Home About us Contact
|
Home About us Contact | ||
|
|
||
Genomics
Kinds of Genomics Terms modified by Genomics Selected AbstractsGENOMICS IN THE LIGHT OF EVOLUTIONARY TRANSITIONSEVOLUTION, Issue 6 2010Pierre M. Durand Molecular biology has entrenched the gene as the basic hereditary unit and genomes are often considered little more than collections of genes. However, new concepts and genomic data have emerged, which suggest that the genome has a unique place in the hierarchy of life. Despite this, a framework for the genome as a major evolutionary transition has not been fully developed. Instead, genome origin and evolution are frequently considered as a series of neutral or nonadaptive events. In this article, we argue for a Darwinian multilevel selection interpretation for the origin of the genome. We base our arguments on the multilevel selection theory of hypercycles of cooperative interacting genes and predictions that gene-level trade-offs in viability and reproduction can help drive evolutionary transitions. We consider genomic data involving mobile genetic elements as a test case of our view. A new concept of the genome as a discrete evolutionary unit emerges and the gene,genome juncture is positioned as a major evolutionary transition in individuality. This framework offers a fresh perspective on the origin of macromolecular life and sets the scene for a new, emerging line of inquiry,the evolutionary ecology of the genome. [source] ECOLOGICAL GENOMICS OF MODEL EUKARYOTES,EVOLUTION, Issue 12 2008John K. McKay First page of article [source] TOWARD THE EVOLUTIONARY GENOMICS OF GAMETOPHYTIC DIVERGENCE: PATTERNS OF TRANSMISSION RATIO DISTORTION IN MONKEYFLOWER (MIMULUS) HYBRIDS REVEAL A COMPLEX GENETIC BASIS FOR CONSPECIFIC POLLEN PRECEDENCEEVOLUTION, Issue 12 2008Lila Fishman Conspecific pollen precedence (CPP) is a major component of reproductive isolation between many flowering plant taxa and may reveal mechanisms of gametophytic evolution within species, but little is known about the genetic basis and evolutionary history of CPP. We systematically investigated the genetic architecture of CPP using patterns of transmission ratio distortion (TRD) in F2 and backcross hybrids between closely related species of Mimulus (Phrymaceae) with divergent mating systems. We found that CPP in Mimulus hybrids was polygenic and was the majority source of interspecific TRD genome-wide, with at least eight genomic regions contributing to the transmission advantage of M. guttatus pollen grains on M. guttatus styles. In aggregate, these male-specific transmission ratio distorting loci (TRDLs) were more than sufficient to account for the 100% precedence of pure M. guttatus pollen over M. nasutus pollen in mixed pollinations of M. guttatus. All but one of these pollen TRDLs were style-dependent; that is, we observed pollen TRD in F1 and/or M. guttatus styles, but not in M. nasutus styles. These findings suggest that species-specific differences in pollen tube performance accumulate gradually and may have been driven by coevolution between pollen and style in the predominantly outcrossing M. guttatus. [source] PROPOSAL OF ECTOCARPUS SILICULOSUS (ECTOCARPALES, PHAEOPHYCEAE) AS A MODEL ORGANISM FOR BROWN ALGAL GENETICS AND GENOMICS,JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, Issue 6 2004Akira F. Peters The emergence of model organisms that permit the application of a powerful combination of genomic and genetic approaches has been a major factor underlying the advances that have been made in the past decade in dissecting the molecular basis of a wide range of biological processes. However, the phylogenetic distance separating marine macroalgae from these model organisms, which are mostly from the animal, fungi, and higher plant lineages, limits the latters' applicability to problems specific to macroalgal biology. There is therefore a pressing need to develop similar models for the macroalgae. Here we describe a survey of potential model brown algae in which particular attention was paid to characteristics associated with a strong potential for genomic and genetic analysis, such as a small nuclear genome size, sexuality, and a short life cycle. Flow cytometry of nuclei isolated from zoids showed that species from the Ectocarpales possess smaller haploid genomes (127,290 Mbp) than current models among the Laminariales (580,720 Mbp) and Fucales (1095,1271 Mbp). Species of the Ectocarpales may complete their life histories in as little as 6 weeks in laboratory culture and are amenable to genetic analyses. Based on this study, we propose Ectocarpus siliculosus (Dillwyn) Lyngbye as an optimal choice for a general model organism for the molecular genetics of the brown algae. [source] FOUNDING A NEW SCIENCE: MIND GENOMICSJOURNAL OF SENSORY STUDIES, Issue 3 2006HOWARD R. MOSKOWITZ ABSTRACT We present in this article our vision for a new science, modeled on the emerging science of genomics and the technology of informatics. Our goal in this new science is to better understand how people react to ideas in a formal and structured way, using the principles of stimulus,response (from experimental psychology), conjoint analysis (from consumer research and statistics), Internet-based testing (from marketing research) and multiple tests to identify patterns of mind-sets (patterned after genomics). We show how this formal approach can then be used to construct new, innovative ideas in business. We demonstrate the approach using the development of new ideas for an electronic color palette for cosmetic products to be used by consumers. [source] Book Review: Microbial Biodegradation: Genomics and Molecular Biology.ENGINEERING IN LIFE SCIENCES (ELECTRONIC), Issue 1 2008By E. Díaz (Ed.). No abstract is available for this article. [source] Genomics of Brain and Blood: Progress and PitfallsEPILEPSIA, Issue 10 2006Frank R Sharp Summary:, Gene expression profiles in brain and blood of animals and humans can be useful for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of epilepsy. This article reviews recent progress and prospects for the future. [source] Review of Topics in Current Genetics 15: Comparative Genomics Using Fungi as Models Edited by P. Sunnerhagen and J. PiskurFEMS YEAST RESEARCH, Issue 1 2007Ed Louis No abstract is available for this article. [source] Multipoint analysis using affected sib pairs: Incorporating linkage evidence from unlinked regionsGENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY, Issue 2 2001Kung-Yee Liang Abstract In this paper, we proposed a multipoint method to assess evidence of linkage to one region by incorporating linkage evidence from another region. This approach uses affected sib pairs in which the number of alleles shared identical by descent (IBD) is the primary statistic. This generalized estimating equation (GEE) approach is robust in that no assumption about the mode of inheritance is required, other than assuming the two regions being considered are unlinked and that there is no more than one susceptibility gene in each region. The method proposed here uses data from all available families to simultaneously test the hypothesis of statistical interaction between regions and to estimate the location of the susceptibility gene in the target region. As an illustration, we have applied this GEE method to an asthma sib pair study (Wjst et al. [1999] Genomics 58:1,8), which earlier reported evidence of linkage to chromosome 6 but showed no evidence for chromosome 20. Our results yield strong evidence to chromosome 20 (P value = 0.0001) after incorporating linkage information from chromosome 6. Furthermore, it estimates with 95% certainty that the map location of the susceptibility gene is flanked by markers D20S186 and D20S101, which are approximately 16.3 cM apart. Genet. Epidemiol. 21:105,122, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] 1.1 Genomics, genetic basis of disease, HLA/T cell recognitionINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RHEUMATIC DISEASES, Issue 2010Article first published online: 20 JUN 2010 First page of article [source] Genomics and the Cardiac SurgeonJOURNAL OF CARDIAC SURGERY, Issue 1 2007Miriam Kelley Bullard M.D. Now, some gene polymorphisms may predict perioperative trouble more precisely than a 10% ejection fraction. Gene chips will soon permit designer therapy and a micro-array "signature" will soon become fundamental to pre-operative risk stratification. It is time for the cardiac surgical community to come aboard. [source] A new locus for hereditary hypotrichosis simplex maps to chromosome 13q12.12,12.3 in a Chinese familyJOURNAL OF CUTANEOUS PATHOLOGY, Issue 7 2010Chao Xu Background: Hereditary hypotrichosis simplex (MIM 146520, HHS) is a rare form of nonsyndromic alopecia. The locus for autosomal dominant HHS was mapped to 18p11.32-p11.23 and 6p21.3, respectively, suggestive of genetic heterogeneity. Aim: To identify the disease-causing gene for a four-generation Chinese family with dominant transmission of a form of HHS. The work was carried out at State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics. Methods: Genome-wide screening was carried out in a Chinese family with HHS using microsatellite markers, and linkage analysis was performed using the MLINK program. Results: The highest two-point logarithm of the odds (LOD) score was obtained with the microsatellite marker D13S217 (LOD score of 4.041 at , = 0.00). After fine mapping and haplotype analysis, we defined a critical region of about 9.57 cM flanked by markers D13S1243 and D13S1299. The disease-causing gene was mapped to 13q12.12,12.3 in this family. Conclusions: A novel locus for HHS maps to chromosome 13q12.12,12.3 in a Chinese family. Xu C, Zhang L, Chen N, Su B, Pan C-M, Li J-Y, Zhang G-W, Liu Z, Sheng Y, Song H-D. A new locus for hereditary hypotrichosis simplex maps to chromosome 13q12.12,12.3 in a Chinese family. [source] Drought Stress and Preharvest Aflatoxin Contamination in Agricultural Commodity: Genetics, Genomics and ProteomicsJOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY, Issue 10 2008Baozhu Guo Abstract Throughout the world, aflatoxin contamination is considered one of the most serious food safety issues concerning health. Chronic problems with preharvest aflatoxin contamination occur in the southern US, and are particularly troublesome in corn, peanut, cottonseed, and tree nuts. Drought stress is a major factor to contribute to preharvest aflatoxin contamination. Recent studies have demonstrated higher concentration of defense or stress-related proteins in corn kernels of resistant genotypes compared with susceptible genotypes, suggesting that preharvest field condition (drought or not drought) influences gene expression differently in different genotypes resulting in different levels of "end products": PR(pathogenesis-related) proteins in the mature kernels. Because of the complexity of Aspergillus -plant interactions, better understanding of the mechanisms of genetic resistance will be needed using genomics and proteomics for crop improvement. Genetic improvement of crop resistance to drought stress is one component and will provide a good perspective on the efficacy of control strategy. Proteomic comparisons of corn kernel proteins between resistant or susceptible genotypes to Aspergillus flavus infection have identified stress-related proteins along with antifungal proteins as associated with kernel resistance. Gene expression studies in developing corn kernels are in agreement with the proteomic studies that defense-related genes could be upregulated or downregulated by abiotic stresses. [source] Cardiovascular Genetics and Genomics for the Cardiologist edited by Victor J. Dzau and Choong-Chin LiewJOURNAL OF INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOLOGY, Issue 3 2009Sharon Cresci M.D.Article first published online: 31 MAY 200 No abstract is available for this article. [source] Genomics and Cardiovascular DiseaseJOURNAL OF NURSING SCHOLARSHIP, Issue 4 2005Lorraine Frazier Purpose: To describe genetic knowledge and discovery in the area of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and to discuss how these new advances will influence the clinical care of affected people. Organizing Framework: A selective review of the literature is presented on the disease mechanism of both the Mendelian and multifactorial genetic cardiovascular conditions. A case study approach is used to illustrate how the genetic paradigm affects the healthcare experience of a family affected with familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Findings: The current state of CVD treatment remains complex. An understanding of genomic concepts and a genome-based approach is necessary to determine: (a) the risk of CVD susceptibility beyond traditional risk factors; (b) early detection of illness; (c) response to treatment; and (d) molecular taxonomy of the disease. Conclusions: The results of genetic research, education, and teaching will lead to a new understanding of genes and pathways, resulting in powerful new therapeutic approaches to CVD. The challenge is to translate genetic discoveries into clinical practice that ultimately leads to preventing CVD and reducing mortality. [source] Reproductive Options for Individuals at Risk for Transmission of a Genetic DisorderJOURNAL OF OBSTETRIC, GYNECOLOGIC & NEONATAL NURSING, Issue 2 2002Shirley L. Jones RNC The basis of human growth and development has long been considered to be one of the great mysteries of science and mankind. The portal to understanding this mystery was achieved by the Human Genome Project and Celera Genomics in 2001, with their joint announcement of the sequencing of 99% of the human genome map. Current reproductive options, however, remain restricted to the prevention of transmitting an at-risk gene or genes, but do not include treatment or cure. It is anticipated that this state of "halfway technology" will continue for years to come. As such, the scientific and ethical issues associated with each of these reproductive options will continue to affect the decision making of at-risk individuals. As the omnipresent health care provider, nurses have a duty to know and disseminate accurate and current information about reproductive options for individuals at risk for transmission of a genetic disorder. Nurses also have a duty to advocate for and ensure the privacy and confidentiality of genetic information. [source] Genomics and systems biology , how relevant are the developments to veterinary pharmacology, toxicology and therapeutics?JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 3 2005R. F. WITKAMP This review discusses some of the recent developments in genomics and its current and future relevance for veterinary pharmacology and toxicology. With the rapid progress made in this field several new approaches in pharmacological and toxicological research have developed and drug discovery and drug development strategies have changed dramatically. In this review, the term genomics is used to encompass the three sub-disciplines transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics (or metabonomics) to describe the formation and fate of mRNA, proteins and metabolites, respectively. The current status and methods of the technology and some applications are briefly described. Although the DNA sequencing programmes are receiving considerable attention, the real value of genomics for pharmacology and toxicology is brought by the parallel developments in bio-informatics, bio-statistics and the integration of biology with mathematics and information technology. The ultimate level of integration is now mostly called systems biology, where mRNA, proteins and metabolites are being analysed in parallel, using a complete arsenal of analytical techniques (DNA-array, LC-MS/MS, GC-MS/MS, NMR, etc.). The information thus collected is analysed, integrated, linked to database information and translated to pathways and systems. This approach offers an enormous potential to study disease mechanisms and find new drug targets. Thus far, genomics and systems biology have not been introduced significantly in typical veterinary pharmacological and toxicological research programmes. The high costs and complexity connected to these large projects often form major obstacles for research groups with limited budgets. In other veterinary areas and disciplines, including infectious diseases, animal production and food-safety more examples of application are available. Genomics and bio-informatics provide outstanding opportunities to study pharmacology and toxicology in a more holistic way, taking into account the complexity of biological systems and based on the basic principles of physiology and the concept of homeostasis. Knowledge of biology, in vivo and in vitro models, and comparative pharmacology/toxicology is essential here, creating excellent opportunities for the veterinary trained scientist. [source] Genomics of dairy fermentationsMICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY, Issue 6 2008Roland J. Siezen [source] Genomics of biological wastewater treatmentMICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY, Issue 5 2008Roland J. Siezen [source] Application of Physiological Genomics to the MicrocirculationMICROCIRCULATION, Issue 1 2002Dr. Andrew S. Greene Physiological genomics represents a new challenge in the biological sciences,the quest to define the functions of thousands of genes that will emerge from the sequencing of the human genome and the genomes of other model organisms. Because the attention of the scientific community has focused on this task, new tools that will allow high-efficiency identification of gene function are being developed at remarkable speed. Physiological genomic approaches to understanding integrated systems function are now becoming widely used in many areas of biological research. The availability of genomic information across species has now revealed a striking degree of conservation of both gene order and function, allowing researchers to easily move from model organisms to man in the hunt for gene function. Physiological genomics approaches in the cardiovascular system have focused on disease-based models and the behavior of large vessels. In the microcirculation, genomic studies have largely been confined to the use of single gene knockouts or to the study of angiogenesis. This review summarizes the strategies for physiological genomics that are appropriate to the study of the microcirculation and discusses several key discoveries that have been made by using these approaches. [source] Bridging the Gap Between Genomics and EducationMIND, BRAIN, AND EDUCATION, Issue 4 2007Stephen A. Petrill ABSTRACT, Despite several decades of research suggesting the importance of both genetic and environmental factors, these findings are not well integrated into the larger educational literature. Following a discussion of quantitative and molecular genetic methods, this article reviews behavioral genetic findings related to cognitive and academic skills. This literature suggests that (a) the relative importance of genes and environments varies developmentally; (b) genetics, and to a lesser extend the environment, account for a substantial portion of the covariance within and across academic domains; and (c) some forms of disability are qualitatively different from the population, whereas others constitute the lower end of a continuum of ability. Following a discussion of the strengths and limitations of current behavioral genetic research and intervention research, we then discuss the ways in which understanding gene,environment interplay can be used to develop better definitions of learning impairment and better explain the substantial variability in response to intervention. [source] Comparative genomics and the study of evolution by natural selectionMOLECULAR ECOLOGY, Issue 21 2008HANS ELLEGREN Abstract Genomics profoundly affects most areas of biology, including ecology and evolutionary biology. By examining genome sequences from multiple species, comparative genomics offers new insight into genome evolution and the way natural selection moulds DNA sequence evolution. Functional divergence, as manifested in the accumulation of nonsynonymous substitutions in protein-coding genes, differs among lineages in a manner seemingly related to population size. For example, the ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitution (dN/dS) is higher in apes than in rodents, compatible with Ohta's nearly neutral theory of molecular evolution, which suggests that the fixation of slightly deleterious mutations contributes to protein evolution at an extent negatively correlated with effective population size. While this supports the idea that functional evolution is not necessarily adaptive, comparative genomics is uncovering a role for positive Darwinian selection in 10,40% of all genes in different lineages, estimates that are likely to increase when the addition of more genomes gives increased power. Again, population size seems to matter also in this context, with a higher proportion of fixed amino acid changes representing advantageous mutations in large populations. Genes that are particularly prone to be driven by positive selection include those involved with reproduction, immune response, sensory perception and apoptosis. Genetic innovations are also frequently obtained by the gain or loss of complete gene sequences. Moreover, it is increasingly realized, from comparative genomics, that purifying selection conserves much more than just the protein-coding part of the genome, and this points at an important role for regulatory elements in trait evolution. Finally, genome sequencing using outbred or multiple individuals has provided a wealth of polymorphism data that gives information on population history, demography and marker evolution. [source] A bioinformatic tool for analysis of EST transcript abundance during infection-related development by Magnaporthe griseaMOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY, Issue 5 2005DARREN M. SOANES SUMMARY Information regarding the levels of mRNA transcript abundance under different conditions, or in specific tissue types, can be obtained by analysis of the frequency of EST sequences in randomly sequenced cDNA libraries. Here we report a bioinformatics tool, which provides a means of identifying genes that are differentially expressed during pathogenesis-related development by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea. A total of 31 534 M. grisea ESTs were obtained from dbEST at NCBI, clustered into 8821 unique sequences (unisequences) and manually annotated. Transcript profiles were then calculated for 958 unigenes identified from eight different cDNA libraries. The data were integrated into the Consortium for Functional Genomics of Microbial Eukaryotes (COGEME) database (http://cogeme.ex.ac.uk/) and a web-based front end was designed to allow users to access and interrogate the generated datasets. [source] Genomics of cellulose biosynthesis in poplarsNEW PHYTOLOGIST, Issue 1 2004Chandrashekhar P. Joshi Summary Genetic improvement of cellulose production in commercially important trees is one of the formidable goals of current forest biotechnology research. To achieve this goal, we must first decipher the enigmatic and complex process of cellulose biosynthesis in trees. The recent availability of rich genomic resources in poplars make Populus the first tree genus for which genetic augmentation of cellulose may soon become possible. Fortunately, because of the structural conservation of key cellulose biosynthesis genes between Arabidopsis and poplar genomes, the lessons learned from exploring the functions of Arabidopsis genes may be applied directly to poplars. However, regulation of these genes will most likely be distinct in these two-model systems because of their inherent biological differences. This research review covers the current state of knowledge about the three major cellulose biosynthesis-related gene families from poplar genomes: cellulose synthases, sucrose synthases and korrigan cellulases. Furthermore, we also suggest some future research directions that may have significant economical impacts on global forest product industries. [source] Personalized Nutrition: Nutritional Genomics as a Potential Tool for Targeted Medical Nutrition TherapyNUTRITION REVIEWS, Issue 7 2007Sina Vakili BS An emerging goal of medical nutrition therapy is to tailor dietary advice to an individual's genetic profile. In the United States and elsewhere, "nutrigenetic" services are available over the Internet without the direct involvement of a health care professional. Among the genetic variants most commonly assessed by these companies are those found in genes that influence cardiovascular disease risk. However, the interpretation of DNA-based data is complex. The goal of this paper is to carefully examine nutritional genomics as a potential tool for targeted medical nutrition therapy. The approach is to use heart health susceptibility genes and their common genetic variants as the model. [source] Book review: Molecular Nutrition and Genomics: Nutrition and the Ascent of HumankindAMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY, Issue 2 2008Jim Kaput No abstract is available for this article. [source] Poplar Genomics is Getting Popular: The Impact of the Poplar Genome Project on Tree ResearchPLANT BIOLOGY, Issue 1 2004G. A. Tuskan Abstract: Trees, due to their long life-span, have characteristics that distinguish them from annual, herbaceous plants. It is likely that many of these properties are based on a tree-specific genetic foundation. The U.S. Department of Energy initiated a genome-sequencing project for Populus, a model perennial plant. Through international collaboration and input to the sequencing effort, the annotated whole genome sequence of Populus trichocarpa will be released to the public in early 2004. This genomic resource will, for the first time, allow comparison between a perennial and an annual plant on a whole genome basis and therefore provide clues for molecular research on tree-specific questions like dormancy, development of a secondary cambium, juvenile-mature phase change, or long-term host-pest interactions. The approximately 520 Mbp of annotated genomic sequence will complement and expand the knowledge provided so far by the 125 000 ESTs from poplar that are available in public databases. This article introduces the international poplar research programmes and points out the significance of the poplar genome project for plant research. [source] Opinion piece: Genomics and crop plant science in EuropePLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL, Issue 1 2006Steve Hughes Summary Recent report reviews and funding initiatives in the field of plant genomic research are considered in the context of their translation into practical and economic value via plant breeding. It is concluded that there is a deficit in investment and that a change in working styles towards knowledge sharing and connectivity is required. [source] Novel biomarkers of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk in autoimmune diseases: Genomics and proteomics approachesPROTEOMICS - CLINICAL APPLICATIONS, Issue 2 2009Chary López-Pedrera Professor Abstract Atherosclerosis (AT) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are enhanced in autoimmune diseases such as antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The reason for this accelerated process is still debatable and, although traditional risk factors are more prevalent in those patients than in general population, they do not fully explain that enhanced risk. Inflammatory components of the immune response, mainly interleukins, TNF-,, and IFN-,, as well as some autoantibodies, including anti-oxidized low density lipoproteins (anti-oxLDL), anti-beta-2-Glycoprotein 1 (anti- ,2GPI), anti-Heat shock proteins 60/65 (anti-HSP60/65), and anti-oxLDL/,2GPI have been shown to play a leading role in the pathogenesis of both, AT and CVD. However, the role of the autoantibodies in accelerated AT in autoimmune disease patients is still controversial. Recently, DNA microarray and proteomic-based approaches have made substantial breakthrough into the study of various rheumatic diseases, thus allowing for the discovery of previously unknown proteins involved in CVD including some that may be suitable to be used as biomarkers. Herein, we review recent genomics and proteomic approaches that have been applied to the study of autoimmune diseases with atherosclerotic and CV risk. The pharmacogenomics and pharmacoproteomics studies given over to the analysis of ancient and new drugs used to relieve the physiopathology associated to these complex diseases are also discussed. [source] Psychogeriatric Research: A Conceptual Introduction to Aging and Geriatric NeurosciencePSYCHOGERIATRICS, Issue 3 2001Ramón Cacabelos Abstract: Psychogeriatrics (PG) is a multidisciplinary specialty in clinical neuroscience dealing with brain disorders in the elderly population. As any other biomedical field PG has to establish an educational and practical framework in epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and social, ethical, and legal issues associated with brain aging and age-related central nervous system disorders. Understanding the molecular basis of aging will help to characterize and differentiate the fundamentals of pathological aging and psychogeriatric ailments. Modern epidemiology of age-related brain disorders have to incorporate novel diagnostic criteria, biological markers, and genetic epidemiology to its methodological armamentarium to avoid bias. Molecular genetics will help to conceptually redefine many psychogeriatric disorders depending upon its genetic component and those interacting environmental factors leading to the phenotypic expression of given diseases. Genetic testing for monogenic and complex/polygenic/multifactorials disorders has to be included in diagnostic protocols since approximately 60 to 80% of major psychogeriatric disorders are genetically driven. It is also important to distinguish mutational genetics from susceptibility genetics in order to establish novel therapeutic strategies and preventive programmes. Genomics, proteomics, and pharmacogenomics are novel fields from which PG can benefit in the areas of etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Drug development in PG requires updated regulations in developed countries. New pharmacological treatments for aging brain disorders are needed. Pharmacogenomics will become an optimal strategy for drug development, contributing to design a molecular psychopharmacology for the elderly, individualizing drug therapy, optimizing efficacy and safety, and reducing unnecessary costs. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||