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Gland Extract (gland + extract)
Selected AbstractsThe Male Accessory Gland Substances of Lucilia illustris (I): Its Effect on Mating ReceptivityENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH, Issue 2 2002Jong-Jin LEE ABSTRACT In order to verify the physiological functions of male accessory gland (MAG) substances of the blowfly, Lucilia illustris Meigen, the growth and changes in metabolites of male accessory gland with aging, and the effect of male accessory gland extract on mating receptivity of L. illustris were examined. There was not a significant difference in length of MAG with aging, but the width of MAG was grown widely from 0 to 5-days old apparently. Changes in glycogen, total protein and lipid of male accessory gland substances showed same patterns but total protein content was higher than the others. Therefore, male nutrition affected the production of male accessory proteins. During the mating fed unmated male transferred larger amount of protein than that of starved male. When male accessory gland homogenates injected, mating receptivity of gravid female was greatly inhibited comparing to control, suggesting that the accessory gland substances of L. illustris alters female mating receptivity after mating. [source] Salivary gland extract from engorged Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) stimulates in vitro growth of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu latoJOURNAL OF BASIC MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 3 2010Ivo Rudolf Abstract In vitro effect of salivary gland extract from fed Ixodes ricinus, the competent vector of Lyme borreliosis in Europe, on the growth of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (B. garinii, B. afzelii and B. burgdorferi sensu stricto) was examined in BSK-H medium. Motility rate, concentration of motile spirochetes and their morphology were estimated at intervals of 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 days using darkfield microscopy. Salivary gland extract derived from I. ricinus stimulated markedly the growth of three genomic species of borreliae. The results confirm a substantial role of salivary glands in the mechanism of pathogen transmission to vertebrate host. (© 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Th2 polarization of the immune response of BALB/c mice to Ixodes ricinus instars, importance of several antigens in activation of specific Th2 subpopulationsPARASITE IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 2 2001Naceur Mejri BALB/c mice were infested with Ixodes ricinus larvae, nymphs or adults. Expression of IL-4 and IFN-, mRNA in axillary and brachial draining lymph node cells were measured by competitive quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction 9 days after the beginning of primary-infestation. IL-4 mRNA was always higher than that of IFN-, mRNA for all tick instars. Moreover, IL-4 mRNA expression progressively increased during nymphal primary-infestation with a high burst of expression 7 days after the beginning of infestation. No evolution of IFN-, mRNA expression was detected. Draining lymph node cells of infested BALB/c produced higher level of IL-4 than IFN-, following in vitro restimulation with adult tick saliva, salivary gland extract (SGE) or with five selected different chromatographic fractions of SGE. Anti-tick IgG1 antibodies but no IgG2a were detected in BALB/c pluri-infested with I. ricinus nymphs, which confirmed the Th2 polarization of the immune response. [source] Synergistic sex pheromone components of the grey-spotted tussock moth, Orgyia ericaeENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA, Issue 3 2010Guo-Fa Chen Abstract The grey-spotted tussock moth, Orgyia ericae Germar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), is an important pest of deciduous trees and woody scrublands in northern China. In a field trapping experiment conducted during the flight of the first generation of 2009, synthetic (Z)-6-heneicosen-11-one, a common Orgyia spp. sex pheromone component, attracted O. ericae males. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses (full scan or selected ion-monitoring mode) of pheromone gland extracts from females revealed the presence of a major, a minor, and a trace component, i.e., (6Z,9Z)-heneicosa-6,9-diene, (6Z,9Z)-tricosa-6,9-diene, and (Z)-6-heneicosen-11-one, respectively. Field experiments during the flight of the second generation showed that (6Z,9Z)-tricosa-6,9-diene, the minor component, was inactive alone or in any combination with the other two components, whereas (6Z,9Z)-heneicosa-6,9-diene and (Z)-6-heneicosen-11-one were weakly attractive when tested individually. However, traps baited with a binary blend of (6Z,9Z)-heneicosa-6,9-diene and (Z)-6-heneicosen-11-one caught seven-fold more moths than any other treatment (except the ternary blend), indicating a strong synergistic interaction between the two components. The analytical and field trapping data suggested that (6Z,9Z)-heneicosa-6,9-diene and (Z)-6-heneicosen-11-one are likely the key sex pheromone components of female O. ericae. This synergistic blend will be useful as an efficient monitoring tool, and possible control tool, to combat this economically and ecologically important forest defoliator. [source] (11Z)-hexadec-11-enal enhances the attractiveness of Diatraea saccharalis main pheromone component in wind tunnel experimentsJOURNAL OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 2 2005B. Kalinová Abstract:, GC-EAD and GC-MS analysis of pheromone gland extracts of sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis, revealed two antennally active compounds, (9Z,11E)-hexadeca-9,1-dienal and (11Z)-hexadec-11-enal, in approximately 10 : 1 ratio. Various doses of identified compounds were investigated in wind tunnel experiments individually and in a 10 : 1 ratio. At all tested doses (9Z,11E)-hexadeca-9,1-dienal alone elicited upwind orientation and source location only in a minority of tested males. An admixture of (11Z)-hex-11-enal enhanced the attractiveness of (9Z,11E)-hexadeca-9,11-dienal significantly. This two-component blend (100 pg) was as attractive as natural pheromone extracted from three female pheromone glands. The data suggest that (11Z)-hexadec-11-enal is a part of the D. saccharalis sex pheromone. [source] The piercing-sucking herbivores Lygus hesperus and Nezara viridula induce volatile emissions in plants ,,ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY (ELECTRONIC), Issue 2 2005Livy Williams III Abstract Plant volatiles induced by herbivory are often used as olfactory cues by foraging herbivores and their natural enemies, and thus have potential for control of agricultural pests. Compared to chewing insects and mites, little is known about plant volatile production following herbivory by insects with piercing-sucking mouthparts. Here, we studied factors (insect life stage, gender, the role of salivary glands, and type of bioassay used for volatile induction) that influence the induction of plant volatiles by two agriculturally important hemipterans, Lygus hesperus and Nezara viridula. Feeding on intact cotton by virgin females of L. hesperus induced 2.6-fold greater volatile response compared to that induced by mated females, possibly due to increased feeding activity by virgin females. This plant volatile response was associated with elicitors present in the insect's salivary glands as well as to the degree of mechanical injury. Feeding injury by N. viridula females also increased volatile emissions in intact maize by approximately 2-fold compared to control plants. Maize seedlings injured by N. viridula emitted higher amounts of the monoterpene linalool, the sesquiterpenes (E)-,-caryophyllene, ,- trans -bergamotene, and (E,E)-,-farnesene, and the homoterpene (E,E)-4,8,12-trimethyl-1,3,7,11-tridecatetraene, but not amounts of green leaf volatiles, compared to uninjured plants. Emissions from intact maize injured by adult males were lower than those emitted by adult females of the same age and did not differ from those emitted by uninjured plants. Similarly, feeding by virgin female N. viridula followed by excision led to 64% higher quantities of volatiles compared to untreated plants. Volatile emission in excised plants, however, was considerably greater than in intact plants, suggesting that careful consideration must be given to bioassay design in studies of herbivore-induced plant volatiles. Salivary gland extracts of N. viridula led to sesquiterpene emissions approximately 2.5-fold higher than for controls, although no significant differences were observed for green leaf volatiles, monoterpenes, and homoterpenes. These results indicate that L. hesperus and female N. viridula feeding induce volatile production in plants, and that volatile production is affected by gender and life stage of the bug. Although oviposition and mechanical injury by stylets may increase release of volatiles, elicitors from salivary glands of L. hesperus and N. viridula also seem to play a role in the emission of plant volatiles. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 58:84,96, 2005. Published 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] | ||||||||||