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External World (external + world)
Selected AbstractsHOW TO DEFEAT BELIEF IN THE EXTERNAL WORLDPACIFIC PHILOSOPHICAL QUARTERLY, Issue 2 2006ALLAN HAZLETT Two arguments are given for this conclusion. Finally, three proposals are offered as morals of the preceding story: first, our justification for hinge propositions must be understood as defeatable, second, antiskeptics must explain our knowledge in the face of ,actual world' skepticism (like dreaming skepticism) as much as in the face of the usual sort (like brain-in-vat skepticism), and, finally, our justification for hinge propositions is basic (i.e. non-inferential). [source] THE PARADOX OF MOORE'S PROOF OF AN EXTERNAL WORLDTHE PHILOSOPHICAL QUARTERLY, Issue 231 2008Annalisa Coliva Moore's proof of an external world is a piece of reasoning whose premises, in context, are true and warranted and whose conclusion is perfectly acceptable, and yet immediately seems flawed. I argue that neither Wright's nor Pryor's readings of the proof can explain this paradox. Rather, one must take the proof as responding to a sceptical challenge to our right to claim to have warrant for our ordinary empirical beliefs, either for any particular empirical belief we might have, or for belief in the existence of an external world itself. I show how Wright's and Pryor's positions are of interest when taken in connection with Humean scepticism, but that it is only linking it with Cartesian scepticism which can explain why the proof strikes us as an obvious failure. [source] Sheath Physics and Boundary Conditions for Edge PlasmasCONTRIBUTIONS TO PLASMA PHYSICS, Issue 1-3 2004R. H. Cohen Abstract The boundary conditions of mass, momentum, energy, and charge appropriate for fluid formulations of edge plasmas are surveyed. We re-visit the classic problem of 1-dimensional flow, and note that the "Bohm sheath criterion" is requirement of connectivity of the interior plasma with the external world, not the result of termination of the plasma by a wall. We show that the nature of the interior plasma solution is intrinsically different for ion sources that inject above and below the electron sound speed. We survey the appropriate conditions to apply, and resultant fluxes, for a magnetic field obliquely incident on a wall, including the presence of drifts and radial transport. We discuss the consequences of toroidal asymmetries in wall properties, as well as experimental tests of such effects. Finally, we discuss boundary-condition modifications in the case of rapidly varying plasma conditions. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] The development of gaze following and its relation to languageDEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE, Issue 6 2005Rechele Brooks We examined the ontogeny of gaze following by testing infants at 9, 10 and 11 months of age. Infants (N = 96) watched as an adult turned her head toward a target with either open or closed eyes. The 10- and 11-month-olds followed adult turns significantly more often in the open-eyes than the closed-eyes condition, but the 9-month-olds did not respond differentially. Although 9-month-olds may view others as ,body orienters', older infants begin to register whether others are ,visually connected' to the external world and, hence, understand adult looking in a new way. Results also showed a strong positive correlation between gaze-following behavior at 10,11 months and subsequent language scores at 18 months. Implications for social cognition are discussed in light of the developmental shift in gaze following between 9 and 11 months of age. [source] Indirect Perceptual Realism and Multiple ReferenceDIALECTICA, Issue 3 2008Derek Brown Indirect realists maintain that our perceptions of the external world are mediated by our ,perceptions' of subjective intermediaries such as sensations. Multiple reference occurs when a word or an instance of it has more than one reference. I argue that, because indirect realists hold that speakers typically and unknowingly directly perceive something subjective and indirectly perceive something objective, the phenomenon of multiple reference is an important resource for their view. In particular, a challenge that A. D. Smith has recently put forward for indirect realists can be overcome by appreciating how multiple reference is likely to arise when a projectivist variety of indirect realism is interpreted by speakers adhering to a naïve direct realism. [source] Independent mechanisms for ventriloquism and multisensory integration as revealed by theta-burst stimulationEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE, Issue 10 2010Caterina Bertini Abstract The visual and auditory systems often concur to create a unified perceptual experience and to determine the localization of objects in the external world. Co-occurring auditory and visual stimuli in spatial coincidence are known to enhance performance of auditory localization due to the integration of stimuli from different sensory channels (i.e. multisensory integration). However, auditory localization of audiovisual stimuli presented at spatial disparity might also induce a mislocalization of the sound towards the visual stimulus (i.e. ventriloquism effect). Using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation we tested the role of right temporoparietal (rTPC), right occipital (rOC) and right posterior parietal (rPPC) cortex in an auditory localization task in which indices of ventriloquism and multisensory integration were computed. We found that suppression of rTPC excitability by means of continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS) reduced multisensory integration. No similar effect was found for cTBS over rOC. Moreover, inhibition of rOC, but not of rTPC, suppressed the visual bias in the contralateral hemifield. In contrast, cTBS over rPPC did not produce any modulation of ventriloquism or integrative effects. The double dissociation found in the present study suggests that ventriloquism and audiovisual multisensory integration are functionally independent phenomena and may be underpinned by partially different neural circuits. [source] Masculinity and the Biographical Meanings of Management Theory: Lyndall Urwick and the Making of Scientific Management in Inter-war BritainGENDER, WORK & ORGANISATION, Issue 2 2001Michael Roper This article explores the biographical shaping of management theory. Using the British management theorist Lyndall Urwick (1891,1983) as a case study, it argues that existing understandings of the history of management studies are limited by their lack of attention to the emotional a priori of theory production. For men such as Frederick Taylor or Urwick, the work of composing management theory for a public audience was intimately connected to events and experiences in the private life. Theorizing addressed emotional dilemmas even while it strove to construct a separation between the personal and the organizational. Management theories are not only historically, socially or discursively constructed, but can be read in terms of the evidence they provide about individual subjectivity. Psychoanalytic concepts can help illuminate such relations. Theorizing can be seen as a form of play: as something which, in D.W. Winnicott's terms, takes place in the space between the psychic reality of the ,me' and the external world of the ,not me'. The ,classical' administrative theory represented by Taylor, Fayol and Urwick sought to create organizational structures which could stand apart from, and allow the management of, individual personalities. It simultaneously insisted on the status of theory as the ,not me'; that is, as a product which was not shaped by personal experience, but which constituted objective knowledge. The illusion of theory as a largely external, social product persists in much management and organization studies today. This article challenges that social determinism, first, by showing how Urwick's theories addressed issues of separation and intimacy, and second, by placing Urwick's work in the context of his relations with women. [source] A Critique of Schopenhauer's MetaphysicGERMAN LIFE AND LETTERS, Issue 3 2006G.A. Wells Schopenhauer's metaphysic is not more credible than the systems of his contemporaries Fichte, Schelling and Hegel, all of whom he criticised so severely. But as his writings, unlike theirs, are so lucid, they illustrate very clearly the metaphysician's endeavour to reach knowledge that is immediate and indubitable, not mediated by the sense organs and the brain, as is knowledge of the external world. He argues that ,das Einzige wirklich und unbedingt Gegebene ist das Selbstbewußtsein', which alone can yield ,die letzten und wichtigsten Aufschlüsse über das Wesen der Dinge'. He himself was not religious, but this doctrine has appealed to theologians seeking a basis for their belief that is independent of external (historical) testimony. In this connection, Albert Schweitzer expressly urged a return to the German metaphysical tradition, in particular to Schopenhauer's view of the will as the transcendent reality at the basis of self-consciousness. The present article argues, in the British empirical tradition, that there is really no reason to distinguish self-consciousness and experiences attributable to will from other kinds of experience. The practical distinction is that the idea of self depends largely not on the sensations provided by readily observable senses such as sight and hearing, but on muscular, articular and visceral receptors which constitute a less accessible internal sensorium. [source] A metric for spaceHIPPOCAMPUS, Issue 12 2008Edvard I. Moser Abstract Not all areas of neuronal systems investigation have matured to the stage where computation can be understood at the microcircuit level. In mammals, insights into cortical circuit functions have been obtained for the early stages of sensory systems, where signals can be followed through networks of increasing complexity from the receptors to the primary sensory cortices. These studies have suggested how neurons and neuronal networks extract features from the external world, but how the brain generates its own codes, in the higher-order nonsensory parts of the cortex, has remained deeply mysterious. In this terra incognita, a path was opened by the discovery of grid cells, place-modulated entorhinal neurons whose firing locations define a periodic triangular or hexagonal array covering the entirety of the animal's available environment. This array of firing is maintained in spite of ongoing changes in the animal's speed and direction, suggesting that grid cells are part of the brain's metric for representation of space. Because the crystal-like structure of the firing fields is created within the nervous system itself, grid cells may provide scientists with direct access to some of the most basic operational principles of cortical circuits. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] REVIEW: The functional organization of the intraparietal sulcus in humans and monkeysJOURNAL OF ANATOMY, Issue 1 2005Christian Grefkes Abstract In macaque monkeys, the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is concerned with the integration of multimodal information for constructing a spatial representation of the external world (in relation to the macaque's body or parts thereof), and planning and executing object-centred movements. The areas within the intraparietal sulcus (IPS), in particular, serve as interfaces between the perceptive and motor systems for controlling arm and eye movements in space. We review here the latest evidence for the existence of the IPS areas AIP (anterior intraparietal area), VIP (ventral intraparietal area), MIP (medial intraparietal area), LIP (lateral intraparietal area) and CIP (caudal intraparietal area) in macaques, and discuss putative human equivalents as assessed with functional magnetic resonance imaging. The data suggest that anterior parts of the IPS comprising areas AIP and VIP are relatively well preserved across species. By contrast, posterior areas such as area LIP and CIP have been found more medially in humans, possibly reflecting differences in the evolution of the dorsal visual stream and the inferior parietal lobule. Despite interspecies differences in the precise functional anatomy of the IPS areas, the functional relevance of this sulcus for visuomotor tasks comprising target selections for arm and eye movements, object manipulation and visuospatial attention is similar in humans and macaques, as is also suggested by studies of neurological deficits (apraxia, neglect, Bálint's syndrome) resulting from lesions to this region. [source] SOSA'S MOORE AND THE NEW DOGMATISTSMETAPHILOSOPHY, Issue 2 2009SUSANA NUCCETELLI Abstract: Some seventy years ago, G. E. Moore invoked his own sensory experience (as of a hand before him in the right circumstances), added some philosophical analysis about externality, and took himself to have offered his "Proof" of the existence of an external world. Current neo-Mooreans either reject completely the standard negative assessment of the Proof or qualify it substantially. For Sosa, the Proof can be persuasive, but only when read literally as offering reasons for the conclusion that there is at least one external object,rather than that the prover is justified in believing, or even knowing, that there is at least one external object. Sosa, then, is a neo-Moorean,though not of the sort we might expect in light of the ongoing debate about the Proof. I argue that Sosa needs to say more about the circularity often thought to vitiate the Proof before we can accept his view. [source] Between Reason and Common SensePHILOSOPHICAL INVESTIGATIONS, Issue 2 2005On the Very Idea of Necessary (though Unwarranted) Belief This essay is intended as a companion-piece to my article, "Reality in Common Sense: Reflections on Realism and Anti-Realism from a ,Common Sense Naturalist' Perspective." (Philosophical Investigations, Vol. 25, No. 4 (October 2002). It explores the epistemological dimension of the Common Sense Naturalism that I developed in that earlier, predominantly metaphysical essay; a position that combines the views of David Hume, Thomas Reid, and the Wittgenstein of On Certainty. My ultimate aim is to produce a comprehensive philosophy of common sense, one that with future installments, will come to include an ethical and social-political philosophy as well. "Between Reason and Common Sense" offers a common sense naturalist reply to the skeptic. My basic argument is that the skeptic makes a Rylean category mistake, when he applies the concept of warrant to epistemologically basic beliefs, such as the belief in the external world or in the continued and distinct existence of bodies. He misidentifies these beliefs as being ordinary, when they are really a part of the framework that make the practices of believing and justifying possible. As a result, they are not themselves open to confirmation or disconfirmation. I also try to characterize the nature of the necessity carried by framework beliefs, in a way that avoids the charge that the common sense naturalist is simply a closet foundationalist. [source] A CLOSER LOOK AT CLOSURE SCEPTICISMPROCEEDINGS OF THE ARISTOTELIAN SOCIETY (HARDBACK), Issue 1 2006Michael Blome-Tillmann ABSTRACT The paper argues that there is no valid closure principle that can be used to infer sceptical conclusions. My argument exploits the Gettier Intuition that knowledge is incompatible with accidentally true belief. This intuition is interpreted as placing a constraint on beliefs that can count as knowledge: only beliefs which are based on reasons that are relevantly linked to the beliefs' truth can qualify as knowledge. I argue that closure principles are to reflect this constraint by accommodating the requirement that a subject's belief p needs to be based on her competent derivation of p from a known q. The emerging account is finally argued to reconcile Dretske's anti-closure intuitions with the intuition that we can extend knowledge by deduction, while simultaneously blocking closure arguments for scepticism about the external world. [source] The timeliness and timelessness of the ,archaic': analytical psychology, ,primordial' thought, synchronicityTHE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 4 2008Paul Bishop Abstract:, In 1930 Jung gave a lecture entitled ,Archaic Man' to the Lesezirkel in Hottingen. Following recent work on this text by two commentators, this article uses their interpretations as a springboard for a complementary reading, which emphasizes the fundamental significance of this paper as bridging the earlier and later stages in the development of analytical psychology, and examines closely the opposition between ,archaic',,modern' in Jung's paper; indeed, in his work as a whole. In contrast to Lévy-Bruhl, Jung rejects the label of ,mysticism' as applied to the ,primitive' point of view, and his anti-mystical stance can be explained in terms of his dialectical conception of the relationship between Self and World. On this account, the subject and the object,the psyche and the external world,are more closely (inter)related than conventional (modern) epistemology and ontology generally believe. This conception of the relation between the subjective and the objective foreshadows his later, and controversial, concept of synchronicity, which is, Jung insists, a way of apprehending the world in terms of its meaning. Concluding with a survey of the status of the ,primordial' in some other texts by Jung, this article aims to foster further debate on one of Jung's most complex and fascinating texts. Translations of Abstract En 1930, Jung donna une conférence intitulée L'Homme Archaïque au club de lecture de Hottingen. L'auteur s'appuie sur les travaux récents de deux commentateurs de ce texte et prend appui sur leurs interprétations pour proposer une lecture complémentaire. Il met l'accent sur la signification fondamentale de cette contribution comme ayant jeté un pont entre les premières formulations de la psychologie analytique et ses développements ultérieurs. Il examine attentivement l'opposition entre « archaïque » et « moderne » telle que Jung l'envisage, à la fois dans ce travail et dans son ,uvre considérée comme un tout. Contrairement à Lévy-Bruhl, Jung rejette l'étiquette de « mysticisme » accolée au point de vue « primitif ». Un tel anti-mysticisme s'explique par sa conception dialectique de la relation entre le Soi et le Monde. A ce titre, le sujet et l'objet,la psyché et le monde extérieur,sont dans une interrelation plus étroite que ne le supposent généralement l'épistémologie conventionnelle (moderne) et l'ontologie. Cette conception jungienne du lien entre le subjectif et l'objectif préfigure le concept plus tardif et controversé, de synchronicité, qui constitue, insiste Jung, une façon d'appréhender le monde à partir du sens. En concluant par une étude du statut du « primitif » dans certains autres textes de Jung, l'auteur vise à encourager l'approfondissement du débat autour de l'un de textes les plus complexes et les plus fascinants de Jung. In 1930 hielt Jung eine Vorlesung mit dem Titel ,Der archaische Mensch' im Lesezirkel in Hottingen. Auf den Spuren einer kürzlich erschienenen Arbeit zweier Kommentatoren über diesen Text benutzt der vorliegende Artikel deren Auslegung als ein Sprungbrett für ein komplementäres Lesen, welches die fundamentale Bedeutung dieses Textes hervorhebt, der die früheren und die späteren Stadien in der Entwicklung der Analytischen Psychologie überbrückt. Auch wird der Gegensatz zwischen ,archaisch','modern' in Jungs Text genau untersucht, eigentlich sogar in seiner gesamten Arbeit. Im Kontrast zu Lévy-Bruhl weist Jung die Kennzeichnung ,Mystizismus' zurück, weil sie auf einen ,primitiven' Standpunkt angewandt wird und seine anti-mystische Einstellung kann im Hinblick auf seine dialektische Konzeption der Beziehung zwischen Selbst und Welt erklärt werden. Aus diesem Grund sind das Subjekt und das Objekt,die Psyche und die äußere Welt,enger aufeinander bezogen als die konventionelle (moderne) Erkenntnistheorie und Ontologie im Allgemeinen glauben. Diese Konzeption der Beziehung zwischensubjektiv und objektiv lässt sein späteres, umstrittenes Konzept der Synchronizität vorausahnen. Dieses ist, und hierauf beharrt Jung, ein Weg, die Welt im Hinblick auf ihren Sinngehalt zu begreifen. Abschließend wird eine Bestandsaufnahme der Stellung des ,Primordialen' in einigen anderen Texten Jungs gegeben, um die Debatte über einen der höchst komplexen und faszinierendsten Texte Jungs weiter zu fördern. Nel 1930 Jung tenne una conferenza intitolata "L'uomo arcaico" alla Lesezirkel a Hottingen. Seguendo il recente lavoro di due commentatori su questo testo, questo articolo usa le loro interpretazioni come punto di partenza per un lavoro complementare che enfatizza il significato fondamentale di questo scritto come un ponte tra i primi e gli ultimi stadi dello sviluppo della psicologia analitica, e esamina da vicino l'opposizione tra ,arcaico-moderno' nello scritto di Jung; in verità, nel suo intero lavoro. In contrasto con Lévy-Bruhl, Jung rifiuta la definizione di "misticismo" in quanto applicata al punto di vista ,primitivo', e la sua posizione anti-misticismo può essere spiegata nei termini della sua concezione dialettica della relazione fra il Sé e il Mondo. Da questo punto di vista, il soggetto e l'oggetto,la psiche e il mondo esterno,sono più strettamente (inter)relazionati di quanto l'epistemologia convenzionale (moderna) e l'ontologia generalmente credono. Tale concezione della relazione tra il soggettivo e l'oggettivo prefigura il suo ultimo, e controverso, concetto di sincronicità, che rappresenta, Jung insiste, un modo di conoscere il mondo nei termini del suo significato. Concludendosi con un esame dello stato del ,primordiale' in alcuni altri testi di Jung, questo articolo ha come scopo il promuovere un ulteriore dibattito su uno dei più complessi e affascinanti testi junghiani. En 1930 Jung dio una conferencia llamada ,El Hombre Arcaico' al Lesszikel en Hottingen. Estudiando un trabajo reciente sobre este texto por dos comentaristas, este artículo utiliza sus interpretaciones como punto de partida para una lectura complementaria, la cual enfatizaría la significación fundamental de este trabajo para comunicar las etapas tempranas y tardías del desarrollo de la psicología analítica, y examina de cércala oposición ,arcaico-moderno' en el escrito de Jung. En contraste con Levy-Brühl, Jung rechaza la etiqueta de ,misticismo' tal como se aplica al punto de vista ,primitivo', y su afirmación ,antimística' puede ser explicada en términos de su concepción dialéctica entre el Self y el Mundo, En este orden, el sujeto y el objeto,la psique y el mundo exterior,están mas cercanamente (inter) relacionados que los que las (modernas) epistemología y ontología generalmente creen. Esta concepción de la relación entre el sujeto y el objeto ensombrece su posterior, y controversial, concepto de sincronicidad, el cual es, insiste Jung, una manera de aprehender el mundo en términos de su significado. Concluyendo con una revisión de la definición de ,primordial' este artículo propone nuevos debates sobre uno de los trabajos mas complejos y fascinantes de Jung. [source] THE PARADOX OF MOORE'S PROOF OF AN EXTERNAL WORLDTHE PHILOSOPHICAL QUARTERLY, Issue 231 2008Annalisa Coliva Moore's proof of an external world is a piece of reasoning whose premises, in context, are true and warranted and whose conclusion is perfectly acceptable, and yet immediately seems flawed. I argue that neither Wright's nor Pryor's readings of the proof can explain this paradox. Rather, one must take the proof as responding to a sceptical challenge to our right to claim to have warrant for our ordinary empirical beliefs, either for any particular empirical belief we might have, or for belief in the existence of an external world itself. I show how Wright's and Pryor's positions are of interest when taken in connection with Humean scepticism, but that it is only linking it with Cartesian scepticism which can explain why the proof strikes us as an obvious failure. [source] Mental health nursing students' experience of stress: burdened by a heavy loadJOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRIC & MENTAL HEALTH NURSING, Issue 4 2009M. FREEBURN msc pgrad dip bsc(hons) rpn rnt This paper reports research outcomes of a study into personal stress experienced by mental health student nurses undertaking a diploma programme in Ireland. It uses a phenomenological research approach. The sample was purposive and involved in-depth interviews with six students. The purpose of the study was to contribute to the knowledge of the impact of personal life stressors. Findings from this study focus on the following themes: event, meaning, effects, ability to move beyond the stress, influence on life and constraints and demands. Key points arising are that the stress experience does impact students' internal and external worlds, potentially lessening functioning and inhibiting growth and development. This paper presents student narratives that offer insights into their inner worlds, providing true accounts of the essence of stress for them. This knowledge has implications for lecturers, personal tutors, nurse educationalists and nursing curricula, highlighting need for more proactive approaches to the provision of guidance on professional support for students and staff. Insights derived from this study are relevant not only to mental health nurse education but also to academic staff delivering professional education programmes to healthcare practitioners in a variety of settings. [source] Transformations of self: a phenomenological investigation into the lived experience of survivors of critical illnessNURSING IN CRITICAL CARE, Issue 1 2003Elizabeth DE Papathanassoglou Summary ,Based on the hermeneutical, phenomenological perspective, this study explored the lived experience of individuals with a past hospitalization in an intensive care unit, with focus on their dreams. The purpose was to explore how it is to have been critically ill ,Dreams are the language of the unconscious and can symbolically convey meanings ,Eight participants recounted their experiences with critical illness through semi-structured phenomenological interviews and dream-telling. An interplay between the ,factual,external' world and the ,internal' world appeared to be the basis of their perception of the situation. Participants' narratives were immensely rich in symbols of transformation, transcendence and rebirth. Transformations in perception, in lived-body, and in lived time and space were some of the themes emerging as part of both conscious and dreaming experiences. Attitudes towards death were altered, and elements of heightened spirituality were evident in the aftermath of critical illness ,Critical illness was conceptualized as a ,cocooning phase' leading to transformation of self, spiritual arousal and personal growth. Nurses may be able to alleviate suffering by supporting this process while in the ICU, as well as after discharge [source] | |||||||||||||||||||