates outside government working closely with governments to develop a proposal that is politically achievable and then to work together to sell it. Health promotion agencies, once established, can play an important role in advancing issues like tobacco control. [source] The lethal effects of gamma irradiation on larvae of the Huhu beetle, Prionoplus reticularis: a potential quarantine treatment for New Zealand export pine treesENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA, Issue 3 2000Philip J. Lester Abstract Gamma irradiation was investigated as a possible method for disinfestation of huhu beetle larvae, Prionoplus reticularis White, in Pinus radiata D. Don. Larvae of four representative size classes were irradiated at six doses, and the lethal dose (LD99) calculated from mortality data 3 days and 10 days post treatment. All larval size classes showed a similar sensitivity to gamma irradiation and required 3677 Gray (Gy) and 2476 Gy for a LD99 3 and 10 days post-treatment, respectively. The penetration of gamma irradiation into pine wood was found to be lowest in freshly cut logs, and decreased linearly at a rate of 0.698 Gy mm,1 of wood. The penetration was greatest in wood that had been stored for 2 years, and decreased 0.512 Gy mm,1 of wood. These results are likely to be correlated with wood moisture content. Gamma irradiation appears to be a potential alternative method to fumigation for quarantine treatment of P. reticularis. [source] What is reinforcement sensitivity?EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY, Issue 5 2008Neuroscience paradigms for approach-avoidance process theories of personality Abstract Reinforcement sensitivity is a concept proposed by Gray (1973) to describe the biological antecedents of personality, and has become the common mechanism among a family of personality theories concerning approach and avoidance processes. These theories suggest that 2,3 biobehavioural systems mediate the effects of reward and punishment on emotion and motivation, and that individual differences in the functioning of these systems manifest as personality. Identifying paradigms for operationalising reinforcement sensitivity is therefore critical for testing and developing these theories, and evaluating their footprint in personality space. In this paper I suggest that, while traditional self-report paradigms in personality psychology may be less-than-ideal for this purpose, neuroscience paradigms may offer operations of reinforcement sensitivity at multiple levels of approach and avoidance processes. After brief reflection on the use of such methods in animal models,which first spawned the concept of reinforcement sensitivity,recent developments in four domains of neuroscience are reviewed. These are psychogenomics, psychopharmacology, neuroimaging and category-learning. By exploring these paradigms as potential operations of reinforcement sensitivity we may enrich our understanding of the putative biobehavioural bases of personality. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The use of fyke nets as a quantitative capture technique for freshwater eels (Anguilla spp.) in riversFISHERIES MANAGEMENT & ECOLOGY, Issue 4 2005D. J. JELLYMAN Abstract, Fyke netting is a convenient and effective technique for capturing freshwater eels, and catch-per-unit-effort is usually assumed to be an index of eel abundance. The present study investigated the potential of depletion fishing using baited fyke nets to obtain population estimates of longfin eels Anguilla dieffenbachii Gray, in a river in the South Island of New Zealand. The probability of capture (capture efficiency) of a single night's fishing increased with increasing size of eel, and ranged from 0.2 to 0.9 for eels <400 mm, to 0.7,0.9 for eels ,500 mm. The capture efficiency of baited vs unbaited nets was assessed in a small stream that was electric fished after netting trials were completed. Baited nets proved to be an effective method of assessing abundance of longfin eels (>400 mm) but not shortfins (A. australis Richardson); capture efficiency of the population of longfins (the sum of fyke caught and electric fished eels) was 0.4 for a single night's fyke netting, increasing to 0.8 over four nights. Comparable efficiencies for shortfins were <0.1 and 0.3 respectively. Unbaited nets were markedly less efficient for both species. [source] Carbon dioxide assimilation by a wetland sedge canopy exposed to ambient and elevated CO2: measurements and model analysisFUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY, Issue 2 2003D. P. Rasse Summary 1The wetland sedge Scirpus olneyi Gray displays fast rates of CO2 assimilation and responds positively to increased atmospheric CO2 concentration. The present study was aimed at identifying the ecophysiological traits specific to S. olneyi that drive these CO2 -assimilation patterns under ambient and elevated CO2 conditions. 2The net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO2 between S. olneyi communities and the atmosphere was measured in open-top chambers. 3We developed a new mechanistic model for S. olneyi communities based on published ecophysiological data and additional measurements of photosynthetic parameters. 4Our NEE measurements confirmed that S. olneyi communities have a high rate of summertime CO2 assimilation, with noontime peaks reaching 40 µmol CO2 m,2 ground s,1 on productive summer days, and that elevated CO2 increased S. olneyi CO2 assimilation by c. 35,40%. 5Using S. olneyi -specific ecophysiological parameters, comparison with measured NEE showed that the model accurately simulated these high rates of CO2 uptake under ambient or elevated CO2. 6The model pointed to the Rubisco capacity of Scirpus leaves associated with their high total nitrogen content as the primary explanation for the high rates of CO2 assimilation, and indicated that the vertical-leaf canopy structure of S. olneyi had comparatively little influence on CO2 assimilation. [source] Greenhouse gas emissions from four bioenergy crops in England and Wales: Integrating spatial estimates of yield and soil carbon balance in life cycle analysesGCB BIOENERGY, Issue 4 2009JONATHAN HILLIER Abstract Accurate estimation of the greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation potential of bioenergy crops requires the integration of a significant component of spatially varying information. In particular, crop yield and soil carbon (C) stocks are variables which are generally soil type and climate dependent. Since gaseous emissions from soil C depend on current C stocks, which in turn are related to previous land management it is important to consider both previous and proposed future land use in any C accounting assessment. We have conducted a spatially explicit study for England and Wales, coupling empirical yield maps with the RothC soil C turnover model to simulate soil C dynamics. We estimate soil C changes under proposed planting of four bioenergy crops, Miscanthus (Miscanthus×giganteus), short rotation coppice (SRC) poplar (Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray ×P. trichocarpa, var. Trichobel), winter wheat, and oilseed rape. This is then related to the former land use , arable, pasture, or forest/seminatural, and the outputs are then assessed in the context of a life cycle analysis (LCA) for each crop. By offsetting emissions from management under the previous land use, and considering fossil fuel C displaced, the GHG balance is estimated for each of the 12 land use change transitions associated with replacing arable, grassland, or forest/seminatural land, with each of the four bioenergy crops. Miscanthus and SRC are likely to have a mostly beneficial impact in reducing GHG emissions, while oilseed rape and winter wheat have either a net GHG cost, or only a marginal benefit. Previous land use is important and can make the difference between the bioenergy crop being beneficial or worse than the existing land use in terms of GHG balance. [source] Embryo medley from the Woods Hole Embryology Course of 2008GENESIS: THE JOURNAL OF GENETICS AND DEVELOPMENT, Issue 10 2008Article first published online: 17 OCT 200 Top edge: Body wall of the annelid Pristina leidya (Jesse Meik and Ian Swinburne). Right edge: Embryo of the grasshopper, Schistocerca americana (R'ada Massarwa). Bottom edge: Drosophila melanogaster embryo (Courtney Karner). Bottom left corner: Mouse embryo (Marie-Therese Noedl). Left upper row: Adult annelid Pristina leidyi (Michelle Collins and Stephanie Lepage). Middle upper row: Embryo of the squid Loligo pealii (Andrew Chervenak). Right upper row: larva of the colonial ascidian, Botrylloides (Jessica Gray). Left lower row: Chick embryo (Benjamin Schlager). Middle lower row: Xenopus laevis (Brooke Armfield and Zacharias Kontarakis). Right lower row: Third instar CNS and disks of Drosophila melanogaster (Jenna Judge). For more information on the Woods Hole Embrylology Course, visit http://www.mbl.edu/education/courses/summer/course_embryo.html [source] Public Education Financing Trends and the Gray Peril HypothesisGROWTH AND CHANGE, Issue 4 2009DAYTON M. LAMBERT ABSTRACT The effects of migrating seniors on the provision of local public services in rural communities is growing in importance because of the large number of retiring baby boomers and the increasing rate at which these retirees are locating outside traditional retirement destinations. Some communities are optimistic about attracting and retaining retirees as an economic development strategy, but others are concerned that inmigrating seniors may be reluctant to support local public services, such as education, bringing with them "Gray Peril." This article attempts to clarify questions regarding the Gray Peril hypothesis and local ability and willingness to fund education in Tennessee, an increasingly popular retirement destination. To this end, county per pupil education expenditure growth is explained by growth trends in local property tax assessment and sales tax revenue, and migration patterns of the retirement-aged population from 1962 to 2002. [source] Comparison of seven models for estimation of evapotranspiration and groundwater recharge using lysimeter measurement data in GermanyHYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES, Issue 18 2005C.-Y. Xu Abstract This study evaluates seven evapotranspiration models and their performance in water balance studies by using lysimeter measurement data at the Mönchengladbach hydrological and meteorological station in Germany. Of the seven evapotranspiration models evaluated, three models calculate actual evapotranspiration directly using the complementary relationship approach, i.e. the CRAE model of Morton, the advection,aridity (AA) model of Brutsaert and Stricker, and the GG model of Granger and Gray, and four models calculate first potential evapotranspiration and then actual evapotranspiration by considering the soil moisture condition. Two of the four potential evapotranspiration models belong to the temperature-based category, i.e. the Thornthwaite model and the Hargreaves model, and the other two belong to the radiation-based category, i.e. the Makkink model and the Priestley,Taylor model. The evapotranspiration calculated by the above seven models, together with precipitation, is used in the water balance model to calculate other water balance components. The results show that, for the calculation of actual evapotranspiration, the GG model and the Makkink model performed better than the other models; for the calculation of groundwater recharge using the water balance approach, the GG model and the AA models performed better; for the simulation of soil moisture content using the water balance approach, four models (GG, Thornthwaite, Makkink and Priestley,Taylor) out of the seven give equally good results. It can be concluded that the lysimeter-measured water balance components, i.e. actual evapotranspiration, groundwater recharge, soil moisture, etc., can be predicted by the GG model and the Makkink model with good accuracy. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] A stem lineage representative of buttonquails from the Lower Oligocene of Germany , fossil evidence for a charadriiform origin of the TurnicidaeIBIS, Issue 4 2007GERALD MAYR A new species of the charadriiform taxon Turnipax Mayr, 2000 is described from the Lower Oligocene fossil site Frauenweiler in southern Germany. The postcranial skeleton assigned to Turnipax oechslerorum sp. nov. is very well preserved and allows the recognition of significant, previously unknown osteological details of Turnipax, especially concerning the wing and pectoral girdle bones. We provide evidence that Turnipax is a stem lineage representative of the Turnicidae (buttonquails) and synonymize Turnipacidae Mayr, 2000 with Turnicidae Gray, 1840. Turnipax is the earliest fossil representative of the Turnicidae, which otherwise have no Paleogene fossil record. Because recent molecular studies support a charadriiform origin of buttonquails, the mosaic distribution in the skeleton of Turnipax of derived features of the Turnicidae and non-turnicid charadriiform birds is of particular interest. Turnipax exhibits a more plesiomorphic morphology than extant Turnicidae, and we assume that its habitat and way of living differed from that of crown group Turnicidae, which may not have diversified before the spread of grasslands during the Oligocene and Miocene. [source] On the residue calculus evaluation of the 3-D anisotropic elastic green's functionINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING, Issue 5 2004A.-V. Phan Abstract An algorithm based upon the residue calculus for computing three-dimensional anisotropic elastic Green's function and its derivatives has been presented in Sales and Gray (Comput. Structures 1998; 69:247,254). It has been shown that the algorithm runs three to four times faster than the standard Wilson,Cruse interpolation scheme. However, the main concern of the Sales,Gray algorithm is its numerical instability that could lead to significant errors due to the existence of multiple poles of the residue. This paper proposes a remedy for the problem by adding the capability to evaluate the Green's function in case of multiple poles of the residue. Further, an improved numerical implementation based on the use of double-subscript-notation elastic constants in determining the Christoffel tensor is also at issue. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] BPSK and QPSK non-linear satellite communication system performance in the presence of cochannel interferenceINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING, Issue 3 2003Mihajlo C. Stefanovic Abstract Taking the uplink and downlink cochannel interference and noise into account, the analytical expressions are derived for determining the bit error probability in detecting a binary phase-shift-keying (BPSK) and a quaternary phase-shift-keying (QPSK) Gray coded signal, transmitted over a satellite system exhibiting amplitude modulation-to-amplitude modulation (AM/AM) conversion effects and amplitude modulation-to-phase modulation (AM/PM) conversion effects. On the basis on the derived theoretic formulae, using real-life system parameters, numerical results are obtained and presented. We point out the explicit comparisons of satellite communication system performance obtained when a satellite transponder amplifier is modelled by a hard-limiter and those obtained when both AM/AM and AM/PM non-linearities of the satellite transponder amplifier are taken into consideration. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Pain on injection from propofol may be avoided by changing its formulationACTA ANAESTHESIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 4 2010J. A. ALDRETE Background: After using propofol for a decade, pain on injection had been considered routine by patients and medical personnel. When given propofol from a different manufacturer, patients did not complain. Two preparations of propofol were compared. Methods: A comparative, double-blind, randomized study was conducted in 22 adult patients undergoing pain relief procedures; they received sedation by an intravenous injection of 1.7 mg/kg of propofol and then were treated with paravertebral injections. Pain on injection was assessed by verbal complaint, movement of the extremity, of the whole body and recollection of pain at induction, when discharged. Propofol from Baxter Laboratories, mixed with either 5 ml of 2% lidocaine or 5 ml of NaCl 0.9%, was compared with propofol Laboratorios Gray, which was similarly mixed. Injections were randomly administered four times, blindly, to each of 22 patients. Statistical analysis was conducted using the analysis of variance method. Results: A total of 352 propofol injections were given. Each of the four propofol solutions was administered 88 times; of patients receiving Baxter propofol+saline, 74 (84%) had pain; when mixed with 2% lidocaine 45 (50.2%) complained. After propofol Gray with NaCl 0.9% was given, two patients (2.2%) experienced pain. Propofol Gray with 2% lidocaine produced no pain. None of the latter group remembered having pain, whereas, those given propofol Baxter 54 (61.3%) and 26 (29.5%) remembered experiencing pain at injection. Pain on injection was prevented and statistically reduced (<0.01) with the propofol from Laboratorios Gray. Conclusions: By changing the formulation (size of molecules and their dispersion) of propofol, pain on injection was avoided. [source] Husbandry and breeding of the Striped possum Dactylopsila trivirgata at London ZSLINTERNATIONAL ZOO YEARBOOK, Issue 1 2005A. McKENNA Detailed information on either wild or captive Striped possums Dactylopsila trivirgata (Gray, 1858) is sparse. In 1996 a number of specimens became available to the European Monotreme and Marsupial Taxon Advisory Group (TAG), which recommended that the animals should be distributed to three zoos (London ZSL, Poznan Zoo and Berlin Zoologischer Garten) so that a management and breeding protocol could be developed in case this fairly common species becomes threatened in the future. London ZSL acquired 3.3 Striped possums to establish a founder captive population and two joeys were born, one in April 1999 and the other in March 2000. This article charts the husbandry protocols, breeding behaviour and infant development for Striped possums in captivity. [source] Peak morphological diversity in an ecotone unveiled in the chukar partridge by a novel Estimator in a Dependent Sample (EDS)JOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY, Issue 6 2002Salit Kark Summary 1Areas of environmental transition (i.e. ecotones) have recently been shown to play an important role in the maintenance of genetic diversity, divergence and in speciation processes. We test the hypothesis that ecotone populations maintain high phenotypic diversity compared to other populations across the distribution range. 2Focusing on the chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar Gray), we study trends in morphological diversity across a steep ecotone within the species native range in Israel and Sinai. Using 35 traits and 23 ratios between traits, we apply a novel weighted average statistic that we term ,Estimator in a Dependent Sample' (EDS). This estimator enables us to compare levels of diversity across populations using multiple-correlated traits and is especially useful when sample sizes are small. 3We provide a program for calculating the EDS and a bootstrapping procedure to describe its confidence interval and standard deviation. This estimator can be applied widely in a range of studies using multiple-correlated traits in evolutionary biology, ecology, morphology, behaviour, palaeontology, developmental biology and genetics. 4Our results indicate that within-population diversity peaks in chukar populations located in the Mediterranean-desert ecotone in Israel. However, had we not included the ecotone region in our study, we would have drawn different conclusions regarding patterns of morphological diversity across the range. We suggest that ecotones should be given higher priority in future research and conservation planning, potentially serving as within-species diversity hotspots. [source] Microsatellites assessment of Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis Gray) genetic variabilityJOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY, Issue 1 2005N. Zhao Summary Four microsatellites were used to examine the genetic variability of the spawning stocks of Chinese sturgeon, Acipenser sinensis, from the Yangtze River sampled over a 3-year period (1999,2001). Within 60 individuals, a total of 28 alleles were detected over four polymorphic microsatellite loci. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 4 to 15, with an average allele number of 7. The number of genotypes per locus ranged from 6 to 41. The genetic diversity of four microsatellite loci varied from 0.34 to 0.67, with an average value of 0.54. For the four microsatellite loci, the deviation from the Hardy,Weinberg equilibrium was mainly due to null alleles. The mean number of alleles per locus and the mean heterozygosity were lower than the average values known for anadromous fishes. Fish were clustered according to their microsatellite characteristics using an unsupervised ,Artificial Neural Networks' method entitled ,Self-organizing Map'. The results revealed no significant genetic differentiation considering genetic distance among samples collected during different years. Lack of heterogeneity among different annual groups of spawning stocks was explained by the complex age structure (from 8 to 27 years for males and 12 to 35 years for females) of Chinese sturgeon, leading to formulate an hypothesis about the maintenance of genetic diversity and stability in long-lived animals. [source] Individual variations in growth, food intake and activity in juvenile Chinese sturgeon Acipenser sinensis GrayJOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY, Issue 4-6 2002X. Qian First page of article [source] Electroanatomic Versus Fluoroscopic Mapping for Catheter Ablation Procedures:JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 3 2004A Prospective Randomized Study Introduction: The aim of this prospective randomized study was to compare the routine use of electroanatomic imaging (CARTO) with that of conventional fluoroscopically guided activation mapping (conventional) in an unselected population referred for catheter ablation. We sought to compare the two approaches with respect to procedure outcome and duration, radiation exposure, and cost. Methods and Results: All patients undergoing catheter ablation (with the exception of complete AV nodal ablation) were prospectively randomized to either a CARTO or conventional procedure for mapping and ablation. One hundred two patients were randomized. Acute procedural success was similar with either strategy (CARTO vs conventional 43/47 vs 51/55, P > 0.5), as was procedure duration (144 [58] vs 125 [48] min, P = 0.07 (mean [SD]). CARTO was associated with a substantial reduction in fluoroscopy time (9.3 [7.6] vs 28.8 [19.5] min, P < 0.001) and radiation dose (6.2 [6.1] vs 20.8 [32.7] Gray, P = 0.003). CARTO cases used fewer catheters (2.5 [0.7] vs 4.4 [1.1], P < 0.001), but catheter costs were higher (13.8 vs 9.3 units, P < 0.001, where one unit is equivalent to the cost of a nonsteerable quadripolar catheter). Conclusion: For all catheter ablation procedures, even when a center's "learning curve" for CARTO is included, procedure duration and outcome are similar for CARTO and conventional procedures. CARTO is associated with drastically reduced fluoroscopy time and radiation dose. Although fewer catheters are used with CARTO, catheter costs remain higher. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 15, pp. 310-315, March 2004) [source] Environmental parameters and anthropogenic effects predicting the spatial distribution of wild ungulates in the Akagera savannah ecosystemAFRICAN JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY, Issue 4 2009Christiane Averbeck Abstract Savannah areas affected by human activities such as livestock keeping and agriculture are often characterized by shifts in landscape structuring, with a predominance of few(er) habitat types. This is typically accompanied by pronounced changes in the communities of ungulates. The aim of this study was to find out whether shifts in ungulate communities in Lake Mburo National Park (LMNP) are primarily predicted by an alteration in the composition of the preferred habitat types or if more complex interactions between habitat changes and the prevalence of ungulates occur. Monthly road counts were used to establish the number of eleven ungulate species in LMNP and adjacent unprotected Ankole Ranching Scheme. The common duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia campbelliae Gray, 1843) was found in more abundance in disturbed areas, while showing a significant change in habitat use. Common duiker tended to use the vegetation type otherwise used by the bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus dama Neumann, 1902). Our results support the claim that the occurrence of ungulates is not only directly affected by the availability of ,suitable' habitats, but behavioural plasticity and competitive exclusion also need to be considered. Résumé Les zones de savane touchées par des activités humaines telles que l'élevage de bétail et l'agriculture se caractérisent souvent par des évolutions de la structure du paysage, avec une prédominance d'un (plus) petit nombre de types d'habitats. Cela s'accompagne généralement de changements marqués chez les communautés d'ongulés. Le but de cette étude était de voir si l'on peut s'attendre à des évolutions des communautés d'ongulés dans le Parc National du Lac Mburo du seul fait d'une altération de la composition des types d'habitats préférés ou s'il y a des interactions plus complexes entre les changements de l'habitat et la prévalence des ongulés. Nous avons eu recours à des comptages routiers mensuels pour établir le nombre d'ongulés de onze espèces dans le Parc National du Lac Mburo et dans l'Ankole Ranching Scheme voisin, nonprotégé. Le sylvicapre de Grimm (Sylvicapra grimmia campbelliae Gray, 1843) fut observé en plus grand nombre dans les zones perturbées, et manifestait un changement significatif de l'utilisation de son habitat. Cette espèce avait tendance à utiliser le type de végétation normalement utilisé par le bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus dama Neumann, 1902). Nos résultats soutiennent l'affirmation selon laquelle la présence des ongulés n'est pas directement affectée seulement par la disponibilité d'habitats « appropriés », mais qu'il faut aussi envisager une certaine plasticité comportementale et des compétitions menant à des exclusions. [source] No Shades of Gray: The Binary Discourse of George W. Bush and an Echoing PressJOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION, Issue 2 2004Kevin Coe Binary communications represent the world as a place of polar opposites. Such conceptions of reality, although not uncommon in Western thought, take on a heightened importance when political leaders employ them in a concerted, strategic discourse in a mass media environment. With this in mind, this research offers a conception of binary discourse and uses this as a foundation to examine (a) the use of binaries by U.S. President George W. Bush in 15 national addresses, from his inauguration in January 2001 to commencement of the Iraq War in March 2003, and (b) the responses of editorials in 20 leading U.S. newspapers to the president's communications. [source] Dose dependence of radiation damage for protein crystals studied at various X-ray energiesJOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION, Issue 1 2007Nobutaka Shimizu Radiation damage to protein crystals is the most serious problem in obtaining accurate structures from protein crystallography. In order to examine the photon energy dependence of radiation damage, 12 to 15 data sets from each of nine tetragonal lysozyme crystals were collected at nine different X-ray energies (6.5, 7.1, 8.3, 9.9, 12.4, 16.5, 20.0, 24.8 and 33.0,keV) using beamline BL41XU at SPring-8. All results were compared on the basis of absorbed dose, expressed in Gray (Gy). Crystallographic statistics, such as the values of lattice constants, Rmerge and I/,(I), for each data set degraded at all nine energies as the exposure time for each crystal increased. In all data sets, radiation damage was observed after the absorbed dose exceeded 106,Gy. However, from the point of view of crystallographic statistics normalized to the absorbed dose, no clear dependence on photon energy was observed in these results. Structural refinement showed that the average B -factor for the last data set was larger than that for the first data set at all energies tested. However, no energy dependence of radiation damage on B -factor was found. Furthermore, disruption of disulfide bonds due to radiation damage was observed in electron density maps even at the highest photon energy (33,keV) used in this study. Therefore, these results suggest that radiation damage in the energy range investigated could be evaluated based on absorbed dose without energy dependence, and that it is important to minimize the absorbed dose in a crystal sample for obtaining an accurate protein structure. [source] Phylogeny of the Eurasian freshwater turtles of the genus Mauremys Gray 1869 (Testudines), with special reference to a close affinity of Mauremys japonica with Chinemys reevesiiJOURNAL OF ZOOLOGICAL SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTIONARY RESEARCH, Issue 4 2002M. Honda Phylogenetic relationships of the freshwater turtles of the genus Mauremys and representatives of several other batagurid genera were inferred from variations in 863 base positions of mitochondrial 12S and 16S rRNA genes. Results strongly suggested the non-monophyly of Mauremys by indicating the closest affinity of Mauremys japonica with Chinemys reevesii, the type species of the genus Chinemys. Recent morphological analyses of the batagurid genera suggested that Mauremys is a basal stock of the subfamily Geoemydinae, whereas Chinemys is a member of the subfamily Batagurinae as supported by several putative synapomorphs with other batagurine genera. It is thus probable that the morphological character states used to define Mauremys actually represent symplesiomorphy, and that morphological character states shared between Chinemys and other batagurine genera have resulted from convergence. Also, our results did not support a sister-group relationship between Mauremys annamensis and Mauremys mutica, which has been implicitly or explicitly assumed by a number of previous authors on the basis of morphological data. Instead, M. annamensis was indicated to be closest to Mauremys iversoni, a species assumed to be most divergent among the East Asian Mauremys by previous authors. Phylogenie der eurasischen Su¨ßwasserschildkro¨ten der Gattung Mauremys Gray 1869 (Testudines), mit besonderem Hinweis auf eine enge A¨hnlichkeit von Mauremys japonica mit Chinemys reevesii. Die phylogenetischen Beziehungen zwischen den Süßwasserschildkröten der Gattung Mauremys und Vertretern einiger anderer bataguriner Gattungen wurde aus den Unterschieden an 863 Positionen der 12S-und der 16S-rRNA-Gene des Mitochondriengenoms ermittelt. Die Ergebnisse weisen sehr stark darauf hin, daß die Gattung Mauremys wegen der starken Ähnlichkeit zwischen M. japonica und Chinemys reevesii nicht monophyletisch sein kann. Neue morphologische Analysen der batagiurinen Gattungen ließen vermuten, daß Mauremys einen basalen Ast der Unterfamilie Geomydinae darstellt, während Chinemys zur Unterfamile Batagurinae gehört, was aus den anzunehmenden Synapomorphien mit anderen batagurinen Gattungen gestützt wird. Es ist daher auch wahrscheinlich, daß die zur Beschreibung von Mauremys verwendeten morphologischen Merkmalszustände eher Plesiomorphien darstellen und daß die morphologischen Merkmalsausprägungen, die Chinemys und anderen batagurinen Gattungen gemeinsam sind, auf Konvergenz beruhen. Unsere Ergebnisse unterstützen auch nicht eine Schwestergruppen-Beziehung zwischen M. anamensis und M. mutica, was direkt oder indirekt von einer Zahl von früheren Untersuchern auf Grund morphologischer Daten angenommen wurde. Statt dessen erwies sich M. anamensis am engsten verwandt mit M. iversoni, einer Art, die von früheren Autoren als am stärksten divergent zu den ostasiatischen Mauremys-Arten angesehen wurde. [source] RESURRECTION OF MESOPLODON TRAVERSII (GRAY, 1874), SENIOR SYNONYM OF M. BAHAMONDI REYES, VAN WAEREBEEK, CÁRDENAS AND YÁÑEZ, 1995 (CETACEA: ZIPHIIDAE)MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, Issue 3 2002Anton L. van Helden Abstract Mesoplodon traversii (Gray, 1874) is shown to be a senior synonym of the recently described beaked whale Mesoplodon hahamondi Reyes et al., 1995 on the basis of a phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA control region sequences. The mandible and teeth of M. traversii, first reported in 1873 by Hector as Dolichodon layardii. are redescribed. The species can be distinguished by features of the calvaria; including the large jugal, broad rostrum, and small distance between premaxillary foramina. The male teeth, which are large and spade-shaped with a strong terminal denticle, are also diagnostic. M. traversii is known only from Pitt Island and White Island, New Zealand and Robinson Crusoe Island, Juan Fernandez Archipelago, Chile. [source] Book Reviews: Out in the Country: Youth, Media, and Queer Visibility in Rural America by Mary GrayAMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST, Issue 3 2010C. Todd White No abstract is available for this article. [source] An Interview with Sandra GrayNATIONAL CIVIC REVIEW, Issue 1 2000Article first published online: 8 JUL 200 First page of article [source] Manipulation of in vivo pollination techniques to improve the fertilization efficiency of interspecies crosses in the genus PhaseolusPLANT BREEDING, Issue 2 2007V. Gurusamy Abstract Phaseolus angustissimus A. Gray contains genes for traits of interest for dry bean (P. vulgaris) breeders. F1 hybrids can be produced but introgression through backcrossing has been a problem. One of the main impediments is the time required between pollination and fertilization when F1 hybrids of P. vulgaris/P. angustissimus are backcrossed with P. vulgaris. In an attempt to reduce this time, the effect of alternative pollination techniques was studied. The rate and the time of fertilization were ascertained using three different pollen types (pollen germinated in vitro, fresh pollen (FP) mixed in pollen-germinating media and FP), and two methods of pollination (cut-style and stigmatic pollinations). An optimal in vitro pollen germination medium for Phaseolus pollen was developed. Low temperatures (6,9°C) were demonstrated to be necessary for Phaseolus pollen germination. Pollination using a cut-style technique coupled with pregerminated pollen reduced the time for fertilization in the backcrosses of interspecies hybrids by approximately 28 h. This technique improved the success rate of fertilization in wide crosses of Phaseolus designed to introgress genes from wild relatives. [source] Gene expression associated with N-induced shifts in resource allocation in poplarPLANT CELL & ENVIRONMENT, Issue 5 2003J. E. K. COOKE ABSTRACT Surprisingly little is known about molecular mechanisms by which nitrogen (N) availability acts to modulate the growth of forest trees. To address this issue, differential display was used in conjunction with filter-based arrays to identify 52 partial cDNA clones that were significantly regulated within days in response to limiting or luxuriant levels of NH4NO3 fertilization in Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray × deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh. A subset of these cDNAs also demonstrated shifts in expression patterns in stem-girdled trees, a manipulative physiology technique that disrupts phloem transport. Stem girdling also induced changes in glutamine and asparagine pools which were correlated with the observed changes in expression profiles for these genes. The identity of these genes provides insight into biochemical processes that are altered by N availability in poplar. Carbon,nitrogen interactions appear to figure prominently in the N-response. The gene expression data suggest that N availability modulates the partitioning of C and N resources into metabolic fates that have the potential to alter both wood quality and quantity, including synthesis of vegetative storage proteins, cell wall components, and terpenoids. [source] Political Theology, Political Religion and SecularisationPOLITICAL STUDIES REVIEW, Issue 2 2010Richard Shorten Burleigh, M. (2005) Earthly Powers: Religion and Politics in Europe from the French Revolution to the Great War. London: HarperCollins. Burleigh, M. (2006) Sacred Causes: Religion and Politics from the European Dictators to Al Qaeda. London: HarperPress. Gentile, E. (2006) Politics as Religion. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press. Gray, J. (2007) Black Mass: Apocalyptic Religion and the Death of Utopia. London: Penguin. Lilla, M. (2007) The Stillborn God: Religion, Politics and the Modern West. New York: Knopf. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||