Airway Epithelium (airway + epithelium)

Distribution by Scientific Domains


Selected Abstracts


Enhanced pulmonary expression of the TrkB neurotrophin receptor in hypoxic rats is associated with increased acetylcholine-induced airway contractility

ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA, Issue 3 2009
L. K. Sciesielski
Abstract Aim:, We have recently reported that hypoxia stimulates transcription of the TrkB neurotrophin receptor in cultured cells via stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor-1,. Here we investigated whether the expression of TrkB and other neurotrophin receptors is oxygen-sensitive also in vivo, and explored the functional consequences of an oxygen-regulated TrkB expression. Methods:, Rats were exposed either to 21% O2 or 8% O2 for 6 h and TrkB was analysed by reverse transcription real-time PCR, in situ mRNA hybridization, and immunological techniques. The importance of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-TrkB pathway in the control of mechanical airway function was assessed on isolated tracheal segments from normoxic and hypoxic rats. Results:,TrkB transcripts were increased approx. 15-fold in the lungs of hypoxic rats, and the respiratory epithelium was identified as the site of enhanced TrkB expression in hypoxia. The TrkB ligand, BDNF, significantly increased the contractile response to acetylcholine (ACh) of isolated tracheal segments from hypoxic but not from normoxic rats. This effect of BDNF was prevented by pre-incubation of the tissue specimens with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor K252a and by mechanical removal of the TrkB containing airway epithelium. Likewise, the nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor l -NAME abrogated the influence of BDNF on ACh-induced contractions of isolated tracheal segments from hypoxic rats. Conclusion:, These results demonstrate that systemic hypoxia stimulates expression of the TrkB neurotrophin receptor in the airway epithelium. Furthermore, activation of TrkB signalling by BDNF in hypoxia enhances mechanical airway contractility to ACh through a mechanism that requires NO. [source]


The pathology of bronchointerstitial pneumonia in young foals associated with the first outbreak of equine influenza in Australia

EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue 3 2008
J. C. PATTERSON-KANE
Summary Objectives: The aim of this study was to describe post mortem lesions in EIV-infected foals. Methods: Post mortem examinations were conducted on 11 young foals (age 2,12 days) submitted to the Scone Veterinary Hospital, New South Wales, Australia over a 2-month period in 2007. The foals had presented with or developed fatal pneumonia, and were known or suspected to be EIV-positive. Equine influenza virus nucleic acid was detected in tissue specimens using an influenza A group reactive real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assay. Results: Grossly there was diffuse or extensive pulmonary consolidation. Histological changes included: bronchiolar and alveolar necrosis; neutrophilic infiltration; hyaline membrane formation; and hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia of airway epithelium. Tissues for 10 foals were EIV-positive, with a positive nasal swab from the remaining animal. Conclusions: This is the first detailed pathological description of bronchointerstitial pneumonia associated with EIV infection in young foals. It is also the first series of such cases in which a causative agent has consistently been detected. Potential relevance: Given the findings in this outbreak, and a previous outbreak in the UK in 1965 involving a similarly naive population, veterinary clinicians and pathologists should be aware that EIV can cause fatal bronchointerstitial pneumonia in young foals that do not have maternal immunity. The lesions did not differ from those previously reported in foals of various ages with bronchointerstitial pneumonia of other or undefined causes, indicating that this is most likely to be a stereotypical response to a variety of insults. Therefore, tissue specimens should be obtained from cases of pneumonia in young foals for virological and bacteriological testing. Reasons for performing study: The first outbreak of equine influenza virus (EIV) infection was confirmed in Australia in 2007. Some EIV-positive young foals died with broncho-interstitial pneumonia, a rare disease process in this age group that is often postulated to be caused by viral infection. [source]


MUC4 involvement in ErbB2/ErbB3 phosphorylation and signaling in response to airway cell mechanical injury,

JOURNAL OF CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY, Issue 1 2009
George Theodoropoulos
Abstract The receptor tyrosine kinases ErbB2 and ErbB3 are phosphorylated in response to injury of the airway epithelium. Since we have shown that the membrane mucin MUC4 can act as a ligand/modulator for ErbB2, affecting its localization in polarized epithelial cells and its phosphorylation, we questioned whether Muc4 was involved, along with ErbB2 and ErbB3, in the damage response of airway epithelia. To test this hypothesis, we first examined the localization of MUC4 in human airway samples. Both immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence showed a co-localization of MUC4 and ErbB2 at the airway luminal surface. Sequential immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting from airway cells demonstrated that the MUC4 and ErbB2 are present as a complex in airway epithelial cells. To assess the participation of MUC4 in the damage response, cultures of NCI-H292 or airway cells were scratch-wounded, then analyzed for association of phospho-ErbB2 and -ErbB3 with MUC4 by sequential immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting. Wounded cultures exhibited increased phosphorylation of both receptors in complex with MUC4. Scratch wounding also increased activation of the downstream pathway through Akt, as predicted from our previous studies on Muc4 effects on ErbB2 and ErbB3. The participation of MUC4 in the phosphorylation response was also indicated by siRNA repression of MUC4 expression, which resulted in diminution of the phosphorylation of ErbB2 and ErbB3. These studies provide a new model for the airway epithelial damage response, in which the MUC4,ErbB2 complex is a key element in the sensor mechanism and phosphorylation of the receptors. J. Cell. Biochem. 107: 112,122, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]


Insulin aggregation and asymmetric transport across human bronchial epithelial cell monolayers (Calu-3)

JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, Issue 4 2002
Isabelle Pezron
Abstract The purpose of this work was to elucidate the transport pathways of zinc insulin across the Calu-3 cell monolayer, an in vitro model of the human airway epithelium. Calu-3 cells grown in liquid-covered conditions formed a confluent monolayer with a high transepithelial electrical resistance value of 1000,±,150 ,,·,cm2. The cell monolayer was characterized by a low mannitol permeability of 4.7,±,0.5 10,7cm/s. Transport of zinc insulin (donor concentration 1 U/mL) in Dulbecco's modified phosphate buffer saline at 37°C was found to be higher in the basolateral (BL) to apical (AP) (Papp,=,3.0,±,0.2 10,8 cm/s), than in the AP to BL direction (Papp,=,0.41,±,0.02 10,8 cm/s). P-glycoprotein efflux or specific enzymatic degradation did not appear to contribute toward this asymmetric transport. Insulin receptors, though apparently more abundant on the BL side than on the AP side of Calu-3 cells, did not mediate the direction-dependent transport of insulin. However, transport of a monomeric human insulin analog, Asp(B10)des(B28-30), across the Calu-3 cell monolayer was similar in both directions (BL to AP and AP to BL). The corresponding permeability, Papp,=,2.9,±,0.2 10,8 cm/s, was not significantly different from the permeability of zinc insulin in the BL to AP direction. The paracellular pathway seems to play a major role in the insulin transport across the Calu-3 cell monolayers. We hypothesize that the transport of zinc insulin oligomers is restricted at the AP surface by the presence of the tight junctional complexes. From the BL side, oligomers may undergo dissociation in the intercellular space and diffuse readily as monomers to the AP surface of the membrane. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmaceutical Association J Pharm Sci 91:1135,1146, 2002 [source]


Alcohol Up-Regulates TLR2 Through a NO/cGMP Dependent Pathway

ALCOHOLISM, Issue 1 2010
Kristina L Bailey
Background:, Heavy alcohol consumption is associated with severe bronchitis. This is likely related to increased inflammation in the airways of alcohol abusers. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) is an important mediator of inflammation in the airway epithelium. TLR2 initiates an inflammatory cascade in response to gram-positive bacteria. We have previously shown that alcohol up-regulates TLR2 in the airway epithelium. However, the mechanism of alcohol-mediated up-regulation of TLR2 has not been identified. Methods:, A human airway epithelial cell line, 16HBE14o,, was exposed to biologically relevant concentrations of alcohol (100 mM) in the presence and absence of N, -Nitro- l -arginine methyl ester hydrochloride, a nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor; and Rp-8-Br-cGMP-S, an antagonist analogue of cGMP. TLR2 was measured using real-time PCR and Western blots. In addition, 16HBE14o, cells were incubated with sodium nitroprusside (SNP), an NO donor, and 8-Br-cGMP, a cGMP analogue. TLR2 was measured using real-time PCR. Results:,N, -Nitro- l -arginine methyl ester hydrochloride blocked the alcohol-mediated up-regulation of TLR2. This indicates that NO plays a key role in alcohol's up-regulation of TLR2. SNP, a NO donor, up-regulated TLR2. Rp-8-Br-CGMP-S attenuated alcohol's up-regulation of TLR2, suggesting that NO was working through cGMP/PKG. 8-Br-cGMP up-regulated TLR2, also demonstrating the importance of cGMP/PKG. Conclusions:, Alcohol up-regulates TLR2 through a NO/cGMP/PKG dependent pathway in the airway epithelium. This is an important observation in the understanding how alcohol modulates airway inflammation. In addition, this is the first time that cyclic nucleotides have been shown to play a role in the regulation of TLR2. [source]


Alcohol Functionally Upregulates Toll-Like Receptor 2 in Airway Epithelial Cells

ALCOHOLISM, Issue 3 2009
Kristina L. Bailey
Background:, Alcoholics are known to have more severe airway diseases of the lung, such as bronchitis. Little is known about why this phenomenon is observed. We hypothesized that alcohol may modulate Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), which regulates inflammation caused by gram-positive bacteria. Methods:, Airway epithelial cells [primary bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE) and 16HBE 14o-] were exposed to 0 to 100 mM alcohol for 0 to 24 hours. Real time PCR was used to quantify TLR2 mRNA. Protein levels of TLR2 were determined using Western blots and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) on cells exposed to 0, 50, and 100 mM alcohol. Finally, cells were "primed" with alcohol, stimulated with a TLR2 agonist (peptidoglycan), and interleukin 8 (IL-8) release was measured. Results:, Alcohol, at biologically relevant concentrations (25 to 100 mM), caused a 2 to 3-fold time- and concentration-dependent increase in TLR2 mRNA in normal human bronchial epithelial cells and 16HBE 14o- cells. Western blots for TLR2 revealed a qualitative increase in TLR2 protein in cells exposed to 100 mM alcohol. FACS showed that TLR2 was quantitatively increased on the surface of airway epithelial cells that were exposed to alcohol. Airway cells that were primed with alcohol produced nearly twice as much IL-8 in response to 40 ng of peptidoglycan than naive cells. Conclusions:, Alcohol upregulates TLR2 message and protein in the airway epithelium. This leads to exaggerated inflammation in response to environmental stimuli that would normally be well tolerated in airway epithelial cells. This may be a partial explanation of why alcoholics have more severe airway disease than nonalcoholics. [source]


Ethanol Treatment Reduces Bovine Bronchial Epithelial Cell Migration

ALCOHOLISM, Issue 4 2005
John R. Spurzem
Background: Chronic ethanol abuse is associated with significant lung disease. Excessive alcohol intake increases risk for a variety of respiratory tract diseases, including pneumonia and bronchitis. Damage to airway epithelium is critical to the pathogenesis of airway disorders such as chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The ability of the airway epithelium to repair itself is an important step in the resolution of airway inflammation and disease. Ethanol exposure is known to modulate signaling systems in bronchial epithelial cells. We hypothesize that chronic ethanol exposure down-regulates the adenosine 3,:5,-cyclic monophosphate signaling cascade in airway epithelial cells, resulting in decreased epithelial cell migration and repair. Methods: We evaluated the effect of ethanol on primary cultures of bovine bronchial epithelial cells in in vitro models of cell migration, wound repair, cell attachment, and cell spreading. Results: Ethanol causes a concentration-dependent effect on closure of mechanical wounds in cell monolayers. Pretreatment of cells with 100 mm ethanol for 24 hr further slows wound closure. Ethanol pretreatment also reduced the protein kinase A response to wounding and made the cells unresponsive to stimuli of protein kinase A that accelerate wound closure. The effects of ethanol on cell migration in wound closure were confirmed in another assay of migration, the Boyden chamber cell migration assay. Prolonged treatment with ethanol also reduced other cell functions, such as spreading and attachment, which are necessary for epithelial repair. Conclusions: Ethanol modulates signaling systems that are relevant to airway injury and repair, suggesting that chronic, heavy ethanol ingestion has a detrimental impact on airway repair. Impaired response to inflammation and injury may contribute to chronic airway disease. [source]


Mechanisms of virus-induced asthma exacerbations: state-of-the-art.

ALLERGY, Issue 5 2007
A GA2LEN, InterAirways document
Viral infections of the respiratory tract are the most common precipitants of acute asthma exacerbations. Exacerbations are only poorly responsive to current asthma therapies and new approaches to therapy are needed. Viruses, most frequently human rhinoviruses (RV), infect the airway epithelium, generate local and systemic immune responses, as well as neural responses, inducing inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. Using in vitro and in vivo experimental models the role of various proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory mediators, antiviral responses and molecular pathways that lead from infection to symptoms has been partly unravelled. In particular, mechanisms of susceptibility to viral infection have been identified and the bronchial epithelium appeared to be a key player. Nevertheless, additional understanding of the integration between the diverse elements of the antiviral response, especially in the context of allergic airway inflammation, as well as the interactions between viral infections and other stimuli that affect airway inflammation and responsiveness may lead to novel strategies in treating and/or preventing asthma exacerbations. This review presents the current knowledge and highlights areas in need of further research. [source]


Carbocisteine inhibits oxidant-induced apoptosis in cultured human airway epithelial cells

RESPIROLOGY, Issue 7 2009
Motoki YOSHIDA
ABSTRACT Background and objective: Increased oxidant levels have been associated with exacerbations of COPD, and L-carbocisteine, a mucolytic agent, reduces the frequency of exacerbations. The mechanisms underlying the inhibitory effects of L-carbocisteine on oxidant-induced COPD exacerbations were examined in an in vitro study of human airway epithelial cells. Methods: In order to examine the antioxidant effects of L-carbocisteine, human tracheal epithelial cells were treated with L-carbocisteine and exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Cell apoptosis was assessed using a cell death detection ELISA, and the pathways leading to cell apoptosis were examined by measurement of caspase-3 and caspase-9 by western blot analysis with fluorescent detection. Results: The proportion of apoptotic cells in human tracheal epithelium was increased in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, following exposure to H2O2. Treatment with L-carbocisteine reduced the proportion of apoptotic cells. In contrast, H2O2 did not increase the concentration of LDH in supernatants of epithelial cells. Exposure to H2O2 activated caspase-3 and caspase-9, and L-carbocisteine inhibited the H2O2 -induced activation of these caspases. L-carbocisteine activated Akt phosphorylation, which modulates caspase activation, and the inhibitors of Akt, LY294002 and wortmannin, significantly reversed the inhibitory effects of L-carbocisteine on H2O2 -induced cell apoptosis. Conclusions: These findings suggest that in human airway epithelium, L-carbocisteine may inhibit cell damage induced by H2O2 through the activation of Akt phosphorylation. L-carbocisteine may have antioxidant effects, as well as mucolytic activity, in inflamed airways. [source]


Evidence of Temporary Airway Epithelial Repopulation and Rare Clonal Formation by BM-derived Cells Following Naphthalene Injury in Mice

THE ANATOMICAL RECORD : ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE ANATOMY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY, Issue 9 2007
Vladimir B. Serikov
Abstract The goal of the study was to investigate participation of bone marrow (BM) cells in the process of airway epithelial restoration after naphthalene-induced injury. We transplanted sex-mismatched green fluorescent protein (GFP) -tagged BM-derived cultured plastic-adherent mesenchymal stem cells into 5Gy-irradiated C57BL/6 recipients. After 1 month of recovery, experimental animals were subjected to 250 mg/kg naphthalene IP. Animals were killed at 2,30 days after naphthalene. By immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and by in situ hybridization for the Y-chromosome, we observed patches of donor-derived cells in the large and small conducting airways, mostly at 2,6 days after injury. GFP+ cells in the epithelium of airways were positive for pancytokeratin and some other epithelial markers. Although rare, GFP+ cells formed clear isolated patches of the bronchial epithelium, consistent with clonal formation; as some cells were also positive for proliferating cell nuclear antigen, a marker of proliferating cells. After day 12, only occasional GFP+ cells were present in the epithelium. These data confirm that bone marrow-derived cultured mesenchymal cells can participate in the recovery of the injured airway epithelium after naphthalene-induced injury with minimal long-term engraftment. Anat Rec, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]


Single-dose lentiviral gene transfer for lifetime airway gene expression

THE JOURNAL OF GENE MEDICINE, Issue 10 2009
Alice G. Stocker
Abstract Background Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by a defect in cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) activity, often resulting in an incurable airway disease. Gene therapy into the conducting airway epithelium is a potential cure for CF; however, most gene vectors do not result in long-lived expression, and require re-dosing. Perversely, intrinsic host immune responses can then block renewed gene transfer. Methods To investigate whether persistent gene expression could be achieved after a single dosing event, thus avoiding the issue of blocking host responses, we used a gene transfer protocol that combined an airway pretreatment using lysophosphatidylcholine with a human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (vesicular stomatitis virus G pseudotype) derived lentiviral vector to test whether an integrating vector could produce gene expression able to last for a substantial part of the lifetime of the laboratory mouse. Results We found that a single dose of LV-LacZ produced immediate as well as lifetime mouse airway expression, confirming our hypothesis that use of an integrating vector extends transgene expression. Importantly, LV-CFTR dosing achieved at least 12 months of CFTR expression, representing partial functional correction of the CFTR defect in CF-null mice. Conclusions These findings validate the potential of this methodology for developing a gene transfer treatment for CF airway disease. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]


Lentivirus vector-mediated gene transfer to the developing bronchiolar airway epithelium in the fetal lamb

THE JOURNAL OF GENE MEDICINE, Issue 6 2007
Ze-Yan Yu
Abstract Background Development of effective and durable gene therapy for treatment of the respiratory manifestations of cystic fibrosis remains a formidable challenge. Obstacles include difficulty in achieving efficient gene transfer to mature airway epithelium and the need to stably transduce self-renewing epithelial progenitor cells in order to avoid loss of transgene expression through epithelial turnover. Targeting the developing airway epithelium during fetal life offers the prospect of circumventing these challenges. Methods In the current study we investigated vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSVg)-pseudotyped HIV-1-derived lentivirus vector-mediated gene transfer to the airway epithelium of mid-gestation fetal lambs, both in vitro and in vivo. In the in vitro studies epithelial sheet explants and lung organ culture were used to examine transduction of the proximal and more distal airway epithelium, respectively. For the in vivo studies, vector was delivered directly into the proximal airway. Results We found that even during the early pseudoglandular and canalicular phases of lung development, occurring through mid-gestation, the proximal bronchial airway epithelium was relatively mature and highly resistant to lentivirus-mediated transduction. In contrast, the more distal bronchiolar airway epithelium was relatively permissive for transduction although the absolute levels achieved remained low. Conclusion This result is promising as the bronchiolar airway epithelium is a major site of pathology in the cystic fibrosis airway, and much higher levels of transduction are likely to be achieved by developing strategies that increase the amount of vector reaching the more distal airway after intratracheal delivery. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]


Upregulation of Oncostatin M in Allergic Rhinitis

THE LARYNGOSCOPE, Issue 12 2005
Hee Joon Kang MD
Abstract Objectives: Oncostatin M is a multifunctional cytokine belonging to the interleukin-6 family of cytokines. It has been implicated as an important modulator of lower airway remodeling in the setting of asthma. However, there have been few studies regarding a similar role for the upper airway epithelium in the setting of allergic rhinitis. This study was undertaken to investigate the expression of oncostatin M mRNA and protein in normal and allergic rhinitis nasal mucosa and to localize the expression of the oncostatin M protein in allergic rhinitis. Materials and Methods: Inferior turbinate mucosa samples from 20 patients with perennial allergic rhinitis and 20 matched normal control subjects were obtained. Oncostatin M mRNA was extracted from the inferior turbinate mucosae, then reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was performed and analyzed semiquantitatively. Differences in expression levels of oncostatin M protein between samples from allergic rhinitis patients and normal control subjects were analyzed through Western blot, and oncostatin M protein was localized immunohistochemically. Results: The expression levels of oncostatin M mRNA and protein were significantly upregulated in patients with allergic rhinitis mucosa. Oncostatin M protein was predominantly localized in the surface epithelium, infiltrating inflammatory cells, vascular endothelium, and submucosal glands and was more strongly expressed in the nasal mucosa of patients with allergic rhinitis than in normal control subjects. Conclusions: Oncostatin M is expressed in the human nasal mucosa and is upregulated in the setting of allergic nasal inflammation. These results suggest a possible contribution of oncostatin M in the remodeling of the nasal mucosa in allergic rhinitis. [source]


Airway Epithelial Cell Senescence in the Lung Allograft

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 7 2008
S. M. Parker
Chronic lung allograft dysfunction, manifesting as bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS), is characterized by airway epithelial injury, impaired epithelial regeneration and subsequent airway remodeling. Increased cellular senescence has been reported in renal and liver allografts affected by chronic allograft dysfunction but the significance of cellular senescence in the airway epithelium of the transplanted lung is unknown. Thirty-four lung transplant recipients, 20 with stable graft function and 14 with BOS, underwent transbronchial lung biopsy and histochemical studies for senescence markers in small airways. Compared to nontransplant control lung tissue (n = 9), lung allografts demonstrate significantly increased airway epithelial staining for senescence-associated beta galactosidase (SA ,-gal) (p = 0.0215), p16ink4a (p = 0.0002) and p21waf1/cip (p = 0.0138) but there was no difference in expression of these markers between stable and BOS affected recipients (p > 0.05). This preliminary cross-sectional study demonstrates that cellular senescence occurs with increased frequency in the airway epithelium of the lung allograft but does not establish any association between airway epithelial senescence and BOS. A prospective longitudinal study is required to better address any potential causal association between airway epithelial senescence in stable allograft recipients and the subsequent development of BOS. [source]


Diversity of Veillonella spp. from subgingival plaque by polyphasic approach

APMIS, Issue 3 2010
INGA LEUCKFELD
Leuckfeld I, Paster BJ, Kristoffersen AK, Olsen I. Diversity of Veillonella spp. from subgingival plaque by polyphasic approach. APMIS 2010; 118: 230,42. In a biofilm such as the subgingival microflora, strain-specific properties or factors induced by the host may impart a survival advantage to some bacterial strains. Periodontal disease has been associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and we previously found high amounts of Veillonella in the subgingival microflora of COPD subjects. Differentiation of Veillonella is difficult. The aims of this study were to identify subgingival Veillonella isolates by phenotypic, genetic typing and molecular genetic methods, and further, to assess if Veillonella strain properties or identity correlated with periodontal disease or COPD. From 22 subjects, 26 subgingival Veillonella isolates and one pulmonary isolate were analysed. The majority of the subgingival Veillonella isolates were identified as Veillonella parvula. Genotyping showed heterogeneity within strains of the same species. A subgingival and pulmonary isolate in one COPD subject was found to be genetically identical strains of V. parvula. Scanning electron microscopy of the lung biopsy confirmed single small cocci adhering or coaggregating with larger cocci on the airway epithelium. Apart from a variation in cellular fatty acid composition of six subgingival isolates from periodontitis subjects, no correlation between the subgingival Veillonella strains or genotypes and the presence of either periodontitis or COPD was found. In conclusion, V. parvula was the predominant subgingival Veillonella species with high genetic variability within strains of the same species. Subgingival V. parvula can translocate to the lungs; however, Veillonella identity or genotype did not correlate with periodontal disease or COPD. [source]


Role of 5-HT2A, 5-HT4 and 5-HT7 receptors in the antigen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in guinea-pigs

CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGY, Issue 2 2010
P. Segura
Summary Background A possible role of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the origin of antigen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AI-AHR) has been scarcely investigated. Objective To explore the participation of different 5-HT receptors in the development of AI-AHR in guinea-pigs. Methods Lung resistance was measured in anaesthetized guinea-pigs sensitized to ovalbumin (OVA). Dose,response curves to intravenous (i.v.) acetylcholine (ACh) were performed before and 1 h after antigenic challenge and expressed as the 200% provocative dose (PD200). Organ bath experiments, confocal microscopy and RT-PCR were additionally used. The 5-HT content in lung homogenates was measured by HPLC. Results Antigenic challenge significantly decreased PD200, indicating the development of AI-AHR. This hyperresponsiveness was abolished by a combination of methiothepin (5-HT1/5-HT2/5-HT5/5-HT6/5-HT7 receptors antagonist) and tropisetron (5-HT3/5-HT4 antagonist). Other 5-HT receptor antagonists showed three different patterns of response. Firstly, WAY100135 (5-HT1A antagonist) and ondansetron (5-HT3 antagonist) did not modify the AI-AHR. Secondly, SB269970 (5-HT7 antagonist), GR113808 (5-HT4 antagonist), tropisetron or methiothepin abolished the AI-AHR. Thirdly, ketanserin (5-HT2A antagonist) produced airway hyporresponsiveness. Animals with bilateral vagotomy did not develop AI-AHR. Experiments in tracheal rings showed that pre-incubation with LP44 or cisapride (agonists of 5-HT7 and 5-HT4 receptors, respectively) induced a significant increase of the cholinergic contractile response to the electrical field stimulation. In sensitized lung parenchyma strips, ketanserin diminished the contractile responses to ACh. Sensitization was associated with a ninefold increase in the 5-HT content of lung homogenates. Confocal microscopy showed that sensitization enhanced the immunolabelling and co-localization of nicotinic receptor and 5-HT in airway epithelium, probably located in pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNECs). RT-PCR demonstrated that neither sensitization nor antigen challenge modified the 5-HT2A receptor mRNA levels. Conclusions Our results suggested that 5-HT was involved in the development of AI-AHR to ACh in guinea-pigs. Specifically, 5-HT2A, 5-HT4 and 5-HT7 receptors seem to be particularly involved in this phenomenon. Participation of 5-HT might probably be favoured by the enhancement of the PNECs 5-HT content observed after sensitization. Cite this as: P. Segura, M. H. Vargas, G. Córdoba-Rodríguez, J. Chávez, J. L. Arreola, P. Campos-Bedolla, V. Ruiz, L. M. García-Hernández, C. Méndez and L. M. Montaño, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2010 (40) 327, 338. [source]


Modulation of mucus production by interleukin-13 receptor ,2 in the human airway epithelium

CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGY, Issue 2 2008
T. Tanabe
No abstract is available for this article. [source]


Protease-activated receptors and the airway epithelium

CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGY REVIEWS, Issue 2 2001
P J Thompson
First page of article [source]