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Extensive Loss (extensive + loss)
Selected AbstractsChromogenic in situ hybridization analysis of melastatin mRNA expression in melanomas from American Joint Committee on Cancer stage I and II patients with recurrent melanomaJOURNAL OF CUTANEOUS PATHOLOGY, Issue 9 2006L. Hammock Objective:, To determine whether loss of melastatin (MLSN) is a universal phenomenon in American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage I and II melanoma patients who experienced recurrence. Material and methods:, Paraffin blocks of primary melanomas (PMs) were retrieved from 30 patients who had a negative sentinel lymph node biopsy and developed recurrent melanoma (AJCC stage I and II). Chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) methods were utilized to evaluate the expression of MLSN mRNA. These results were correlated with clinicopathologic data. Results:, Variable, heterogeneous expression of MLSN mRNA was identified in normal, in situ and invasive melanocytes within and between cases. For the invasive PM component, 24 (80%) had focal, regional or complete loss of MLSN mRNA. The remaining 20% had either regional or total partial downregulation of MLSN mRNA. Intact MLSN mRNA expression was present regionally in 14/30 (47%), with mean relative tumor area of 38%, range 5,85%. Increasing loss of MLSN mRNA significantly correlated with increasing tumor depth and microsatellites (r = 0.1/0.4, p = 0.04). However, thin, AJCC T stage 1a PM had higher relative mean loss than intermediate AJCC T stage 2a/2b/3a thickness PM (65% vs. 34%/48%/25%). Increasing loss of MLSN mRNA significantly impacted on disease free survival (DFS) by multivariate analysis (58 vs. 0% 2 years DFS, , 75 vs. >75% mRNA loss, p = 0.02). Decreased overall survival significantly correlated with increasing age and vascular invasion on multivariate analysis. Conclusion:, Extensive loss of MLSN in PM correlated with aggressive metastatic melanoma. Ancillary testing for MLSN mRNA expression by CISH could offer a means to more accurately identify AJCC stage I and II patients at risk for metastatic disease, who could benefit from adjuvant therapy. [source] Loss of hypocretin (orexin) neurons with traumatic brain injury,ANNALS OF NEUROLOGY, Issue 4 2009Christian R. Baumann MD Chronic, daytime sleepiness is a major, disabling symptom for many patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), but thus far, its etiology is not well understood. Extensive loss of the hypothalamic neurons that produce the wake-promoting neuropeptide hypocretin (orexin) causes the severe sleepiness of narcolepsy, and partial loss of these cells may contribute to the sleepiness of Parkinson disease and other disorders. We have found that the number of hypocretin neurons is significantly reduced in patients with severe TBI. This observation highlights the often overlooked hypothalamic injury in TBI and provides new insights into the causes of chronic sleepiness in patients with TBI. Ann Neurol 2009;66:555,559 [source] Clinical presentations of alopecia areataDERMATOLOGIC THERAPY, Issue 4 2001Maria K. Hordinsky Alopecia areata (AA) may can occur on any hair-bearing region. Patients can develop patchy nonscarring hair loss or extensive loss of all body hair. Hair loss may fluctuate. Some patients experience recurrent hair loss followed by hair regrowth, whereas others may only develop a single patch of hair loss, never to see the disease again. Still others experience extensive loss of body hair. The heterogeneity of clinical presentations has led investigators conducting clinical therapeutic trials to typically group patients into three major groups, those with extensive scalp hair loss [alopecia totalis (AT)], extensive body hair loss [alopecia universalis (AU)], or patchy disease (AA). Treatment outcomes have been correlated with disease duration and extent. Recently, guidelines were established for selecting and assessing subjects for both clinical and laboratory studies of AA, thereby facilitating collaboration, comparison of data, and the sharing of patient-derived tissue. For reporting purposes the terms AT and AU, though still used are defined very narrowly. AT is 100% terminal scalp hair loss without any body hair loss and AU is 100% terminal scalp hair and body loss. AT/AU is the term now recommended to define the presence of AT with variable amounts of body hair loss. In this report the term AA will be used broadly to encompass the many presentations of this disease. Development of AA may occur with changes in other ectodermal-derived structures such as fingernails and toenails. Some investigators have also suggested that other ectodermal-derived appendages as sebaceous glands and sweat glands may be affected in patients experiencing AA. Whether or not function of these glands is truly impaired remains to be confirmed. Many patients who develop patchy or extensive AA complain of changes in cutaneous sensation, that is, burning, itching, tingling, with the development of their disease. Similar symptoms may occur with hair regrowth. The potential involvement of the nervous system in AA has led to morphologic investigations of the peripheral nervous system as well as analysis of circulating neuropeptide levels. In this article the clinical presentations of AA are reviewed. The guidelines for conducting treatment studies of AA are presented and observations on changes in cutaneous innervation are introduced. Throughout the text, unless otherwise noted, AA will be used in a general way to denote the spectrum of this disease. [source] Stream communities across a rural,urban landscape gradientDIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS, Issue 4 2006Mark C. Urban ABSTRACT Rapid urbanization throughout the world is expected to cause extensive loss of biodiversity in the upcoming decades. Disturbances associated with urbanization frequently operate over multiple spatial scales such that local species extirpations have been attributed both to localized habitat degradation and to regional changes in land use. Urbanization also may shape stream communities by restricting species dispersal within and among stream reaches. In this patch-dynamics view, anthropogenic disturbances and isolation jointly reduce stream biodiversity in urbanizing landscapes. We evaluated predictions of stream invertebrate community composition and abundance based on variation in environmental conditions at five distinct spatial scales: stream habitats, reaches, riparian corridors and watersheds and their spatial location within the larger three-river basin. Despite strong associations between biodiversity loss and human density in this study, local stream habitat and stream reach conditions were poor predictors of community patterns. Instead, local community diversity and abundance were more accurately predicted by riparian vegetation and watershed landscape structure. Spatial coordinates associated with instream distances provided better predictions of stream communities than any of the environmental data sets. Together, results suggest that urbanization in the study region was associated with reduced stream invertebrate diversity through the alteration of landscape vegetation structure and patch connectivity. These findings suggest that maintaining and restoring watershed vegetation corridors in urban landscapes will aid efforts to conserve freshwater biodiversity. [source] Nefopam hydrochloride compatibility and stability with selected proton pump inhibitors in bionolyte G5 injection for intravenous infusionJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 1 2009N. K. Kambia PharmD PhD Summary Background:, The use of extemporaneously prepared admixtures of drugs must be supported by documentation of their chemical stability. Objective:, To assess the physical compatibility and the chemical stability of nefopam hydrochloride, a centrally acting non-opioid analgesic, when admixed with selected proton pump inhibitors (omeprazole, esomeprazole or pantoprazole), in bionolyte G5 injection for intravenous infusion. Method:, Admixtures were assessed for periods of up to 72 h after storage at ambient temperature without protection from light and at +4 °C protected from light. A preparation was considered stable if the compounds of the mixture retained at least 90% of their original potency during the storage. Triplicate samples of nefopam and the selected proton pump inhibitors as well as the following mixtures (nefopam/omeprazole, nefopam/esomeprazole and nefopam/pantoprazole) were prepared in the concentrations required, in polypropylene bottles of bionolyte G5 injection. The physical compatibility was assessed by visual observation at each sampling interval. The chemical stability of the drugs was evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography and by measurement of pH values. Results:, During refrigerated storage, nefopam as well as the selected proton pump inhibitors, when prepared separately in bionolyte G5 injection maintained chemical stability for up to 7 days. At ambient storage conditions, the protons pump inhibitors maintained chemical stability for 24 h, but thereafter their concentrations decreased significantly at day 1. Nefopam maintained chemical stability for up to 72 h at +25 °C. Nefopam/omeprazole and nefopam/esomeprazole mixtures in bionolyte were physically incompatible with the mixtures exhibiting a black colour. They underwent rapid and extensive loss, making the combination unacceptable within minutes of mixing. However, the nefopam/pantoprazole mixture was compatible over the study period, but with a reduced duration of the stability. Conclusion:, Within the limits defined above, nefopam and the selected proton pump inhibitors may be prepared separately in advance in bionolyte G5 injection. The nefopam/pantoprazole mixture was stable for a short period, while the nefopam/omeprazole and the nefopam/esomeprazole mixtures were incompatible and unusable, immediately upon admixture. [source] Preparation of Scratch- and Abrasion-Resistant Polymeric Nanocomposites by Monomer Grafting onto Nanoparticles, 4,MACROMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, Issue 3 2003Frank Bauer Abstract To obtain transparent, scratch- and abrasion-resistant coating materials a high content of nanosized silica and alumina filler was embedded in radiation-curable acrylate formulations by acid catalyzed silylation using trialkoxysilanes. 29Si magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectroscopy and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) were used to elucidate the structure of the surface-grafted methacryloxypropyl-, vinyl-, and n -propyltrimethoxysilane. 29Si MAS NMR measurements revealed a predominance of T2 and T3 structures of silicon atoms, i.e., silane oligomers have been formed by an extensive loss of water. For methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, the proportion of the highly condensed T3 silicon atoms was estimated to be 75%. In accordance with these NMR findings, MALDI-TOF MS showed highly condensed oligomeric siloxanes of more than 20 monomeric silane units. The degree of silane condensation is higher on alumina than on silica, irrespective to the addition of maleic acid as catalyst. Moreover, completely condensed silsesquioxanes, e.g., octamers, decamers, and dodecamers, were detected. Based on the observed MS pattern, a ladder-like arrangement of two linked siloxane chains forming connected eight-membered rings is proposed, which is similar for all of the condensed organosilanes under study. The grafted polysiloxanes lead to an organophilation of inorganic nanofillers and improve their dispersibility in acrylate suspensions. Proposed ladder-like arrangement of the T3 structure of silicon atoms in polysiloxanes grafted on the silica surface. [source] Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction caused by an intestinal inflammatory myopathy: case report and review of the literatureNEUROGASTROENTEROLOGY & MOTILITY, Issue 4 2008S. Dewit Abstract, Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIP) is an uncommon disorder that may be of primary or secondary origin. We report a case of a 37-year-old woman with CIP due to inflammatory disorder of unknown origin involving the skin (eosinophilic fasciitis), the lungs (decreased diffusion capacity) and the gastrointestinal tract. History, clinical examination, plain abdominal film, barium X-ray and colonoscopy established a diagnosis of recurrent pseudo-obstruction. A full-thickness biopsy was performed during explorative laparotomy, and histological examination revealed findings compatible with an inflammatory myopathy due to a dense lymphoid infiltrate and extensive loss of the muscularis propriae layers. Immunosuppressive therapy with cyclosporin was initiated, with significant clinical improvement. This case illustrates another form of CIP, characterized by an inflammatory myopathy, which is histologically distinct from other known visceral myopathies and neuropathies. [source] Mycotic pseudoaneurysm following a kidney transplant: A case report and review of the literaturePEDIATRIC TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 5 2009Ignacio Osmán Abstract:, Vascular complications represent a significant cause of morbidity and mortality following a kidney transplant. Pseudoaneurysms are rare, occurring in approximately 1% of cases. We present a 15-yr-old patient who received a kidney transplant in the right iliac fossa. Thirty-six days following the transplant, the patient was admitted to the hospital because of a marked increase in serum creatinine levels, arterial hypertension, scrotal edema, and lower right limb pain. The patient did not present fever or raised inflammatory markers. A pseudoaneurysm was diagnosed by means of a Doppler echography and a CT. By a selective arteriography of the right iliac artery, we placed a 8 × 5 cm stent to isolate the pseudoaneurysm, due to the high risk of an extensive defect occurring in the arterial wall. Forty-eight h later the patient underwent transplant nephrectomy. Seven days following surgery, the patient experienced febrile syndrome and therefore another CT was carried out which showed a large abscess around the stent. So we decided to perform another intervention in order to drain this abscess. Due to the extensive loss of the arterial wall where the prosthesis was largely exposed, we ligated the common iliac and external iliac arteries, removed the prosthesis and performed a femoro-femoral bypass with the usual subcutaneous positioning of the prosthesis (separate from surgical site). The stent and mural thrombus were sent for culture analysis and Candida albicans was observed. The diagnosis of a pseudoaneurysm in these types of patients continues to be considered as a surgical emergency by the majority of authors. Transplantectomy is the most frequently used treatment technique. Positioning a stent prior to transplantectomy avoids ligature of the iliac artery in the majority of cases. [source] Atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization ion trap mass spectrometry of sulfonic acid derivatized tryptic peptidesRAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY, Issue 23 2001T. Keough Atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (AP-MALDI) and ion trap mass spectrometry have been used to study the fragmentation behavior of native peptides and peptide derivatives prepared for de novo sequencing applications. Sulfonic acid derivatized peptides were observed to fragment more extensively and up to 28 times more efficiently than the corresponding native peptides. Tandem mass spectra of native peptides containing aspartic or glutamic acids are dominated by cleavage on the C-terminal side of the acidic residues. This significantly limits the amount of sequence information that can be derived from those compounds. The MS/MS spectra of native tryptic peptides containing oxidized Met residues show extensive loss of CH3SOH and little sequence-specific fragmentation. On the other hand, the tandem mass spectra of derivatized peptides containing Asp, Glu and oxidized Met show much more uniform fragmentation along the peptide backbone. The AP-MALDI tandem mass spectra of some derivatized peptides were shown to be qualitatively very similar to the corresponding vacuum MALDI postsource decay mass spectra, which were obtained on a reflector time-of-flight instrument. However, the ion trap mass spectrometer offers several advantages for peptide sequencing relative to current reflector time-of-flight instruments including improved product ion mass measurement accuracy, improved precursor ion selection and MSn. These latter capabilities were demonstrated with solution digests of model proteins and with in-gel digests of 2D-gel separated proteins. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Autumn sowing increases severity of pasmo (Mycosphaerella linicola) on linseed in the UKANNALS OF APPLIED BIOLOGY, Issue 1 2009S.A.M Perryman Abstract Surveys and field experiments showed pasmo to be the most serious disease affecting UK winter linseed in the 1997,98, 1998,99 and 1999,2000 growing seasons. Survey data indicated that pasmo was widespread in England and Scotland, causing extensive loss of leaves and stem and capsule symptoms, on both winter and spring linseed crops. In winter linseed experiments at ADAS Boxworth and Rothamsted, when severe epidemics occurred (1997,98 and 1999,2000), control of pasmo with one or two MBC fungicide sprays increased yield. In experiments when severe pasmo epidemics did not occur (1998,99), fungicide applications did not increase yield. In all three growing seasons, large numbers of air-borne Mycosphaerella linicola ascospores were collected in the summer months. At the time when the winter linseed crop was emerging and becoming established in October/November, there were more air-borne M. linicola ascospores in 1999 than in 1998. April/May rainfall was much greater in 1998 (135 mm) and 2000 (223 mm), when severe pasmo epidemics developed by July, than in 1999 (68 mm) when disease severity in July was less. Regression analyses suggested that yield decreased as percentage area affected by pasmo on leaves or stems in July increased. The formulae relating yield loss to pasmo severity, derived from these experiments, were combined with disease survey data to estimate, retrospectively, the UK national losses from pasmo. Estimated national losses from pasmo on winter linseed, although >50% of crops were sprayed with fungicide, were approximately £2.9M in 1998, £1.6M in 1999 and £0.37M in 2000 (when the area of winter linseed had decreased greatly). Estimated combined losses on winter and spring linseed were approximately £14.8M in 1998, £34.9M in 1999 and £11.0M in 2000. [source] MAP2 and neurogranin as markers for dendritic lesions in CNS injury.APMIS, Issue 2 2000An immunohistochemical study in the rat We compared two staining methods for the demonstration of dendrites under normal and pathological conditions of the rat central nervous system. MAP2- and neurogranin immunohistochemistry was applied to samples from normal tissue, spinal cord subjected to graded compression trauma, cerebral cortex following contusion trauma, and brains with focal ischemic lesions induced by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO). Normal rats showed MAP2 immunoreactivity in nerve cell bodies and dendrites of brain and spinal cord. However, neurogranin staining was present only in nerve cell bodies and dendrites of the normal brain, and not in the spinal cord. Reduction of MAP2 immunoreactivity was seen in lesions of spinal cords subjected to compression trauma. Neurogranin staining was of no value in this experimental condition since it was not present under normal conditions. The brain contusions showed loss of both MAP2- and neurogranin immunoreactivity at the site of the lesion. MCAO resulted in an extensive loss of MAP2- and neurogranin staining in the ipsilateral hemisphere. In conclusion, our study shows that MAP2 immunostaining is a sensitive method for identifying dendritic lesions of various CNS injuries in the rat. Neurogranin immunostaining is an alternative method for investigations of dendritic pathology in the brain but not in the spinal cord. [source] Diversity, conservation status and threats to native oysters (Ostreidae) around the Atlantic and Caribbean coasts of South AmericaAQUATIC CONSERVATION: MARINE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS, Issue 3 2009Alvar Carranza Abstract 1.Despite the extensive literature on the ecology, systematics and culture of oysters worldwide, an assessment of their diversity, distribution and conservation status for the Atlantic and Caribbean coasts (i.e. depth <50 m) of South America is lacking. Such information is crucial because of the increasing coastal development that threatens most nearshore habitats throughout the region. 2.The available information on oysters on Atlantic and Caribbean coasts is reviewed with a focus on identifying regional conservation priorities based on ecological and socio-economic importance, as well as the magnitude of current or potential threats faced by oyster populations. The current status of ,- taxonomy within the Ostreidae was also examined. 3.Ten species of native Ostreidae (plus three introduced species) inhabit the coastal waters of the Atlantic and Caribbean coasts of South America. 4.Oyster species were ranked according to their biological/ecological and socio-economic value and conservation status within 10 distinct ecoregions. Crassostrea gasar in the Eastern Brazil ecoregion, C. rhizophorae in the Central Caribbean ecoregion and Ostrea puelchana in the North Patagonian Gulfs ecoregion should receive the highest priority for immediate conservation action due to extensive loss of mangrove habitat in the two former regions and evidence of decline of one of the most important populations for the latter. The need for a standardized methodology to assess the status of oyster populations throughout the ecoregions is identified. 5.On a local scale, the allocation of territorial use rights for fisheries under a collaborative/voluntary community framework is strongly advocated to fulfil management, conservation and poverty alleviation goals in these developing countries. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Use of Olfaction During Prey Location by the Common Vampire Bat (Desmodus rotundus),BIOTROPICA, Issue 1 2007Joseph Wm. ABSTRACT The common vampire bat, Desmodus rotundus, feeds on mammalian blood and is a major agricultural pest in Latin America. One way to prevent bats from biting livestock is to understand how the bats locate the livestock. We confirmed the role of olfaction in foraging with a modified cafeteria trial. Bats significantly favored blood meals associated with scent (fur, feces) over meals lacking these olfactory cues. These results confirm earlier observations on the role of olfaction during prey location by this species, and have potential to facilitate eradication measures without extensive loss of other bat species. RESUMEN El vampiro común, Desmodus rotundus, se alimenta del sangre de los mamíferos y es una de las plagas agrícolas más destructivas en América Latina. Para mejor prevenir los murciélagos de mordiendo ganado, debemos comprender mejor cómo los vampiros localizan ganado. Confirmamos el rol de olfacción en forrajeo con una modificación de una prueba "cafetería". Los murciélagos se favorecen las comidas de sangre asociados con olor de vacas (pelos, fecas) sobre las que no tienen estos olores. Estos resultados se confirman observaciones anteriores sobre el rol de olfacción durante la detección de presas por estas especies, y tienen la posibilidad de facilitar medidas de control de vampiros sin la perdida extensiva de otras especies de murciélagos. [source] Combined antegrade and retrograde endoscopic retroperitoneal bypass of ureteric strictures: a modification of the ,rendezvous' procedureBJU INTERNATIONAL, Issue 7 2010David R. Yates Study Type , Therapy (case series) Level of Evidence 4 OBJECTIVE To evaluate our experience of treating complicated iatrogenic ureteric strictures with a combined antegrade and retrograde endoscopic retroperitoneal bypass technique, a modification of the so-called ,rendezvous' procedure. PATIENTS AND METHODS Seven patients presented to our institution between 2004 and 2008 after developing a complicated iatrogenic ureteric stricture, impassable with solitary antegrade or retrograde stenting techniques. In most cases there was a significant loss of ureteric continuity, with some strictures of up to 10,12 cm. After initial temporizing management with a percutaneous nephrostomy, each patient had a radiological ,rendezvous' procedure to insert a JJ stent and restore ureteric continuity. After 6 months, the JJ stents were removed and the patients evaluated by symptom assessment, serial measurements of serum creatinine and diuretic renography (F-15 mercaptoacetyl triglycine). RESULTS All seven ,rendezvous' procedures were successful and a ureteric stent was inserted across or around the stricture in all cases. Five of seven patients whose follow-up was >6 months had their stent removed successfully. At a median follow-up of 21 months, all patients are alive and none has required subsequent surgery. Six of the seven patients presented with significant symptoms and they are all currently symptom-free, which we consider to be a successful clinical outcome. No patient has developed significant renal impairment (estimated glomerular filtration rate (<30 mL/min) but we could only confirm successful unequivocal renographic drainage in one patient. CONCLUSION Combining antegrade radiological and retrograde endourological techniques, it is possible to restore ureteric continuity with a JJ stent, even in situations with extensive loss of the ureteric lumen. This reduces the need for morbid open surgical repair and offers a long-term solution to patients who might otherwise be consigned to less favourable conservative measures. [source] Morphological and immunohistochemical characterization of paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration associated with Yo antibodiesACTA NEUROLOGICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 1 2009A. Storstein Introduction,,, Immunohistochemical studies of paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD) are rare, and the findings vary. Materials and methods,,, We performed morphological and immunohistochemical characterization of the brain, medulla and tumour of two patients with PCD, Yo antibodies and ovarian adenocarcinoma. Results,,, The cerebellum of both patients had extensive loss of Purkinje cells. Microglia activation and T cells were found in the cerebellum, but B cells or deposits of IgG or complement were not detected. Microglia activation was also present in the brain stem and medulla. T cells were found in the ovarian adenocarcinoma. Conclusion,,, PCD is characterized by loss of Purkinje cells and microglia activation, and the presence of T cells indicates cellular immune reactions in PCD and in ovarian cancer. [source] Bacterial translocation in a non-lethal rat model of peritonitisCOLORECTAL DISEASE, Issue 5 2001V. Yao Background Bacterial translocation from the gut may occur under a variety of different clinical circumstances and has been implicated in the development of multiple organ failure. The aim of this study was to determine the distribution of bacterial translocation occurring in a model of chemically induced peritonitis. We also sought to document the degree of the associated immune and inflammatory response. Methods Though a midline laparotomy, rats were injected with 5 mg of zymosan (in 0.2 ml of saline) into the subomental space. After 4, 18, 24, 48 and 96 h, a number of endpoints evaluated: intraperitoneal cellular influx, TNF-, and interleukin-6 concentrations and myeloperoxidase activity. Bacterial cultures were initiated from the free peritoneal fluid, mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, lung, and kidney. Imprints were also made of the peritoneal mesothelial surface to determine its integrity. Results When comparing rats injected with zymosan with the controls, there was evidence of a peritoneal inflammatory response within 4 hours. Facultative gram negative bacteria were found to be growing in the mesenteric lymph nodes and in the peritoneal fluid at 48 h. Anaerobic organisms were also cultured from the peritoneal fluid at 48 h. No organisms were cultured from the liver, lung or kidneys. In addition there was a significant increase in intraperitoneal cell numbers (predominantly neutrophils, P < 0.05), myeloperoxidase activity (P < 0.05) and TNF-, and IL-6 concentrations (P < 0.05). There was extensive loss of the peritoneal mesothelial cells. The peritoneal inflammatory changes and bacterial translocation had resolved by 96 h. Conclusion Bacterial translocation can be induced by the presence of an acute inflammatory focus in the peritoneal cavity. The translocation and inflammatory changes were associated with extensive loss of mesothelial cells. Nonetheless, these changes all resolved, indicating that the peritoneal cavity has a significant capacity to deal with such insults. A clearer understanding of the cellular and molecular events involved in the resolution phase could lead to improvements in the treatment of peritonotis. [source] Scalping of Flavors in Packaged FoodsCOMPREHENSIVE REVIEWS IN FOOD SCIENCE AND FOOD SAFETY, Issue 1 2007M.G. Sajilata ABSTRACT:, Food packaging, although an integral part of the food chain, has a major drawback in that, often, the packaging material interacts with the flavor constituents of the food, causing either a selective or an extensive loss of desirable food flavors or absorption of undesirable off-flavors from the packaging material, thereby resulting in an eventual loss of quality of the packaged food item. The process is called "scalping" and is of great concern to the food industry, which is always looking out for new avenues in "packaging solutions" for its final product quality needs. The review highlights the various attributes of the scalping process, explores approaches to the reduction of the manifested undesirable effects, and covers other relevant aspects. [source] An introduction to the economics of natural gasOPEC ENERGY REVIEW, Issue 1 2003Ferdinand E. Banks This paper is an up,to,date, but only moderately technical survey of the natural gas market. Supply, demand and pricing are discussed, and, in the light of the electricity deregulation experiment in California, where the expression "dangerous failure" has been repeatedly used to describe the extensive losses suffered by final consumers and utilities (or retailers), a modicum of attention is paid to the prospects for deregulating natural gas. Some microeconomics of the natural gas market is presented at a more elementary level than in my energy economics textbook (2000) or my book "The Political Economy of Natural Gas" (1987), and I make a studied attempt to avoid bringing the misleading Hotelling model (of exhaustible resource depletion) into the exposition. Finally, some comments on risk management with futures contracts are provided, and there is a brief mathematical appendix on futures, options and two,part pricing. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||