Fluoridated Water (fluoridated + water)

Distribution by Scientific Domains


Selected Abstracts


Enamel Fluorosis Prevalence after a 7-year Interruption in Water Fluoridation in Jaú, São Paulo, Brazil

JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH DENTISTRY, Issue 4 2004
Manila A. R. Buzalaf DDS
ABSTRACT Objectives: This paper analyzes the impact of a 7-year interruption in water fluoridation on the prevalence of enamel fluorosis in Jaú, state of São Paulo, Brazil. Methods: Fluorosis prevalence (TF index) was evaluated in permanent maxillary central incisors of children (9,14 years old) that were 36 (n=81; cohort -36), 27 (n=81; cohort -27), and 18 months old (± 1 month; n=89; cohort,18) in October 1991, when the break started, and 18 months old (± 1 month; n=70; cohort 18) after that date. Children brushed their teeth prior to examination, which was conducted under natural light by three calibrated examiners (agreement 87.8,93.8%, kappa 0.72,0.85). Results: The fluorosis prevalence (TF,1) was 7.41 percent, 3.70 percent, 7.87 percent, and 18.57 percent, respectively, for cohorts -36, -27, -18, and 18. The difference between cohort 18 and the other groups was statistically significant (Kruskall-Wallis test, P=.05). Conclusions: These results suggest that the fluoridated water is not an important risk factor for enamel fluorosis, since the prevalence of enamel fluorosis was low in the cohorts -36, -27, and -18 when fluoridated water was used. [J Public Health Dent 2004;64(4):205,8]. [source]


Fluoride Intake and Prevalence of Dental Fluorosis: Trends in Fluoride Intake with Special Attention to Infants: REVIEW & COMMENTARY

JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH DENTISTRY, Issue 3 2000
Samuel J. Fomon MD
ABSTRACT Background : Although the predominant beneficial effect of fluoride occurs locally in the mouth, the adverse effect, dental fluorosis, occurs by the systemic route. The caries attack rate in industrialized countries, including the United States and Canada, has decreased dramatically over the past 40 years. However, the prevalence of dental fluorosis in the United States has increased during the last 30 years both in communities with fluoridated water and in communities with nonfluoridated water. Dental fluorosis is closely associated with fluoride intake during the period of tooth development. Methods: We reviewed the major changes in infant feeding practices that have occurred since 1930 and the changes in fluoride intakes by infants and young children associated with changes in feeding practices. Results and Conclusions: Based on this review, we conclude that fluoride intakes of infants and children have shown a rather steady increase since 1930, are likely to continue to increase, and will be associated with further increase in the prevalence of enamel fluorosis unless intervention measures are instituted. Recommendations: We believe the most important measures that should be undertaken are (1) use, when feasible, of water low in fluoride for dilution of infant formulas; (2) adult supervision of toothbrushing by children younger than 5 years of age; and (3) changes in recommendations for administration of fluoride supplements so that such supplements are not given to infants and more stringent criteria are applied for administration to children. [source]


Fluoride content of powdered infant formula meets Australian Food Safety Standards

AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH, Issue 6 2009
Helen Clifford
Abstract Objectives: To identify the fluoride content of powdered formula for infants 0-12 months in products available from Brisbane stores in 2006/07 and compare this with the fluoride content of infant formula products available in Australia 10 years earlier. Methods: A range of available infant formula powders were collected from major supermarkets and chemists in Brisbane, Queensland. The fluoride levels in infant formula powder samples were determined using a modification of the micro-diffusion method of Silva and Reynolds1 utilising perchloric acid and silver sulphate and measured with an ion selective (fluoride) electrode/meter. Fluoride content both prior to and after reconstitution, as well as estimated daily intake according to age was calculated. Results: Formula samples contained an average of 0.49 ,g F/g of powder (range 0.24,0.92 ,g F/g). After reconstitution with water containing 0mg/L fluoride, the fluoride content averaged 7.09,g F/100mL (range 3.367,22.72 ,g F/100mL). Estimated infant fluoride intakes ranged from 0.0039 mg/kg/day for a 6-12 month old infant when reconstituting milk-based formula with non-fluoridated water (0 mg/L), to 0.1735 mg/kg/day for a 0-3 month old infant when reconstituting soy-based formula with fluoridated water (1.0 mg/L). Conclusions: Infant formula powders contain lower levels of fluoride than previously found in Australia in 1996. Implications: This confirms that infants consume only a small amount of fluoride from milk-based powdered infant formula. Although soy-based infant formulas contain more fluoride than milk-based products, the levels still comply with national food standards. [source]


Lifetime fluoridation exposure and dental caries experience in a military population

COMMUNITY DENTISTRY AND ORAL EPIDEMIOLOGY, Issue 6 2008
Gregory Mahoney
Abstract,,, While there is good evidence of caries-preventive benefits of fluoride in drinking water among children and adolescents, there is little information about effectiveness of water fluoridation among adults. Objectives:, To determine whether exposure to fluoride in drinking water is associated with caries experience in Australian Defence Force (ADF) personnel. Methods:, Cross-sectional study of 876 deployable ADF personnel aged 17,56 years. At each person's mandatory annual dental examination, military dentists recorded the number of decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) using visual, tactile and radiographic criteria. Participants also completed a questionnaire, listing residential locations in each year from 1964 to 2003. People were classified into four categories according to the percentage of their lifetime living in places with fluoridated water: <10%, 10% to <50%, 50% to <90% and ,90%. Mean DMFT was compared among those categories of fluoridation exposure and the association was evaluated statistically using analysis of variance to adjust for age, sex, years of service and rank. Results:, Without adjustment for confounders, the mean DMFT (±95% confidence interval) was 6.3 ± 0.8 for <10% fluoridation exposure, 7.8 ± 0.8 for 10% to <50% exposure, 7.5 ± 0.7 for 50% to <90% exposure and 4.6 ± 0.6 for ,90% exposure (P < 0.01). However, age was inversely associated with mean DMFT and in the <10% exposure group, 91% of people were aged <35 years. Service rank was also significantly associated with both fluoridation exposure and DMFT. After adjustment for all covariates, mean DMFT was 24% lower among people in the two groups with ,50% exposure compared with the <10% exposure group. Conclusions:, Degree of lifetime exposure to fluoridated drinking water was inversely associated with DMFT in a dose,response manner among this adult military population. [source]