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Gradient Pulses (gradient + pulse)

Distribution by Scientific Domains
Medical Sciences100%

Selected Abstracts

Stimulation threshold comparison of time-varying magnetic pulses with different waveforms

JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING, Issue 1 2009
Werner Irnich PhD
Abstract Purpose To clarify whether sinusoidal pulses possess lower thresholds than rectangular ones at perception threshold, a statement often made that contradicts the theory of stimulation. Materials and Methods The results of a nerve stimulation study with 65 volunteers and with trapezoidal and sinusoidal gradient pulses were used to apply the combination of the electric field, induced in the tissue of the human body, with the "Fundamental Law of Electrostimulation." This law claims that the waveshape of a pulse is not essential as long as the amplitude of the pulse does not decrease below rheobase (rheobase condition). Results If the rheobase condition is applied to sinusoidal waveforms and the pulse duration and amplitude is corrected accordingly, both trapezoidal and sinusoidal gradient pulses have identical threshold amplitudes as a function of pulse duration. Conclusion The "Fundamental Law of Electrostimulation," including the "rheobase condition," proved to be a good basis for describing magnetic field stimulation (magnetostimulation) and that application of it to magnetostimulation is suitable as the basis for describing magnetic field stimulation with various waveforms. For nonrectangular pulses, pulse durations and pulse amplitudes must be corrected according to the "rheobase condition." The exponential Blair Equation is less suited to be applied in magnetostimulation. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009;29:229,236. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Shaping and timing gradient pulses to reduce MRI acoustic noise,

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN MEDICINE, Issue 2 2010
Marcel Segbers MSc
Abstract A method to reduce the acoustic noise generated by gradient systems in MRI has been recently proposed; such a method is based on the linear response theory. Since the physical cause of MRI acoustic noise is the time derivative of the gradient current, a common trapezoid current shape produces an acoustic gradient coil response mainly during the rising and falling edge. In the falling edge, the coil acoustic response presents a 180° phase difference compared to the rising edge. Therefore, by varying the width of the trapezoid and keeping the ramps constant, it is possible to suppress one selected frequency and its higher harmonics. This value is matched to one of the prominent resonance frequencies of the gradient coil system. The idea of cancelling a single frequency is extended to a second frequency, using two successive trapezoid-shaped pulses presented at a selected interval. Overall sound pressure level reduction of 6 and 10 dB is found for the two trapezoid shapes and a single pulse shape, respectively. The acoustically optimized pulse shape proposed is additionally tested in a simulated echo planar imaging readout train, obtaining a sound pressure level reduction of 12 dB for the best case. Magn Reson Med, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Cardiac diffusion MRI without motion effects

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN MEDICINE, Issue 1 2002
Jiangang Dou
Abstract We present a method for diffusion tensor MRI in the beating heart that is insensitive to cardiac motion and strain. Using a stimulated echo pulse sequence with two electrocardiogram (ECG) triggers, diffusion-encoding bipolar gradient pulses are applied at identical phases in consecutive cardiac cycles. In this experiment, diffusion is encoded at a single phase in the cardiac cycle of less than 30 ms in duration. This encoding produces no phase shifts for periodic motion and is independent of intervening strains. Studies in a gel phantom with cyclic deformation confirm that by using this sequence we can map the diffusion tensor free of effects of cyclic motion. In normal human subjects, myocardial diffusion eigenvalues measured with the present method showed no significant change between acquisitions encoded at maximum contractile velocity (peak) vs. at myocardial standstill (end-systole), demonstrating motion independence of in vivo diffusion measurements. Diffusion tensor images acquired with the present method agree with registered data acquired with a previous cardiac diffusion MRI method that was shown to be valid in the normal heart, strongly supporting the validity of MRI diffusion measurement in the beating heart. Myocardial sheet and fiber dynamics measured during systole showed that normal human myocardial sheet orientations tilt toward the radial during systole, and fiber orientations tilt toward the longitudinal, in qualitative agreement with previous invasive studies in canines. These results demonstrate the technique's ability to measure myocardial diffusion accurately at any point in the cardiac cycle free of measurable motion effect, as if the heart were frozen at the point of acquisition. Magn Reson Med 48:105,114, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Online motion correction for diffusion-weighted imaging using navigator echoes: Application to RARE imaging without sensitivity loss

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN MEDICINE, Issue 5 2001
David G. Norris
Abstract This article describes the first application of true online motion correction to diffusion-weighted RARE imaging. Two orthogonal navigator echoes were acquired and zeroth and first-order phase corrections applied in less than 8 ms between a diffusion-weighted magnetization preparation and data acquisition using the RARE sequence. The zeroth-order phase correction was realized by pulsing the system's B0 -coil: the first-order error corrected with appropriate magnetic field gradient pulses. Online correction ensured that no irreversible signal loss could occur in the imaging experiment. Diffusion-weighted images of the brain were obtained from healthy volunteers. EGG-triggered acquisition was applied at 400 ms after the R-wave. Data were acquired on a matrix of 256 × 256 with a RARE factor of 16 and a b -value of 804 smm,2. The images obtained with online motion correction showed a remarkably high image quality, while those acquired without motion correction were severely degraded by artifacts. Magn Reson Med 45:729,733, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]