			Home About us Contact

External Carotid Artery (external + carotid_artery)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Medical Sciences	66%

Distribution within Medical Sciences

Cardiovascular Disease	33%

Selected Abstracts

Morphological Investigation of Carotid Body and Its Arteries in Rabbits

ANATOMIA, HISTOLOGIA, EMBRYOLOGIA, Issue 5 2002
E. Unur
Summary The purpose of this study was to determine the morphology of the rabbit carotid body and its artery at the light microscopy level. The carotid body was situated between the internal and external carotid arteries after the bifurcation point of the common carotid artery. The carotid body was usually found to be a single, ovoid tissue mass but, in some cases it consisted of two or three parts. More carotid bodies were supplied by a single carotid body artery (glomic artery) which arose from the common carotid artery or the internal or external carotid arteries near the bifurcation point of the common carotid artery. In only one case were there two arteries which arose from opposite sides of the external carotid artery at its origin. There was a distinguishable sinus (glomic sinus) at the origin of the glomic artery. This artery had a thin wall with elastic laminae in the sinus area which become thinner distal to the sinus. [source]

New insights in the vascular supply of the human parotid gland,Consequences for parotid gland-sparing irradiation

HEAD & NECK: JOURNAL FOR THE SCIENCES & SPECIALTIES OF THE HEAD AND NECK, Issue 7 2010
Marjolein J. van Holten MD
Abstract Background. Xerostomia is caused by irradiation for head and neck cancer, depending on the dose to the parotid gland. To investigate which part of the parotid gland has to be spared with radiotherapy, detailed information about the vascular supply of the parotid gland is necessary. Methods. Arterial vessels of the head of a human cadaver were colored. A 3-dimensional reconstruction of the parotid gland and the arterial vessels was made and analyzed. Results. Five arterial vessels were responsible for the vascular supply of the parotid gland: the posterior auricular artery, 2 branches so far unnamed, the superficial temporal artery, and the transverse facial artery. All arteries were branches off the external carotid artery, and supplied different parts of the parotid gland. Conclusions. This study describes the detailed vascular supply of the human parotid gland. These results may contribute to improve parotid sparing radiotherapy, thus reducing complications such as xerostomia in the future. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2009 [source]

Flow-Reversal Device for Cerebral Protection During Carotid Artery Stenting,Acute and Long-Term Results

JOURNAL OF INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOLOGY, Issue 1 2006
KASJA RABE M.D.
Objective: Several types of cerebral (embolic) protection devices have been used in patients undergoing carotid stenting. This study assessed results achieved with a flow-reversal system. Method: Carotid stenting was performed in 56 patients (mean age, 68 ± 9 years). The mean percentage of stenosis was 77%± 10%. During the procedure, cerebral protection was achieved by means of balloon occlusion of the common and external carotid artery with use of a Parodi Anti-Emboli System. The patients' neurologic status was assessed during the intervention; at discharge; 1, 6, and 12 months after the procedure; and yearly thereafter. Results: The procedure was technically successful in all cases. One patient had a minor stroke 6 hours after the intervention. No major strokes, deaths, or myocardial infarctions occurred. During long-term follow-up (to 40 months), 2 patients died of a secondary complication after intracerebral bleeding and stroke and 1 died as a result of ventricular fibrillation. Restenosis did not exceed 50% of vessel diameter in any patient. Conclusions: The acute results indicate that proximal occlusion and flow reversal for cerebral protection during carotid stenting is a safe and effective method. The low restenosis and complication rate during long-term follow-up is in accordance with other series of carotid angioplasty and shows that the occlusion balloons do not cause any long-term side effects. [source]

Occlusion of the Middle Cerebral Artery: a New Method of Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Rats

ANATOMIA, HISTOLOGIA, EMBRYOLOGIA, Issue 2005
E. Cam
The study in Wistar rats attempted to improve the occlusion technique of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) as a precise method for initiating stroke. In a first part it was necessary to study the exact anatomy of blood vessels of the brain in seven rats of 170-410 g body weight by corrosion cast. The lengths and diameters of defined locations of the blood vessels were measured. The temporary as well as the permanent methods were refined or replaced. The first one was completed in main training the physiological blood flow after temporary occlusion, while the permanent occlusion was performed by positioning a silicone cap in the MCA. A filament guide was introduced from the common carotid artery (CCA) via internal carotid artery (ICA) to guide the silicon cap at the branch of the MCA. Histological sections of the brain of rats showed 24 h after the permanent occlusion a reproducible infarct in the brain. This area corresponded very well with the supply of the MCA. The new occlusion method with a silicon cap was compared with the occlusion methods of CCA route and external carotid artery (ECA) route. The total infarct volume was significantly larger in the CCA route and ECA route groups than in the silicon cap group (means: CCA route 261 mm3; ECA route 191 mm3 vs. 128 mm3 silicon cap group; P < 0,05). It could be demonstrated that the new silicon cap occlusion technique imitates the pathological situation of a cerebral infarct in man. Moreover it is less invasive for the animals and more precise and reproducible regarding the infarcted area in comparison to the other occlusion methods. Based on anatomical measurements of the blood vessels the described silicon cap method can be recommended for rats of a body weight between 340,370 g. [source]

Morphological Investigation of Carotid Body and Its Arteries in Rabbits

Donitriptan, but not sumatriptan, inhibits capsaicin-induced canine external carotid vasodilatation via 5-HT1B rather than 5-HT1D receptors

BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY, Issue 1 2006
E Muñoz-Islas
Background and purpose: It has been suggested that during a migraine attack capsaicin-sensitive trigeminal sensory nerves release calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), resulting in cranial vasodilatation and central nociception; hence, trigeminal inhibition may prevent this vasodilatation and abort migraine headache. This study investigated the effects of the agonists sumatriptan (5-HT1B/1D water-soluble), donitriptan (5-HT1B/1D lipid-soluble), PNU-142633 (5-HT1D water-soluble) and PNU-109291 (5-HT1D lipid-soluble) on vasodilator responses to capsaicin, , -CGRP and acetylcholine in dog external carotid artery. Experimental approach: 59 vagosympathectomized dogs were anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbitone. Blood pressure and heart rate were recorded with a pressure transducer, connected to a cannula inserted into a femoral artery. A precalibrated flow probe was placed around the common carotid artery, with ligation of the internal carotid and occipital branches, and connected to an ultrasonic flowmeter. The thyroid artery was cannulated for infusion of agonists. Key results: Intracarotid infusions of capsaicin, , -CGRP and acetylcholine dose-dependently increased blood flow through the carotid artery. These responses remained unaffected after intravenous (i.v.) infusions of sumatriptan, PNU-142633, PNU-109291 or physiological saline; in contrast, donitriptan significantly attenuated the vasodilator responses to capsaicin, but not those to , -CGRP or acetylcholine. Only sumatriptan and donitriptan dose-dependently decreased the carotid blood flow. Interestingly, i.v. administration of the antagonist, SB224289 (5-HT1B), but not of BRL15572 (5-HT1D), abolished the inhibition by donitriptan. Conclusions and implications: Our results suggest that the inhibition produced by donitriptan of capsaicin-induced external carotid vasodilatation is mainly mediated by 5-HT1B, rather than 5-HT1D, receptors, probably by a central mechanism. British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 149, 82,91. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706839 [source]

Endovascular management of traumatic cervicothoracic arteriovenous fistula

BRITISH JOURNAL OF SURGERY (NOW INCLUDES EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SURGERY), Issue 12 2003
D. F. du Toit
Background: This study evaluated a single-centre experience with endovascular repair of traumatic arteriovenous fistula in the cervicothoracic region. Methods: Endovascular repair of 27 traumatic cervicothoracic arteriovenous fistulas was attempted between August 1998 and December 2001. Patients with active bleeding or end-organ ischaemia were excluded. Follow-up was accomplished with clinical, duplex Doppler and arteriographic evaluation after 1 month and then every 3 months. Results: Twelve patients with a major vessel injury were treated by stent-graft placement. Vessels involved were the subclavian (eight), common carotid (three) and internal carotid (one) arteries. Subclavian artery side branches were embolized in three of the eight patients. Four patients developed early type 4 endoleaks but all resolved. Treatment with stent-grafts was ultimately successful in all 12 patients. Three patients were lost to follow-up. During mean follow-up of 21 (range 3,36) months, one of the remaining patients developed a graft stenosis. Fifteen patients with minor vessel injuries were treated with arterial embolization. Vessels embolized were subclavian artery branches (four), external carotid artery and branches (seven) and vertebral arteries (four). Successful embolization was accomplished in ten of 15 patients. Conclusion: Endovascular therapy is a promising alternative to surgery for selected patients with cervicothoracic arteriovenous fistula. Copyright © 2003 British Journal of Surgery Society Ltd. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Feasibility and safety of transbrachial approach for patients with severe carotid artery stenosis undergoing stenting

CATHETERIZATION AND CARDIOVASCULAR INTERVENTIONS, Issue 6 2006
Chiung-Jen Wu MD
Abstract Although sporadic successful cases using the transradial approach (TRA) for carotid stenting have been reported, the safety and feasibility of carotid stenting using either TRA or a transbrachial approach (TBA) have not been fully investigated. Recently, we have developed a safe and feasible method of TRA for cerebrovascular angiographic studies. This study investigated whether a TBA approach using a 7-French (F) Kimny guiding catheter for carotid stenting is safe and feasible for patients with severe carotid stenosis. Thirteen patients were enrolled into this study (age range, 63,78 years). Seven of these 13 patients had severe peripheral vascular disease. A retrograde-engagement technique, involving looping 6-F Kimny guiding catheter, was utilized for carotid angiographic study. For carotid stenting, the 6-F Kimny guiding catheter was replaced with a 7-F Kimny guiding catheter, and the procedure was performed as the follows. First, an extra-support wire was inserted into the middle portion of external carotid artery (ECA). Second, a 0.035-inch Teflon wire was advanced into the common carotid artery. Then, the 6-F guiding catheter was exchanged for a 7-F Kimny guiding catheter. Third, if the first and second steps did not provide adequate support for exchanging the guiding catheter, a PercuSurge GuardWireÔ was inserted into the ECA, followed by distal balloon inflation for an anchoring support. FilterWire EXÔ was used in 9 patients and PercuSurge GuardWire in 4 patients to protect from distal embolization during the procedure. The procedure was successful in all patients. No neurological or vascular bleeding complications were observed and all patients were discharged uneventfully. The TBA for carotid stenting was safe and effective, providing a last resort for patients unsuited to femoral arterial access and surgical intervention. © 2006 Wiley-Liss., Inc. [source]

Supraorbital cutaneous blood flow rate during carotid endarterectomy

CLINICAL PHYSIOLOGY AND FUNCTIONAL IMAGING, Issue 6 2006
Jens D. Hove
Summary Background:, The supraorbital skin region is supplied by the supraorbital artery, which is a branch of the internal carotid artery. The supraorbital cutaneous blood flow rate may therefore be influenced by changes in the internal carotid artery flow during carotid endarterectomy. Methods:, The supraorbital cutaneous blood flow rate was measured by the application of heat to the skin and following the subsequent dissipation of the heat in seven patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. At the same time, the oxygenation in the right and left frontal region was monitored by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Results:, During cross-clamping of the carotid artery, the ipsilateral NIRS-determined frontal oxygenation tended to decrease [67 ± 13% to 61 ± 11% (P = 0·06); contralateral 68 ± 11% to 66 ± 8%] as did the supraorbital cutaneous blood flow rate from 56 ± 23 to 44 ± 7 ml 100 g,1 min,1. With the opening of the external carotid artery, the NIRS-determined frontal oxygenation reversed to 66 ± 8% (P<0·05) on the ipsilateral side, with no significant change on the contralateral side and the supraorbital cutaneous blood flow rate increased to 53 ± 11 (P<0·05). Opening of the internal carotid artery did not significantly affect the NIRS (67 ± 8% and 69 ± 9%; ipsilateral, contralateral), but the supraorbital cutaneous blood flow rate increased to 88 ± 10 ml 100 g,1 min,1 (P<0·001). Conclusion:, Cross-clamping of the internal carotid artery affects the supraorbital cutaneous blood flow rate as well as the frontal lobe oxygenation. [source]