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G Carbohydrate (g + carbohydrate)
Selected AbstractsEthanol production from paper sludge by simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation using recombinant xylose-fermenting microorganismsBIOTECHNOLOGY & BIOENGINEERING, Issue 2 2010Jiayi Zhang Abstract Simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF) of waste paper sludge to ethanol was investigated using two recombinant xylose-fermenting microbes: Zymomonas mobilis 8b and Saccharomyces cerevisiae RWB222. S. cerevisiae RWB222 produced over 40,g/L ethanol with a yield of 0.39,g ethanol/g carbohydrate on paper sludge at 37°C, while similar titers and yields were achieved by Z. mobilis 8b at 30°C. Both S. cerevisiae RWB222 and Z. mobilis 8b exhibited decreasing cell viability at 37°C when producing over 40,g/L ethanol. A high ethanol concentration can account for S. cerevisiae RWB222 viability loss, but ethanol concentration was not the only factor influencing Z. mobilis 8b viability loss at 37°C. Over 3,g/L residual glucose was observed at the end of paper sludge SSCF by Z. mobilis 8b, and a statistical analysis revealed that a high calcium concentration originating from paper sludge, a high ethanol concentration, and a high temperature were the key interactive factors resulting in glucose accumulation. The highest ethanol yields were achieved by SSCF of paper sludge with S. cerevisiae RWB222 at 37°C and Z. mobilis 8b at 30°C. With good sugar consumption at 37°C, S. cerevisiae RWB222 was able to gain an improvement in the polysaccharide to sugar yield compared to that at 30°C, whereas Z. mobilis 8b at 30°C had a lower polysaccharide to sugar yield, but a higher sugar to ethanol yield than S. cerevisiae. Both organisms under optimal conditions achieved a 19% higher overall conversion of paper sludge to ethanol than the non-xylose utilizing S. cerevisiae D5A at its optimal process temperature of 37°C. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;107: 235,244. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Nutrient intake of children consuming breakfast at school clubs in LondonJOURNAL OF HUMAN NUTRITION & DIETETICS, Issue 5 2003S. Waddington Introduction: Research into the effectiveness of breakfast clubs has most commonly focused on social benefits to the child and school, such as improved attendance at school, punctuality and improved concentration levels in the classroom (UEA, 2002). Limited research has been undertaken to investigate the nutritional value of the breakfast foods on offer, or the nutritional content of foods consumed by the child. The aim of this study was to find out what children eat and drink at school breakfast clubs in London. Method: The sample population consisted of 98 children (39 boys and 59 girls) aged 5,11 years attending four primary schools in London. Data were collected about the food on offer and the pricing of different food items, demographic data about the children attending the school club, qualitative data on food preferences and a weighed food intake on two different occasions for each child. Statistical tests (anova and chi-squared tests) and nutrient analysis using Comp-Eat were carried out. Results: The average nutrient content of the breakfast meal consumed was 330 kcal, 12 g protein, 11 g fat and 49 g carbohydrate. Variation was seen between schools. Generally intakes of vitamin C, calcium and sodium were high and intakes of iron were average. anova between schools showed statistically significant results for a number of nutrients , protein, fat, saturated fat, carbohydrate, sugar, calcium and sodium. Boys were consuming statistically significantly more fat, saturated fat and calcium than girls. One in five children did not have a drink at breakfast. Menu options and pricing of food items varied between the schools and it was noted to influence children's food choice and consumption. Mean energy intakes equated to 18% of the estimated average requirement for boys and 20% for girls, with girls consuming more carbohydrate and sugar, and boys consumed more fat and protein. Discussion: The findings suggest that careful planning of menus should be undertaken with cereal-based options being offered daily and cooked options only occasionally, and that healthier eating messages can be incorporated effectively into school clubs when supported by the whole school approach to healthy eating. Conclusion: Food offered at school breakfast clubs can contribute substantial nutrients to a child's daily intake and therefore a varied menu, and guided food choices, should be developed incorporating healthier nutrient rich options. This work was supported by Brooke Bond working in partnership with the BDA Community Nutrition Group. [source] Nutritional evaluation of waste date fruit as partial substitute for soybean meal in practical diets of juvenile Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L.AQUACULTURE NUTRITION, Issue 3 2009M.S. AZAZA Abstract The potential of waste date meal (WDM; low-quality date palm, Phoenix dactylifera L.) as a carbohydrate source in formulated diets for Nile tilapia was evaluated. Four isocaloric-practical diets (15.7 kJ g,1) were formulated incorporating WDM at 0, 100, 200 and 300 g kg,1 levels as partial substitutes for soybean meal (SBM). These were designated D0 [284 g crude protein (CP) and 383 g carbohydrate (CHO) kg,1 diet], D1 (279 g CP and 446 g CHO kg,1 diet), D2 (207 g CP and 495 g CHO kg,1 diet) and D3 (175 g CP and 578 g CHO kg,1 diet). Each diet was fed to three replicate groups of 30 fish [20.20 ± 0.09 g (±SE)] for 75 days. No feed-related mortality was observed during the entire experimental period. Final body weight (FBW) and specific growth rate (SGR) in the different treatments were statistically not significantly different (P > 0.05). Protein efficiency rate (PER) was lowest in diet D0 and increased with decrease of SBM content (D1,D3). A significant increase in whole body lipid content was recorded in fish fed diets D2 and D3. Results showed that WDM could be a substitute for SBM up to 300 g kg,1 in practical Nile tilapia diets without compromising growth. [source] Carbohydrate solution intake during labour just before the start of the second stage: a double-blind study on metabolic effects and clinical outcomeBJOG : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGY, Issue 12 2004H.C.J. Scheepers Objective To study the effects of oral carbohydrate ingestion on clinical outcome and on maternal and fetal metabolism. Design Prospective, double-blind, randomised study. Setting Leyenburg Hospital, The Hague, The Netherlands. Population Two hundred and two nulliparous women. Methods In labour, at 8 to 10 cm of cervical dilatation, the women were asked to drink a solution containing either 25 g carbohydrates or placebo. In a subgroup of 28 women, metabolic parameters were measured. Main outcome measures Number of instrumental deliveries, fetal and maternal glucose, free fatty acids, lactate, pH, Pco2, base excess/deficit and ,-hydroxybutyrate. Results Drinking a carbohydrate-enriched solution just before starting the second stage of labour did not reduce instrumental delivery rate (RR 1.1, 95% CI 0.9,1.3). Caesarean section rate was lower in the carbohydrate group, but the difference did not reach statistical significance (1%vs 7%, RR 0.2, 95% CI 0.02,1.2). In the carbohydrate group, maternal free fatty acids decreased and the lactate increased. In the umbilical cord there was a positive venous,arterial lactate difference in the carbohydrate group and a negative one in the placebo group, but the differences in pH and base deficit were comparable. Conclusion Intake of carbohydrates just before the second stage does not reduce instrumental delivery rate. The venous,arterial difference in the umbilical cord suggested lactate transport to the fetal circulation but did not result in fetal acidaemia. [source] Effects of a high-fat meal on resistance vessel reactivity and on indicators of oxidative stress in healthy volunteersCLINICAL PHYSIOLOGY AND FUNCTIONAL IMAGING, Issue 4 2001Andreas Schinkovitz High fat meals postprandially impair macrovascular endothelial function and a link to increased oxidative stress is suggested. Few information, on the other hand, exists on the effect of postprandial hyperlipidaemia on resistance vessel function. Under normal circumstances this vascular bed regulates tissue perfusion and, by controlling flow, impacts on macrovascular nitric oxide formation. The impact of a high fat meal (1200 kcal, 90 g fat, 46 g protein and 47 g carbohydrates) on postprandial resistance vessel reactivity and on indicators of oxidative stress was studied in 11 healthy subjects by venous-occlusion plethysmography using another six subjects as time control group. Ingestion of the test meal resulted in a pronounced increase of serum triglycerides from 1·05 ± 0·61 mmol l,1 in the fasting state to peak postprandial values of 1·94 ± 0·41 mmol l,1 (P < 0·001) reached after 4 h and a return to baseline after 8 h. Fasting peak reactive hyperaemia (RH) was 19·6 ± 2·4 ml min,1 (100 ml),1. Two hours after ingestion of the test meal peak RH was transiently reduced to 16·8 ± 2·2 ml min,1 (100 ml),1 (P < 0·05). No alteration of resting forearm perfusion was observed. The time course of peak RH suggested a potential biphasic effect of the test meal with an early impairment and a late increase of RH. Ingestion of a lipid rich test meal did not exert any influence on either total plasma antioxidant capacity given in trolox equivalents (513 ± 26 ,mol l,1 at baseline) or on plasma peroxides measured as H2O2 equivalents (469 ± 117 ,mol l,1). Our results suggest that ingestion of a meal containing 90 g of fat results in a transient impairment of reactive hyperaemia in healthy subjects but these vascular alterations are not accompanied by signs of systemically increased oxidative stress. [source] | ||||||||||