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Glass Containers (glass + container)
Selected AbstractsSodium tris(glycinium) bis(hexafluorosilicate) glycine trisolvateACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION C, Issue 7 2007Moolya B. Narayana The title compound, Na+·3C2H6NO2+·2SiF62,·3C2H5NO2, arose from an unexpected reaction of glycine and HF with the glass container. It is an unusual hybrid organic,inorganic network built up from chains of vertex-sharing NaF4O2 and SiF6 octahedra. A pair of glycinium/glycine molecules bridges the chains into a sheet via a centrosymmetric O...H...O link. The other organic species interact with the network by an extensive N,H...F hydrogen-bond network, including bifurcated and trifurcated bonds. Finally, an extremely short C,H...O interaction (H...O = 2.25,Å) is seen in the crystal structure. The Na atom has site symmetry . [source] Weathering and aging of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in soil increases toxicity to potworm Enchytraeus crypticusENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & CHEMISTRY, Issue 10 2005Roman G. Kuperman Abstract Energetic materials are employed in a wide range of commercial and military activities and often are released into the environment. Scientifically based ecological soil-screening levels (Eco-SSLs) are needed to identify contaminant explosive levels in soil that present an acceptable ecological risk. Insufficient information for 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) to generate Eco-SSLs for soil invertebrates necessitated toxicity testing. We adapted the standardized Enchytraeid Reproduction Test and selected Enchytraeus crypticus for these studies. Tests were conducted in Sassafras sandy loam soil, which supports relatively high bioavailability of TNT. Weathering and aging procedures for TNT amended to test soil were incorporated into the study design to produce toxicity data that better reflect the soil exposure conditions in the field compared with toxicity in freshly amended soils. This included exposing hydrated TNT-amended soils in open glass containers in the greenhouse to alternating wetting and drying cycles. Definitive tests showed that toxicity for E. crypticus adult survival and juvenile production was increased significantly in weathered and aged soil treatments compared with toxicity in freshly amended soil based on 95% confidence intervals. The median effect concentration and 20% effective concentration for reproduction were 98 and 77 mg/kg, respectively, for TNT freshly amended into soil and 48 and 37 mg/kg, respectively, for weathered and aged TNT soil treatments. These findings of increased toxicity to E. crypticus in weathered and aged TNT soil treatments compared with exposures in freshly amended soils show that future investigations should include a weathering and aging component to generate toxicity data that provide more complete information on ecotoxicological effects of energetic contaminants in soil. [source] Rheological behaviour and colour changes of ginger paste during storageINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 3 2004Jasim Ahmed Summary Ginger paste was prepared from fresh ginger by addition of 8% common salt and citric acid. The paste was thermally processed and packed in glass, polyethyleneterephthalate or high-density-polyethylene containers and stored at 5 ± 1 and 25 ± 1 °C for 120 days. The rheological characteristics of the paste were studied by using a computer controlled rotational viscometer over the temperature range of 20,80 °C. Samples were subjected to a programmed shear rate, increasing linearly from 0 to 200 s,1 in 3 min, followed by a steady shear at 200 s,1 for 3 min and finally decreasing linearly from 200 to 0 s,1 in 3 min. Ginger paste exhibited pseudoplasticity with yield stress and flow adequately described by the Herschel,Bulkley model. The yield stress decreased exponentially with process temperature and ranged between 3.86 and 27.82 Pa. The flow behaviour index (n) varied between 0.66 and 0.82 over the temperature range. Both consistency index and apparent viscosity decreased with increase in temperature and the process activation energies were found to be in the range of 16.7 to 21.9 kJ mol,1. The effect of temperature was significant (P < 0.05) on the Hunter colour combination value of the paste during storage; however it was not affected by type of packaging material (P > 0.05). It is recommended that ginger paste is stored at 5 ± 1 °C in polyethyleneterephthalate or glass containers. [source] The Stability of Collected Human Scent Under Various Environmental Conditions,JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES, Issue 6 2009Davia T. Hudson Ph.D. Abstract:, Human scent evidence collected from objects at a crime scene is used for scent discrimination with specially trained canines. Storage of the scent evidence is usually required yet no optimized storage protocol has been determined. Storage containers including glass, polyethylene, and aluminized pouches were evaluated to determine the optimal medium for storing human scent evidence of which glass was determined to be the optimal storage matrix. Hand odor samples were collected on three different sorbent materials, sealed in glass vials and subjected to different storage environments including room temperature, ,80°C conditions, dark storage, and UVA/UVB light exposure over a 7-week period. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the headspace of the samples were extracted and identified using solid-phase micro-extraction,gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (SPME,GC/MS). Three-dimensional covariance mapping showed that glass containers subjected to minimal UVA/UVB light exposure provide the most stable environment for stored human scent samples. [source] Development of a Lyophilization Formulation that Preserves the Biological Activity of the Platelet-inducing Cytokine Interleukin-11 at Low ConcentrationsJOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACOLOGY: AN INTERNATI ONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE, Issue 1 2000CHRISTOPHER PAGE Recombinant human interleukin-11 (rhIL-11) is a licensed biological therapeutic product in at least one country and is used to combat thrombocytopenia during chemotherapeutic regimens, as well as undergoing clinical trials for a range of other disorders. Following attempts to lyophilize IL-11 at low concentrations, it was clear that a significant loss of recoverable biological activity occurred. Investigation of a variety of factors, including the type of container in which the rhIL-11 was lyophilized, revealed that surface adsorption to glass was a major factor resulting in loss of activity of rhIL-11 in solution (> 40% reduction after 3 h at room temperature), in addition to losses of activity post-lyophilization. To overcome this problem, different formulations containing combinations of human serum albumin (HSA), trehalose and Tween-20 have been investigated. Two formulations were successful in entirely preserving the biological activity of rhIL-11 through lyophilization and subsequent reconstitution (potency estimates of formulated relative to original material being ,0.97). Accelerated degradation studies, performed at intervals over a six-month period, demonstrated the stability of freeze-dried rhIL-11 using these formulations (predicted annual reduction in potency after storage at ,20°C ,1.4%). In conclusion, we have developed a working combination of excipients (0.5% HSA, 0.1% trehalose and 0.02% Tween-20 in potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4)) to formulate a stable rhIL-11 freeze-dried product in glass containers, with no loss in potency. These findings should facilitate development of low dose rhIL-11 products and be an indicator of caution to those using this and other material with similar physical properties, without taking appropriate precautions to avoid losses through adsorption. [source] Designing a belt conveyor controller in a bottling plant using fuzzy logic and genetic algorithmsPACKAGING TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Issue 6 2001Marcello Braglia Abstract This paper presents an industrial case study relevant to a fuzzy logic controller designed via a properly developed genetic algorithm. We consider an example of a fuzzy logic-based industrial process-controller. In particular, we deal with the problem of controlling the speed of a belt conveyor for glass containers in a bottling plant. The primary objective of the controller is to guarantee the continuous feed to the filling station, in the presence of frequent gaps between bottles. The secondary objective is to reduce the impact speed between arriving bottles and those standing in the queue, in order to reduce the plant noise. High-performance parameters of the fuzzy controller are found by a properly developed genetic algorithm. The results provided by Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate that, with such controllers, it is possible to achieve both the objectives mentioned above. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | ||||||||||