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Extreme Positions (extreme + position)

Distribution by Scientific Domains
Humanities and Social Sciences28%
Business, Economics, Finance and Accounting28%

Selected Abstracts

Vibration signals from the FT joint can induce phase transitions in both directions in motoneuron pools of the stick insect walking system

DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROBIOLOGY, Issue 2 2003
Ulrich Bässler
Abstract The influence of vibratory signals from the femoral chordotonal organ fCO on the activities of muscles and motoneurons in the three main leg joints of the stick insect leg, i.e., the thoraco,coxal (TC) joint, the coxa,trochanteral (CT) joint, and the femur,tibia (FT) joint, was investigated when the animal was in the active behavioral state. Vibration stimuli induced a switch in motor activity (phase transition), for example, in the FT joint motor activity switched from flexor tibiae to extensor tibiae or vice versa. Similarly, fCO vibration induced phase transitions in both directions between the motoneuron pools of the TC joint and the CT joint. There was no correlation between the directions of phase transition in different joints. Vibration stimuli presented during simultaneous fCO elongation terminated the reflex reversal motor pattern in the FT joint prematurely by activating extensor and inactivating flexor tibiae motoneurons. In legs with freely moving tibia, fCO vibration promoted phase transitions in tibial movement. Furthermore, ground vibration promoted stance,swing transitions as long as the leg was not close to its anterior extreme position during stepping. Our results provide evidence that, in the active behavioral state of the stick insect, vibration signals can access the rhythm generating or bistable networks of the three main leg joints and can promote phase transitions in motor activity in both directions. The results substantiate earlier findings on the modular structure of the single-leg walking pattern generator and indicate a new mechanism of how sensory influence can contribute to the synchronization of phase transitions in adjacent leg joints independent of the walking direction. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 56: 125,138, 2003 [source]

Bilateral hypoglossal nerve injury following the use of the laryngeal mask without the use of nitrous oxide

ACTA ANAESTHESIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 3 2004
M. Sommer
Hypoglossal nerve injury is a rare complication of anaesthesia airway management in adults. Until now the use of nitrous oxide for anaesthesia supposedly contributed to this complication. We present a case of bilateral hypoglossal nerve injury following the use of a laryngeal mask airway without the use of nitrous oxide. At the conclusion of 3 h of surgery in extreme side rotation, a 15-year-old boy of 88 kg could not extend his tongue beyond his teeth. An MRI confirmed the absence of pharyngeal haematoma and the absence of thrombosis of the basilar artery. We conclude that even when patients have no medical history and nitrous oxide is not being used, prolongation of the operation in an extreme position might increase the risk of major complications with a laryngeal mask. [source]

Weak hand preference in children with down syndrome is associated with language deficits

DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOBIOLOGY, Issue 3 2008
M. A. Groen
Abstract This study explores associations between language ability and hand preference in children with Down syndrome. Compared to typically developing children of the same age, children with Down syndrome showed weaker hand preference, were less consistent in the hand they used and also less willing to reach to extreme positions in contralateral space. Within the group of children with Down syndrome, those who showed a stronger or more consistent hand preference had better language and memory skills. This association could not be explained by differences in non-verbal cognitive ability or hearing loss. These findings are discussed within the theory of neurolinguistic development proposed by Locke [Locke (1997). Brain & Language, 58, 265,326]. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 50: 242,250, 2008. [source]

Commentary: Accounting Schism or Synthesis?

ACCOUNTING PERSPECTIVES, Issue 2 2002
A Challenge for the Conditional-Normative Approach
ABSTRACT This paper explains the conditional-normative accounting methodology (CoNAM) and its origin, offering a comparison of the normative, positive, and conditional-normative approaches. It also discusses the difference between the pragmatic versus a more scientific treatment of CoNAM. However, the main thrust of the paper is directed toward the schism in academic accounting between the positive accounting theory (PAT) and the critical interpretive view (CIV). To better understand CIV, the paper attempts to explain the philosophic roots that reach from Husserl and some Marxist writers to Foucault, Derrida, and Baudrillard. This schism seems to call for a new synthesis that avoids extreme positions but draws upon insights from both camps. In this search, CoNAM might be helpful by exploring means-end relations and connecting value judgements to accounting theory in a fairly "objective" way. [source]

Candidate Valence and Ideological Positions in U.S. House Elections

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF POLITICAL SCIENCE, Issue 2 2010
Walter J. Stone
We examine the relationship between the valence qualities of candidates and the ideological positions they take in U.S. House elections based on a study of the 2006 midterm elections. Our design enables us to distinguish between campaign and character dimensions of candidate valence and to place candidates and districts on the same ideological scale. Incumbents with a personal-character advantage are closer ideologically to their district preferences, while disadvantaged challengers take more extreme policy positions. Contrary to conventional wisdom, challengers can reap electoral rewards by taking more extreme positions relative to their districts. We explore a possible mechanism for this extremism effect by demonstrating that challengers closer to the extreme received greater financial contributions, which enhanced their chances of victory. Our results bear on theories of representation that include policy and valence, although the interactions between these two dimensions may be complex and counterintuitive. [source]

Ethical Implications of Physician Involvement in Lawsuits on Behalf of the Tobacco Industry

THE JOURNAL OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS, Issue 4 2007
Jess Alderman
The statements of physicians who serve as expert witnesses for the tobacco industry reveal subtle but significant problems. Some expert testimony obfuscates the important issues, and some initially reasonable statements later evolve into extreme positions during cross-examination. Such statements fall into a "gray area" of professional ethics, potentially misleading juries and adversely affecting professional integrity. Medical associations can and should strongly enforce professional standards that do not tolerate tobacco industry influence on physician expert witnesses. [source]

Les enjeux de la privatisation des établissements de détention

CANADIAN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION/ADMINISTRATION PUBLIQUE DU CANADA, Issue 2 2005
Daniel Pelletier
Sommaire: Le mouvement de privatisation des prisons et des pénitenciers a connu un développement fdgurant dans les pays anglo-saxons de 1990 à 2000. Depuis, plu-sieurs administrations publiques, en particulier aux États-Unis, ont réalisé que les avantages escomptés et annoncés par les grandes corporations du secteur privé n'étaient pas vraiment au rendez-vous, au point ou on parle actuellement de l'éclate-ment de la bulle de la privatisation. Le débat est aujourd'hui dominé par les positions extrêmes de l'entreprise privée - qui continue à vanter ses établissements - et des associations de défense de droits civiques et des syndicats, qui adoptent la position opposée. L'examen des recherches empiriques ayant été faites à ce sujet révèle que la majorité des études comparatives présentent des failles méthodologiques importantes qui ne permitting pas d'asseoir la prise de décision sur des bases solides. Il importe donc d'agir avec prudence dans ce secteur fortement influencé par des enjeux politiques, sociaux et communicationnels dont l'ampleur reste encore insoupconnée. Abstract: From 1990 to 2000, the trend towards the privatization of jails and penitentiaries in Anglo-Saxon countries grew very rapidly. Since then, several public administrations, particularly in the United States, have come to realize that the benefits anticipated by the big corporations in the sector never actually materialized; in fact, we now talk of the bursting of the privatization bubble. Today, the debate is dominated by the extreme positions taken by private enterprise, which continues to boast about its institutions, and by human and trade-union rights advocacy associations, which are adopting the opposite position. The review of empirical research on this topic indicates that most comparative studies have significant methodological flaws that undermine the foundations of the decision-making process. It is therefore important to act with caution in this sector, which is highly influenced by political, social and communicational issues, the magnitude of which is yet unknown. [source]