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General Statements (general + statement)
Selected AbstractsImmigrant Communities and Civil War*INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION REVIEW, Issue 1 2009David D. Laitin This paper explains why international migrants, who face numerous security and cultural threats in their host societies, are almost never implicated in civil war violence. This is quite different from situations of internal migration, which often set off violence that escalates to civil war proportions. The paper first lays out the stark contrast between the political implications of external and internal migration based on data adapted from the Minorities at Risk (MAR) dataset. It then explores the reasons for the low incidence of civil war violence for international migrants through an examination of three cases: Bahrain, which has a large expatriate community without political rights that has been politically quiescent; Estonia, where some 30 percent of the population are disaffected Russian-speakers linked to post-World War II migrations from other republics of the Soviet Union; and Pakistan, where the immigrant Muhajirs are a partial exception to the general pattern outlined in this paper. It concludes with a general statement of the relationship between immigration and rebellion, where the level of grievances is less consequential than the conditions that make insurgency pay off. [source] What the Medical Excuse Teaches Us About the Potential Living Donor as PatientAMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 4 2010L. F. Ross Since the inception of living donor kidney transplantation, physicians have expressed concern about the voluntariness of the donors and their ability to recuse themselves. The literature from the late 1960s and early 1970s reveals the practice of offering a false medical excuse, although more recent comments seem to focus more on a ,general statement of lack of suitability' or ,a blameless explanation'. Simmerling et al. argue that the provision of a medical excuse rests on deception, which is wrong on deontological grounds (that physicians should hold to a principle of veracity) and on consequential grounds (deception threatens to damage trust and the doctor,patient relationship and deception may have adverse impact on the donor's relationship with his family). In this paper I examine and reject these objections. I argue that a false medical excuse is morally unjustifiable, but the medical excuse understood as a ,general statement of lack of suitability' is morally permissible because it promotes donor autonomy (the donor's right to decide whether or not to donate), and protects and preserves the donor's rights to privacy and confidentiality (by affirming the donor as an independent patient). [source] 135 Life History and Ecology of Trentepohliaceae (Chlorophyta) in the West of IrelandJOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, Issue 2003F. Rindi Species of subaerial green algae of the family Trentepohliaceae are common in tropical and temperate regions. Despite nearly two centuries of investigations, several important aspects of their biology (such as life history and taxonomic relationships of some species) are still poorly understood. In western Ireland, the abundance of Trentepohliaceae is a peculiar feature of the subaerial algal vegetation. Six species are present (Phycopeltis arundinacea, Printzina lagenifera, Trentepohlia abietina, T. aurea, T. iolithus and T. umbrina). Life history and phenology of these were examined by extensive field and culture studies. In contrast to most other subaerial algae, the Trentepohliaceae show a generally strict substratum-specificity in western Ireland. T. iolithus, in particular, is remarkable for its occurrence on concrete walls, where it may produce extensive dark-red growths. Our observations suggest that general statements about the life history of Trentepohlia should be reconsidered critically. There is no evidence that in Irish populations a regular alternation of isomorphic gametophytes and sporophytes takes place; biflagellate swarmers (usually considered gametes) behave as asexual spores and reproduce the same morphological phase. No fusion of gametes was observed and a detailed examination of the literature concerning the genus shows that this phenomenon is extremely rare. A combination of studies based on different types of data (molecular data, examination of very large numbers of field samples, chromosome numbers, culture studies) is considered fundamental to any definitive clarification of the taxonomy and life history of Trentepohlia. [source] Wishful physics , some common misconceptions about InGaNPHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI (A) APPLICATIONS AND MATERIALS SCIENCE, Issue 3 2003K. P. O'Donnell Abstract All III,N visible light emitting devices contain ultrathin active layers of InGaN. Although this material has been widely studied during the last ten years or so, opinion is still divided as to its nature. Most researchers would agree with the proposition that III,nitride "alloys" are a mess, at least when compared with analogous III,As materials. It may be further argued that the quality of InGaN samples is at present too variable to allow general statements to be made about the material. We repudiate this misconception. The similarities between luminescent InGaN samples from different laboratories outweigh the differences. Any differences that do occur can be confidently accounted for, in terms of a peculiar growth habit of III,nitrides. We also briefly discuss the status of accidental InN quantum dots. [source] Towards universal Kangaroo Mother Care: recommendations and report from the First European conference and Seventh International Workshop on Kangaroo Mother CareACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 6 2010KH Nyqvist Abstract The hallmark of Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) is the kangaroo position: the infant is cared for skin-to-skin vertically between the mother's breasts and below her clothes, 24 h/day, with father/substitute(s) participating as KMC providers. Intermittent KMC (for short periods once or a few times per day, for a variable number of days) is commonly employed in high-tech neonatal intensive care units. These two modalities should be regarded as a progressive adaptation of the mother-infant dyad, ideally towards continuous KMC, starting gradually and progressively with intermittent KMC. The other components in KMC are exclusive breastfeeding (ideally) and early discharge in kangaroo position with strict follow-up. Current evidence allows the following general statements about KMC in affluent and low-income settings: KMC enhances bonding and attachment; reduces maternal postpartum depression symptoms; enhances infant physiologic stability and reduces pain, increases parental sensitivity to infant cues; contributes to the establishment and longer duration of breastfeeding and has positive effects on infant development and infant/parent interaction. Therefore, intrapartum and postnatal care in all types of settings should adhere to a paradigm of nonseparation of infants and their mothers/families. Preterm/low-birth-weight infants should be regarded as extero-gestational foetuses needing skin-to-skin contact to promote maturation. Conclusion:, Kangaroo Mother Care should begin as soon as possible after birth, be applied as continuous skin-to-skin contact to the extent that this is possible and appropriate and continue for as long as appropriate. [source] | ||||||||||