Aid

Distribution by Scientific Domains
Distribution within Medical Sciences

Kinds of Aid

  • cessation aid
  • decision aid
  • development aid
  • diagnostic aid
  • effective aid
  • financial aid
  • first aid
  • food aid
  • foreign aid
  • hearing aid
  • humanitarian aid
  • important aid
  • international aid
  • low vision aid
  • mutual aid
  • patient decision aid
  • processing aid
  • psychological first aid
  • sintering aid
  • smoking cessation aid
  • teaching aid
  • useful aid
  • valuable aid
  • vision aid
  • visual aid
  • walking aid

  • Terms modified by Aid

  • aid agencies
  • aid allocation
  • aid care
  • aid case
  • aid cohort study
  • aid diagnosis
  • aid donor
  • aid education
  • aid effectiveness
  • aid epidemic
  • aid intervention
  • aid modality
  • aid model
  • aid organisation
  • aid pandemic
  • aid patient
  • aid policy
  • aid program
  • aid programme
  • aid research
  • aid therapy
  • aid treatment
  • aid use
  • aid user
  • aid worker

  • Selected Abstracts


    Anesthesia in HIV-infected children

    PEDIATRIC ANESTHESIA, Issue 6 2007
    RUENREONG LEELANUKROM
    Summary In 2005, it was estimated that 2.3 million children below15 years of age were living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS and 570 000 children below 15 years died. Maternal-infant or vertical transmission is the most common mode of HIV infection in children. As transplacental passage of maternal anti-HIV antibodies, diagnosis of HIV infection in young infants relies on virologic assays. Infants older than 18 months of age can be diagnosed by serology alone. Pediatric HIV infections are classified according to Center for Disease Control and Prevention 1994 revised classification system. The understanding of viral pathogenesis, the development of highly active antiretroviral therapy, and the ability to quantitate viral burden have led to significant reduction in disease progression and morbidity in HIV-infected children. As survival improves, these children will require anesthesia care and pain treatment during the course of their illness. Considerations for the anesthesiologist include: possible involvement of multiple organ systems, adverse reactions and drug interactions of antiretroviral agents and adequate infection control to prevent HIV transmission in hospital and other infections to the immunocompromized patients. Finally, care should be taken not to violate confidentiality. [source]


    GANP suppresses DNA recombination, measured by direct-repeat ,-galactosidase gene construct, but does not suppress the type of recombination applying to immunoglobulin genes in mammalian cells

    GENES TO CELLS, Issue 10 2007
    Mikoto Yoshida
    Immunoglobulin V-region somatic hypermutation and C-region class-switch recombination are initiated by activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) in B-cells. AID-induced DNA damage at the immunoglobulin S-region is known to be repaired by non-homologous end-joining, but repair mechanisms at the V-region remain to be elucidated. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, DNA homologous recombination is regulated by the expression of Sac3, involved in actin assembly, cell cycle transition and mRNA metabolism. Here, we demonstrate that the Sac3-homologue GANP suppresses DNA recombination in a direct-repeat ,-galactosidase gene construct in mammalian cells. Homozygous ganp gene knockout is embryonic lethal in mice. Embryonic fibroblasts immortalized from hetero-deficient ganp+/, mice showed more DNA recombination than wild-type. In contrast, over-expression of GANP suppressed either spontaneous DNA recombination or that caused by the introduction of aid cDNA into NIH3T3 cells (susceptible to I-sceI restriction enzyme cleavage but not to RAG-mediated immunoglobulin gene recombination). GANP suppresses the DNA recombination not only on the extrachromosomal DNA construct but also on the integrated DNA. The Sac3-homology portion is necessary for the suppressive activity, but the truncated carboxyl terminal MCM3-binding/acetylating region adversely augmented DNA recombination, acting as a dominant negative form. Expression of full-length GANP is critical for suppression of DNA hyper-recombination in mammalian cells. [source]


    Modulation of Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase by Curcumin in Helicobacter pylori -Infected Gastric Epithelial Cells

    HELICOBACTER, Issue 6 2009
    Syed Faisal Haider Zaidi
    Abstract Background:, Anomalous expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) in Helicobacter pylori -infected gastric epithelial cells has been postulated as one of the key mechanisms in the development of gastric cancer. AID is overexpressed in the cells through nuclear factor (NF)-,B activation by H. pylori and hence, inhibition of NF-,B pathway can downregulate the expression of AID. Curcumin, a spice-derived polyphenol, is known for its anti-inflammatory activity via NF-,B inhibition. Therefore, it was hypothesized that curcumin might suppress AID overexpression via NF-,B inhibitory activity in H. pylori -infected gastric epithelial cells. Materials and Methods:, MKN-28 or MKN-45 cells and H. pylori strain 193C isolated from gastric cancer patient were used for co-culture experiments. Cells were pretreated with or without nonbactericidal concentrations of curcumin. Apoptosis was determined by DNA fragmentation assay. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to evaluate the anti-adhesion activity of curcumin. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was employed to evaluate the expression of AID mRNA. Immunoblot assay was performed for the analysis of AID, NF-,B, inhibitors of NF-,B (I,B), and I,B kinase (IKK) complex regulation with or without curcumin. Results:, The adhesion of H. pylori to gastric epithelial cells was not inhibited by curcumin pretreatment at nonbactericidal concentrations (,10 ,mol/L). Pretreatment with nonbactericidal concentration of curcumin downregulated the expression of AID induced by H. pylori. Similarly, NF-,B activation inhibitor (SN-50) and proteasome inhibitor (MG-132) also downregulated the mRNA expression of AID. Moreover, curcumin (,10 ,mol/L) has suppressed H. pylori -induced NF-,B activation via inhibition of IKK activation and I,B degradation. Conclusion:, Nonbactericidal concentrations of curcumin downregulated H. pylori -induced AID expression in gastric epithelial cells, probably via the inhibition of NF-,B pathway. Hence, curcumin can be considered as a potential chemopreventive candidate against H. pylori -related gastric carcinogenesis. [source]


    Lymphoproliferative disorders in autoimmune diseases in Japan: Analysis of clinicopathological features and Epstein-Barr virus infection

    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 3 2004
    Yoshihiko Hoshida
    Abstract Lymphoproliferative disorders (LPD) occasionally develop in individuals with immune deficiencies such as immunosuppressive conditions and autoimmune diseases (AID). In our study, the clinicopathologic features and virus status were analyzed in 53 cases with LPD developing in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other AID. AID in only 4 of 53 patients had been treated with some sort of immunosuppressive therapy, including methotrexate. Median age at the diagnosis of LPD in AID was 60 years old with marked female predominance (M/F = 0.4). The median interval between the onset of AID and LPD development was 45 months, and longer in RA patients than in other AID (p < 0.01). The primary site of lymphoma was nodal in 21 cases and extra-nodal in 24, with clinical Stage I in 17, II in 5, III in 13, and IV in 13. Immunohistochemistry showed that 39 cases were B cell type, 10 were T cell type and 4 were Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). Then majority of B cell cases were diffuse large B cell lymphomas, and 2 were diffuse polymorphic type. EBER-1 in situ hybridization for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) showed positive signals in tumor cells in 16 of 53 (30.2%) cases. The EBV-positive rate in T cell LPD (70%) was much higher than that in B cell LPD (12.8%) (p < 0.01). All 4 cases of HL were EBV-positive. Immunohistochemistry showed a latency II pattern of EBV infection (LMP-1+ and EBNA-2,). Five-year overall survival rate was 33%. Multivariate analysis showed that only type of AID was an independent factor for survival of patients, i.e., LPD in RA showed the most favorable prognosis. In conclusion, LPD in AID generally shared common features with sporadic LPD except for a much higher EBV-positive rate in T cell LPD. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]


    Computational analysis of the cathepsin B inhibitors activities through LR-MMPBSA binding affinity calculation based on docked complex

    JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY, Issue 14 2009
    Zhigang Zhou
    Abstract Cathepsin B, a ubiquitous lysosomal cysteine protease, is involved in many biological processes related to several human diseases. Inhibitors targeting the enzyme have been investigated as possible diseases treatments. A set of 37 compounds were recently found active in a high throughput screening assay to inhibit the catalytic activity of Cathepsin B, with chemical structures and biological test results available to the public in the PubChem BioAssay Database (AID 820). In this study, we compare these experimental activities to the results of theoretical predictions from binding affinity calculation with a LR-MM-PNSA approach based on docked complexes. Strong correlations (r2 = 0.919 and q2 = 0.887 for the best) are observed between the theoretical predictions and experimental biological activity. The models are cross-validated by four independent predictive experiments with randomly split compounds into training and test sets. Our results also show that the results based on protein dimer show better correlations with experimental activity when compared to results based on monomer in the in silico calculations. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2009 [source]


    THE DEGRADATION OF CHlTOSAN WITH THE AID OF LIPASE FROM RHIZOPUS JAPONICUS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF SOLUBLE CHlTOSAN

    JOURNAL OF FOOD BIOCHEMISTRY, Issue 4 2001
    SEUNG S. SHIN
    ABSTRACT Lipase from Rhizopus japonicus degraded chitosan resulting in soluble chitosan hydrolysates with molecular weight of about 30,50 kDa as shown by size exclusion chromatography. Optimal temperature for the hydrolysis of chitosan was 40C. The chitosan degradation products were fractionated stepwise according to their molecular weights by ultrafiltration with the filtration range of over 0.1 ,m, 0. l ,m to 30 kDa, 30 kDa to 10 kDa, 10 to 3 kDa, and 3 to 0.2 kDa. These fractions exhibited molecular weights of 50, 41, 41, 35, and 30 kDa, respectively. The molecular weights did not coincide with the pore size of filter membranes. Chitosan hydrolysate exhibited almost the same structural composition in IR spectra as chitosan flakes, except the peak of 1550 nm,1 that appeared to be the COO residue shifted from sodium acetate buffer to amine residue of chitosan. All fractions showed high solubility at neutral pH. The chitosan hydrolysates exhibiting molecular weights between 30 and 41 kDa were considered to be most suitable as a food additive or functional agent as demonstrated by sensory evaluation. [source]


    Understanding and Responding to Patients' Requests for Assistance in Dying

    JOURNAL OF NURSING SCHOLARSHIP, Issue 4 2003
    Judith Kennedy Schwarz
    Purpose: To explore how nurses experience and respond to patients' requests for assistance in dying (AID). Design and Methods: A phenomenological study of 10 self-selected nurses. Findings: Four major themes: Being Open to Hear and Hearing; Interpreting and Responding to the Meaning; Responding to Persistent Requests for AID, and Reflections. When faced with persistent requests for AID, participants provided a continuum of interventions: refusal, providing palliative care that might secondarily hasten dying, respecting and not interfering with patients' or families' plans to hasten dying, and providing varying types and degrees of direct AID. Their responses were context-driven rather than rule-mandated, and they drew a distinction between secondarily hastening and directly causing death. Conclusions: Few nurses in this study unequivocally agreed or refused to directly help a patient die. Most struggled alone and in silence to find a morally and legally acceptable way to help patients who persisted in requesting AID. Regardless of how they responded, many described feelings of conflict, guilt, and moral distress. [source]


    Influence of lipase and/or emulsifier addition on the ileal and faecal nutrient digestibility in growing pigs fed diets containing 4% animal fat,

    JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 12 2004
    NA Dierick
    Abstract Information on the addition of lipase and/or emulsifiers to less digestible or saturated fat sources, such as tallow or other animal fats, used in swine feeding is very limited. Therefore, in a 4 × 4 Latin square design, the effects of adding lipase (0.05% L5, microbial source) and/or an emulsifier (0.3% Lysoforte) on the apparent ileal (AID) and faecal (AFD) digestibility of the main nutrients and fatty acids in particular were studied with four ileal-cannulated growing pigs (female, initial live weight 20 kg) fed diets containing barley/soybean meal supplemented with 4% animal fat. The fat source contained 35% saturated (S) and 65% unsaturated (U) fatty acids. All diets were free of antibacterial substances (antibiotics, copper sulphate or zinc oxide beyond requirements), in order to avoid interactions between the parameters studied and the gut flora. Lipase addition did not affect the AID or AFD of fat. However, the digestibility of minor fatty acids (C6:0, C14:0) was significantly improved by lipase at both ileal and faecal level. On the other hand, lipase supplementation (P < 0.05) improved the AID of dry matter (DM) and energy as well as the AFD of DM, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ash and energy. Addition of an emulsifier did not have any significant influence on the AID or AFD of fat, while the AID values of DM, OM, CP and energy as well as the AFD values of DM, OM, CP and ash were significantly (P < 0.05) improved. Adding lipase in combination with an emulsifier to the diets decreased (P < 0.05) the AID and AFD of fat, with minor effects on the AID and AFD of the non-fat components of the diet. The lack of improvement in the digestion of fat by exogenous lipase and/or emulsifier may be related to the rather high U/S ratio (0.65:0.35) of the animal fat source used and to the mode of incorporation of the emulsifier (no pre-dispersion in the fat source). Furthermore, during the trial the diets, stored at room temperature, showed a steady increase in their content of free fatty acids (to more than 700 g kg,1 fat), due to endogenous lipase activity, leaving less room for upgrading the digestion of animal fat by exogenous lipase and/or emulsifier. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry [source]


    Stepping Back, Stepping Forward

    NURSING FOR WOMENS HEALTH, Issue 5 2001
    Woman's Health Care in Bosnia-Herzegovina
    Little has been written about the health care system of the former Yugoslavia. In 1996, the U.S. Agency for International Development (US AID) awarded a 2 million grant to Buffalo General Hospital and The Children's Hospital of Buffalo, two of the five hospitals that now form Kaleida Health in Buffalo, NY, to provide training, education and supplies to the Tuzla Clinical Center in Bosnia. The funds were targeted at [source]


    Differential expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) in nodular lymphocyte-predominant and classical Hodgkin lymphoma

    THE JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY, Issue 5 2005
    Axel Greiner
    Abstract Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is indispensable for class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes. Expression of AID has been detected in germinal centre centroblasts and in lymphomas derived from germinal centre cells. However, in situ studies of AID expression have until now been hampered by a lack of antibodies suitable for immunohistochemistry. To overcome this problem, an AID-specific monoclonal antibody suitable for immunohistochemical staining of formalin-fixed, paraffin wax-embedded tissue sections has been generated. This antibody was shown to detect AID expression in normal germinal centre B-cells as well as in non-Hodgkin lymphomas with a putative germinal centre origin. Using this antibody, a virtually exclusive cytoplasmic localization of AID in normal and neoplastic B-cells is shown. Employing a combination of immunohistochemistry and AID-specific in situ hybridization, it is demonstrated that AID is consistently expressed in the neoplastic cells of nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (HLnlp) but only infrequently in classical HL (cHL). This is in keeping with the notion that tumour cells of HLnlp represent transformed germinal centre B-cells showing evidence of somatic hypermutation. AID represents an additional marker useful in the differential diagnosis of HLnlp and cHL. Copyright © 2005 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]


    SHOULD INSTITUTIONS PRIORITIZE RECTIFICATION OVER AID?

    THE PHILOSOPHICAL QUARTERLY, Issue 241 2010
    Thomas Douglas
    Should an institutional scheme prioritize the rectification or compensation of harms it has wrongfully caused over provision of aid to persons it has not harmed? Some who think so rely on an analogy with the view that persons should give higher priority to rectification than to aid. Inference from the personal view to the institutional view would be warranted if either (i) the correct moral principles for institutional assessment are nearest possible equivalents of the correct personal moral principles, or (ii) the moral principles which ground the personal view also ground the institutional view. Neither claim can be justified. I briefly assess some alternative ways of defending the view that institutions should prioritize rectification over aid. [source]


    McMAHAN ON THE WITHDRAWAL OF LIFE-PROLONGING AID

    ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY, Issue 1 2005
    Ingmar Persson
    First page of article [source]


    Shifting Environmental Governance in a Neoliberal World: US AID for Conservation

    ANTIPODE, Issue 3 2010
    Catherine Corson
    Abstract:, By exploring the shifting and uneven power relations among state, market and civil society organizations in US environmental foreign aid policy-making, this article forges new ground in conversations about conservation and neoliberalism. Since the 1970s, an evolving group of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) has lobbied the US Congress to support environmental foreign assistance. However, the 1980s and 1990s rise of neoliberalism laid the conditions for the formation of a dynamic alliance among representatives of the US Congress, the US Agency for International Development, environmental NGOs and the private sector around biodiversity conservation. In this alliance, idealized visions of NGOs as civil society and a countering force to corporations have underpinned their influence, despite their contemporary corporate partnerships. Furthermore, by focusing on,international,biodiversity conservation, the group has attracted a broad spectrum of political and corporate support to shape public policy and in the process create new spaces for capital expansion. [source]


    DISASTER PREPAREDNESS AND HUMANITARIAN AID , THE MEDICAL RESPONSE TO THE INDIAN OCEAN DISASTER: LESSONS LEARNT, RECOMMENDATIONS AND RACS ACTIONS

    ANZ JOURNAL OF SURGERY, Issue 1-2 2006
    Bruce P. Waxman FRACS
    No abstract is available for this article. [source]


    MIGRATION, MEDICAL AID AND WELFARE*

    AUSTRALIAN ECONOMIC PAPERS, Issue 4 2007
    WATARU KUREISHI
    This paper constructs a simple rural-urban migration model that explicitly incorporates the interactions between the individual's migration decision, the risk of incurring an infectious disease and unemployment. We show that providing a subsidy for health investment in urban regions in the form of medical aid does not improve individual welfare. This is because it induces further urban migration, increases the risk of infection and unemployment, and offsets completely the positive cost-reduction effect. [source]


    An inhibited conformation for the protein kinase domain of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae AMPK homolog Snf1

    ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION F (ELECTRONIC), Issue 9 2010
    Michael J. Rudolph
    AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a master metabolic regulator for controlling cellular energy homeostasis. Its homolog in yeast, SNF1, is activated in response to glucose depletion and other stresses. The catalytic (,) subunit of AMPK/SNF1 in yeast (Snf1) contains a protein Ser/Thr kinase domain (KD), an auto-inhibitory domain (AID) and a region that mediates interactions with the two regulatory (, and ,) subunits. Here, the crystal structure of residues 41,440 of Snf1, which include the KD and AID, is reported at 2.4,Å resolution. The AID is completely disordered in the crystal. A new inhibited conformation of the KD is observed in a DFG-out conformation and with the glycine-rich loop adopting a structure that blocks ATP binding to the active site. [source]


    AID in reprogramming: Quick and efficient

    BIOESSAYS, Issue 5 2010
    Identification of a key enzyme called AID, its activity in DNA demethylation, may help to overcome a pivotal epigenetic barrier in reprogramming somatic cells toward pluripotency
    Abstract Current methods of reprogramming differentiated cells into induced pluripotent stem cells remain slow and inefficient. In a recent report published online in Nature, Bhutani et al.1 developed a cell fusion strategy, achieving quick and efficient reprogramming toward pluripotency. Using this assay, they identified an immune system protein called activation-induced cytidine deaminase, or AID, which unexpectedly is actually able to "aid" in reprogramming due to its involvement in DNA demethylation that is required for induction of the two key pluripotency genes, Oct4 and Nanog. More recently, Popp et al.2 also reported online in Nature that AID is important for complete cell reprogramming in mammals. Together, these findings provide new insights into how cells are reprogrammed, identify the specific role of AID in cell fate reversal, and advance the field of regenerative medicine. [source]


    Frequent occurrence of B-cell lymphomas in angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma and proliferation of Epstein,Barr virus-infected cells in early cases

    BRITISH JOURNAL OF HAEMATOLOGY, Issue 6 2007
    Klaus Willenbrock
    Summary Secondary lymphomas occurring in the setting of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AILT) are considered to be rare. Their occurrence has been attributed to Epstein,Barr virus (EBV)-associated lymphoproliferations. A previous study detected a dysregulated hypermutation process in B-cells of AILT. The present study aimed at estimating the frequency of B-cell lymphomas in AILT. By studying the expression of EBV and activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) as an indicator of hypermutating cells, we assessed whether B-cell lymphoproliferations in AILT were strictly associated with EBV and whether hypermutation might contribute to lymphomagenesis. Among 161 cases of AILT, diagnosed between 1996 and 2005 at the lymph node registry, Frankfurt, Germany, 19 cases were detected that also had B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and two cases had classical Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). EBV was detected in tumour cells of 7/18 NHL and both HL, suggesting that factors other than EBV contribute to lymphomagenesis. AID was expressed in AILT in large cells disseminated in the tissue, implying that the process of somatic hypermutation is ongoing in AILT, although the GC architecture is disrupted. This might be relevant in the development of secondary lymphomas. [source]


    Fluid Labor and Blood Money: The Economy of HIV/AIDS in Rural Central China

    CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 4 2006
    SHAO Jing
    This ethnographically grounded "epidemiology" implicates China's liberalized economy in the HIV epidemic among commercial plasma donors in rural central China. It uncovers the pathological confluence of spheres of economic circulations that have created the conditions for value to be extracted not through labor but from human plasma harvested from agricultural producers. This critique has emerged out of, and in turn informed, efforts to forestall the secondary epidemic of AIDS among donors already infected by HIV. The specific history of the production and consumption of blood products in China shows how biotechnology broadly defined can be powerfully refracted by local configurations of economy, technology, and social relations. The ideologically sustained second-order "reality" of benevolent economic imperatives needs to be brought into the critical focus of cultural anthropology. [source]


    Languages of Sex and AIDS in Nepal: Notes on the Social Production of Commensurability

    CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 4 2001
    Stacy Leigh Pigg
    First page of article [source]


    T-cell subset counting and the fight against AIDS: Reflections over a 20-year struggle

    CYTOMETRY, Issue 2 2002
    Francis Mandy
    Abstract The story of T-lymphocyte subset immunophenotyping technology is reviewed on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of CD4 T-cell enumeration. Over time, immunophenotyping has evolved into precise, reliable, but complicated and expensive technology requiring fresh blood samples. The gating technologies that were universally adapted for clinical flow cytometry for the past decade relied on rapidly deteriorating morphological scatter characteristics of leukocytes. This special issue dedicated to CD4 T-cell enumeration features most of the available new options that will have a significant impact on how this technology will be implemented within the first decade of the 21st century. In a series of original publications, including the new NIH guideline for T-cell subset enumeration, contemporary gating protocols that use immunologically logical parameters are presented as part of the more reliable and affordable immunophenotyping alternative. Some of the improvements addressed here include the costs of the assays and the capacity to monitor interlaboratory and intralaboratory performances. It is clear that an effective attack on the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic has to embrace resource-poor regions. Reducing the cost of the assay while improving reliability and durability is a move in the right direction. Cytometry (Clin. Cytometry) 50:39,45, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]


    Rethinking Medical Ethics: A View From Below

    DEVELOPING WORLD BIOETHICS, Issue 1 2004
    Paul Farmer
    ABSTRACT In this paper, we argue that lack of access to the fruits of modern medicine and the science that informs it is an important and neglected topic within bioethics and medical ethics. This is especially clear to those working in what are now termed ,resource-poor settings', to those working, in plain language, among populations living in dire poverty. We draw on our experience with infectious diseases in some of the poorest communities in the world to interrogate the central imperatives of bioethics and medical ethics. AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria are the three leading infectious killers of adults in the world today. Because each disease is treatable with already available therapies, the lack of access to medical care is widely perceived in heavily disease-burdened areas as constituting an ethical and moral dilemma. In settings in which research on these diseases are conducted but there is little in the way of therapy, there is much talk of first world diagnostics and third world therapeutics. Here we call for the ,resocialising' of ethics. To resocialise medical ethics will involve using the socialising disciplines to contextualise fully ethical dilemmas in settings of poverty and, a related gambit, the systematic participation of the destitute sick. Clinical research across steep gradients also needs to be linked with the interventions that are demanded by the poor and otherwise marginalised. We conclude that medical ethics must grapple more persistently with the growing problem posed by the yawning ,outcome gap' between rich and poor. [source]


    Poverty, AIDS and Hunger: Breaking the Poverty Trap in Malawi edited by Anne C. Conroy

    DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE, Issue 3 2008
    Jan Kees Van Donge
    No abstract is available for this article. [source]


    Racial Metaphors: Interpreting Sex and AIDS in Africa

    DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE, Issue 5 2003
    Eileen Stillwaggon
    Western preconceptions regarding African sexuality distorted early research on the social context of AIDS in Africa and limited the scope of preventive policies. Key works cited repeatedly in the social science and policy literature constructed a hypersexualized pan,African culture as the main reason for the high prevalence of HIV in sub,Saharan Africa. Africans were portrayed as the social ,Other' in works marked by sweeping generalizations and innuendo, rather than useful comparative data on sexual behaviour. Although biomedical studies demonstrate the role of numerous factors that influence HIV transmission among poor people, a narrowly behavioural explanation dominated the AIDS,in,Africa discourse for over a decade and still circumscribes preventive strategies in Africa and elsewhere. [source]


    The Impact of AIDS on Rural Households in Africa: A Shock Like Any Other?

    DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE, Issue 4 2002
    Carolyn Baylies
    In areas where HIV prevalence is high, household production can be significantly affected and the integrity of households compromised. Yet policy responses to the impact of HIV/AIDS have been muted in comparison to outcomes of other shocks, such as drought or complex political emergencies. This article looks at the reasons for the apparent under,reaction to AIDS, using data from Zambia, and examines recent calls to mitigate the effects of AIDS at household level. Critical consideration is directed at proposals relating to community safety nets, micro,finance and the mainstreaming of AIDS within larger poverty alleviation programmes. It is argued that effective initiatives must attend to the specific features of AIDS, incorporating both an assault on those inequalities which drive the epidemic and sensitivity to the staging of AIDS both across and within households. A multi,pronged approach is advocated which is addressed not just at mitigation or prevention, but also at emergency relief, rehabilitation and development. [source]


    Scaling Up AIDS Treatment in Developing Countries: A Review of Current and Future Arguments

    DEVELOPMENT POLICY REVIEW, Issue 4 2005
    Jens Kovsted
    Until recently, antiretroviral treatment against AIDS was perceived to be beyond the reach of the majority of patients in developing countries. This situation has changed drastically as international funding for AIDS treatment has swelled to several billion dollars a year. What has brought about this change? Analysis of the merit of six arguments often put forward against scaling up AIDS treatment in developing countries makes it clear that the most significant (and perhaps only) real change has been the large reduction in the price of the drugs. Although affordability is obviously a central issue, it is noticeable that most of the remaining arguments continue to be unresolved. This underlines the dangers of proceeding too fast towards treatment goals. [source]


    Incorrect and incomplete coding and classification of diabetes: a systematic review

    DIABETIC MEDICINE, Issue 5 2010
    M. A. Stone
    Diabet. Med. 27, 491,497 (2010) Abstract Aims, To conduct a systematic review to identify types and implications of incorrect or incomplete coding or classification within diabetes or between diabetes and other conditions; also to determine the availability of evidence regarding frequency of occurrence. Methods, Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and free-text terms were used to search relevant electronic databases for papers published to the end of August 2008. Two researchers independently reviewed titles and abstracts and, subsequently, the full text of potential papers. Reference lists of selected papers were also reviewed and authors consulted. Three reviewers independently extracted data. Results, Seventeen eligible studies were identified, including five concerned with distinguishing between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Evidence was also identified regarding: the distinction between diabetes and no-diabetes, failure to specify type of diabetes, and diagnostic errors or difficulties involving maturity-onset diabetes of the young, latent autoimmune diabetes in adults, pancreatic diabetes, persistence of foetal haemoglobin and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The sample was too heterogeneous to derive accurate information about frequency, but our findings suggested that misclassification occurs most commonly in young people. Implications relating to treatment options and risk management were highlighted, in addition to psychological and financial implications and the potential impact on the validity of quality of care evaluations and research. Conclusions, This review draws attention to the occurrence and implications of incorrect or incomplete coding or classification of diabetes, particularly in young people. A pragmatic and clinically relevant approach to classification is needed to assist those involved in making decisions about types of diabetes. [source]


    Fine-needle aspiration cytology of subcutaneous toxoplasmosis: A case report

    DIAGNOSTIC CYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 10 2010
    Xiaowei Chen M.D.
    Abstract Toxoplasmosis is a common opportunistic infection in patients with AIDS in whom it typically presents as encephalitis, pneumonia, lymphadenitis, and myocarditis. Skin involvement is very rare and, to our best knowledge, Toxoplasma gondii forming a subcutaneous mass has not been reported. Here, we report the findings of an interesting case of subcutaneous toxoplasmosis with the cytological appearance of an inflammatory fibrovascular lesion in a HIV-positive patient and discuss the differential diagnosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010;38:716,720. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]


    Cervicovaginal cytological abnormalities in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection, in relation to disease stage, CD4 cell count and viral load

    DIAGNOSTIC CYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 3 2009
    Adilha Misson Rua Micheletti M.D., Ph.D.
    Abstract The objective of the present study was to assess infections and cytologic abnormalities in cervicovaginal smears from 153 HIV-positive women and 169 HIV-negative followed up at the UFTM School of Medicine between May 1999 and May 2002. The medical records and cervicovaginal smears were reviewed and the HIV-positive group was classified according to CD4 cell count, HIV viral load, antiretroviral therapy and HIV subgroups (with or without disease; with or without therapy) and compared to HIV-negative group. We conclude that the frequency of Candida sp, Trichomonas vaginalis and bacterial vaginosis in cervicovaginal smear, is not different between HIV-positive and HIV-negative women, even if the HIV-group is subdivided according to CD4 cell count, HIV viral load, antiretroviral therapy and HIV subgroups. The frequency of LSIL, in cervicovaginal smears, was greater in the HIV-group (17.6%) than in the HIV-negative (4.1%); there was no difference between the two groups according to frequency of HSIL (4.6% versus 1.8%), ASCUS/AGUS (7.8% versus 3.5%) and invasive carcinoma (1.3% versus 0.6%). The frequency of LSIL was greater in the HIV positive group with CD4 cell count < 350 cells/mm3. The viral load, therapeutic regimen and HIV subgroups (HIV-positive without therapy, HIV-positive with therapy, AIDS by immunological criteria and AIDS by clinical criteria) have not shown relationship with LSIL frequency, until now. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]


    Changes in HIV/AIDS/STI Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices among Commercial Sex Workers and Military Forces in Port Loko, Sierra Leone

    DISASTERS, Issue 3 2004
    Mandi M. Larsen
    Sierra Leone suffered from 11 years of civil war (1991,2002) resulting in tens of thousands of deaths and mutilations together with massive population displacement. In 2001, ARC International, Sierra Leone conducted a baseline survey of 201 commercial sex workers (CSWs) and 202 military respondents on the knowledge, attitudes and practices surrounding HIV/AIDS and STIs in Port Loko, Sierra Leone. In 2003, a comparable post-intervention survey of 202 CSWs and 205 military respondents was performed. Comparison of baseline and post-intervention results showed that HIV/AIDS knowledge increased among both groups, with those able to name three effective means of avoiding AIDS increasing from 5 per cent to 70 per cent among CSWs, and 11 to 75 per cent among the military. Reported condom use during last sex increased among CSWs from 38 to 68 per cent and among military from 39 to 68 per cent. These results demonstrate that, despite the challenges inherent in a post-conflict country, good-quality AIDS-prevention programmes can be effective. [source]