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General Background (general + background)
Selected AbstractsCounting the COST: a European collaboration on the efficiency of psychotherapeutic treatment of patients with eating disordersEUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW, Issue 3 2005Hans Kordy Abstract In 1993, a European collaboration on the efficiency of psychotherapeutic treatment of patients with Eating Disorders was initiated. The European Union supported it under the name COST Action B6 from 1994,2001. This unique opportunity to co-ordinate research and to exchange clinical experience eventually attracted more than 200 researchers and clinicians from 19 European countries. This is the first paper of a series of five through which we report on the general background, the organizational structure, the objectives, the design, the main findings, and specific methodological developments of COST Action B6. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association. [source] Copper and other sheathing in the Royal NavyINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NAUTICAL ARCHAEOLOGY, Issue 2 2000John M. Bingeman The Royal Navy's use of copper and other sheathing on ships as a protection against,worm'is presented against a general background of the subject. Manufacturers', Admiralty and other marks found on metal sheathing are illustrated and identified as an aid to nautical archaeologists. © 2000 The Nautical Archaeology Society [source] Probiotics and oral health effects in childrenINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PAEDIATRIC DENTISTRY, Issue 1 2008SVANTE TWETMAN Background., Probiotics are living micro-organisms added to food which beneficially affect the host by improving its intestinal microbial balance. Objective., This paper aims to present a general background on probiotics and its health effects in children, and to examine the evidence for oral colonization and the possible impact on oral health in children and young adults. Methods., For delivery and general health effects, recent systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and other relevant papers were used. Concerning oral installation and oral effects, a broad search for publications in English was conducted through February 2007 in PubMed. Studies describing an installation or intervention trial in humans with a controlled design and an oral endpoint measure were considered. Fourteen papers with dental focus were identified, of which two were narrative reviews. Results., Only one study of dental interest was conducted in children. Four papers dealt with oral installation of probiotic bacteria, and although detectable levels were found in saliva shortly after intake, the studies failed to demonstrate a long-term installation. Seven papers evaluated the effect of lactobacilli- or bifidobacteria-derived probiotics on the salivary levels of caries-associated bacteria in placebo-controlled designs. All but one reported a hampering effect on mutans streptococci and/or yeast. The single study carried out in early childhood reported a significant caries reduction in 3- to 4-year-old children after 7 months of daily consumption of probiotic milk. Conclusion., Bacteriotheraphy in the form of probiotic bacteria with an inhibitory effect on oral pathogens is a promising concept, especially in childhood, but this may not necessarily lead to improved oral health. Further placebo controlled trials that assess carefully selected and defined probiotic strains using standardized outcomes are needed before any clinical recommendations can be made. [source] A physiological interpretation of pattern changes in a flatfishJOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2008D. Burton The pattern-related capacity for the dispersion of previously aggregated melanosomes in low concentrations (3 × 10,6 to 10,8 M) of noradrenaline in vitro was observed in melanophores from winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus. With 10,8 M noradrenaline, dispersion was completed more rapidly than in controls using the incubation vehicle alone. Melanophores from white-spot, dark-band and general background components of the integumentary pattern displayed different ,transition ranges' between melanosome aggregation and dispersion in higher and lower concentrations of noradrenaline. Within each ,transition range' individual noradrenaline concentration decrements could result in highly variable degrees of melanosome dispersion. The relative breadth of the noradrenaline ,transition range' concentrations could be represented as dark bands > general background > white spots. The threshold noradrenaline concentration for dispersion was highest for the dark bands. It is concluded that these differences represent variations in the transition from melanophore ,-adrenoceptor-mediated pigment aggregation to ,-adrenoceptor-mediated dispersion between localized areas of the skin. Such variations in ,transition range' will have an important role in the expression of flatfish patterns and in their changes in colour and texture. [source] Delusions and the Background of RationalityMIND & LANGUAGE, Issue 2 2005Lisa Bortolotti In particular I challenge the view that irrational beliefs can be ascribed only against a general background of rationality. Subjects affected by delusions seem to be genuine believers and their behaviour can be successfully explained in intentional terms, but they do not meet those criteria that according to Davidson (1985a) need to be met for the background of rationality to be in place. [source] Managing and reporting intangible assets in research technology organisationsR & D MANAGEMENT, Issue 2 2005Karl-Heinz Leitner In the last couple of years, new instruments and methods for measuring, valuing and managing different forms of intangible assets have been proposed. Firms started to implement comprehensive management techniques to identify and value different forms of intangible assets based on an integrative framework, incorporating different forms of intangible assets such as R&D and human capital. Research Technology Organisations (RTOs) present an interesting case for studying different forms of intangible assets, their interdependencies and their impact on outputs. The main business of these organisations is R&D; thus, nearly all forms of investments are related to the R&D process. Their outputs are knowledge-intensive products, services and public goods with the aim of improving the innovation output of their various customers. Some European RTOs have started to introduce new instruments for measuring and managing their intangible assets more explicitly. The paper investigates the general background, a specific model and empirical experiences of an Austrian RTO, which introduced an intellectual capital management system. [source] Police Reform and the Peace Process in Guatemala: the Fifth Promotion of the National Civilian PoliceBULLETIN OF LATIN AMERICAN RESEARCH, Issue 4 2001Marie-Louise Glebbeek After 36 years of mostly authoritarian rule and often bitter civil conflict in Guatemala, the December 1996 Peace Accords prepared the ground for a new phase of reconstruction, democratisation and social and institutional reform. Prior to the Peace Accords, policing in Guatemala had been often violent, repressive and subordinated to the counterinsurgency logic of the military. Security sector reform intentions included the abolition of existing police forces and the creation of a new National Civil Police (PNC). The PNC was meant to give substance to a new way of policing in tune with the building of democratic governance and effective law enforcement. This paper examines the general background of the reforms, discusses the limitations of the results so far, and takes a particular and critical look at one of the key components of the police reform: the recruitment and training of PNC aspirants, using the case of the 1999 Fifth Promotion that entered the Academy of the PNC. [source] Atomic Diversity, Molecular Diversity, and Chemical Diversity: The Concept of ChemodiversityCHEMISTRY & BIODIVERSITY, Issue 8 2009Bernard Testa Abstract This minireview is meant as an introduction to the following paper. To this end, it presents the general background against which the joint paper should be understood. The first objective of the present paper is thus to clarify some concepts and related terminology, drawing a clear distinction between i) atomic diversity (i.e., atomic-property space), ii) molecular or macromolecular diversity (i.e., molecular- or macromolecular-property spaces), and iii) chemical diversity (i.e., chemical-diversity space). The first refers to the various electronic states an atom can occupy. The second encompasses the conformational and property spaces of a given (macro)molecule. The third pertains to the diversity in structure and properties exhibited by a library or a supramolecular assembly of different chemical compounds. The ground is thus laid for the content of the joint paper, which pertains to case ii, to be placed in its broader chemodiversity context. The second objective of this paper is to point to the concepts of chemodiversity and biodiversity as forming a continuum. Chemodiversity is indeed the material substratum of organisms. In other words, chemodiversity is the material condition for life to emerge and exist. Increasing our knowledge of chemodiversity is thus a condition for a better understanding of life as a process. [source] | ||||||||||