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Exploitation

Distribution by Scientific Domains
Life Sciences30%
Humanities and Social Sciences17%
Business, Economics, Finance and Accounting12%
Earth and Environmental Science11%
Chemistry8%
Medical Sciences6%
Engineering6%
Polymers and Materials Science2%
6 Other Domains8%
Distribution within Life Sciences
Ecology & Organismal Biology16%
Conservation Science10%
Evolution6%
23 Other Subdomains58%

Kinds of Exploitation

  • commercial exploitation
  • economic exploitation
  • forest exploitation
    		•
  • host exploitation
  • human exploitation
  • knowledge exploitation
    		•
  • mineral exploitation
  • patch exploitation
  • resource exploitation
    		•
  • sexual exploitation
  • sustainable exploitation

    • Terms modified by Exploitation

  • exploitation pattern
    		•
  • exploitation rate
    		•

    Selected Abstracts

    BENEFITS TO RESEARCH SUBJECTS IN INTERNATIONAL TRIALS: DO THEY REDUCE EXPLOITATION OR INCREASE UNDUE INDUCEMENT?

    DEVELOPING WORLD BIOETHICS, Issue 3 2008
    ANGELA BALLANTYNE
    ABSTRACT There is an alleged tension between undue inducement and exploitation in research trials. This paper considers claims that increasing the benefits to research subjects enrolled in international, externally-sponsored clinical trials should be avoided on the grounds that it may result in the undue inducement of research subjects. It proceeds from the premise that there are good grounds for thinking that, at least some, international research sponsors exploit trial participants because they do not provide the research population with a fair share of the benefits of research. This provides a prima facie argument for increasing the benefits for research participants. Concern over undue inducement is a legitimate moral concern; however, if this concern is to prevent research populations from receiving their fair share of benefits from research there must be sufficient evidence that these benefits will unduly influence patients' decision-making regarding trial participation. This article contributes to the debate about exploitation versus undue inducement by introducing an analysis of the available empirical research into research participants' motivations and the influence of payments on research subjects' behaviour and risk assessment. Admittedly, the available research in this field is limited, but the research that has been conducted suggests that financial rewards do not distort research subjects' behaviour or blind them to the risks involved with research. Therefore, I conclude that research sponsors should prioritise the prevention of exploitation in international research by providing greater benefits to research participants. [source]

    NATURAL RESOURCE EXPLOITATION UNDER COMMON PROPERTY RIGHTS

    NATURAL RESOURCE MODELING, Issue 1 2003
    MICHAEL R. CAPUTO
    ABSTRACT. Renewable natural resources such as ground-water, pastures and fisheries are often governed bycommon propertyrights in which members of a group jointlyown the exclusive use of the resource. We develop a formal model of a common propertycontract based on differential game theory and then use the model to examine (i) the incentives of individual users of the common resource; (ii) the resulting harvest and stock time paths; (iii) the local stabilityof the steady state; and (iv) the steadystate comparative statics. Moreover, we compare the qualitative properties of the common propertyregime to those generated under perfectlydefined private rights and open access. We show how common prop-ertyownership of natural resources can generate rent and be a second-best solution when private propertyrights are costly to establish. [source]

    DYNAMICS OF SPATIAL EXPLOITATION: A METAPOPULATION APPROACH

    NATURAL RESOURCE MODELING, Issue 3 2001
    JAMES N. SANCHIRICO
    ABSTRACT. In this paper we present a bioeconomic model of a harvesting industry operating over a heterogeneous environment comprised of discrete biological populations interconnected by dispersal processes. The model generalizes the Gordon [1954]/Smith [1968] model of open-access rent dissipation by accounting for intertemporal and spatial "Ricardian" patterns of exploitation. This model yields a simple, but insightful, framework from which one can investigate factors that contribute to the evolution of resource exploitation patterns over space and time. For example, we find that exploitation patterns are driven by biological and fleet dispersal and biological and economic heterogeneity. We conclude that one cannot really understand the biological processes operating in an exploited system without knowing as much about the harvesting system as about the biological system. [source]

    NEW APPROACHES ON THE ARCHAIC TRADE IN THE NORTH-EASTERN IBERIAN PENINSULA: EXPLOITATION AND CIRCULATION OF LEAD AND SILVER

    OXFORD JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY, Issue 2 2010
    NÚRIA RAFEL
    Summary A wide-ranging study based on compositional and isotopic analyses of minerals and manufactured objects from the north-eastern Iberian Peninsula and their respective archaeological and cultural contexts demonstrates significant lead mineral exploitation in the El Priorat area (Tarragona province) linked to Phoenician trade (seventh,sixth centuries BC). This exploitation continued, despite losing intensity, until the Romanization of the territory. Our project also aims to determine the nature and origin of the lead and silver supply in the northern Iberian territory surrounding the Phocaean enclave of Emporion, especially with regard to the demands of the colonial mint. The behaviour pattern of the circulation of lead, silver and copper in Catalonia in the period studied indicates a plurality of contemporary supply sources, although, at least from the fifth century BC onward, minerals and metals from the south-eastern Iberian Peninsula take on considerable importance. [source]

    TRADER EXPLOITATION OF ORDER FLOW INFORMATION DURING THE LTCM CRISIS

    THE JOURNAL OF FINANCIAL RESEARCH, Issue 3 2009
    Fang Cai
    Abstract By using a unique data set of audit trail transactions, I examine the trading behavior of market makers in the Treasury-bond futures market during the Long-Term Capital Management (LTCM) crisis in 1998. I find strong evidence that during the crisis market makers in the aggregate engaged in anticipatory trading against customer orders from a particular clearing firm (coded PI7) that closely match various features of LTCM's trades through Bear Stearns. I also show that a significant percentage of market makers made abnormal profits during the crisis. Their aggregate abnormal profits, however, were more than offset by abnormal losses following the recapitalization of LTCM. [source]

    LARGE IS BEAUTIFUL: HORIZONTAL MERGERS FOR BETTER EXPLOITATION OF PRODUCTION SHOCKS,

    THE JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL ECONOMICS, Issue 1 2008
    WEN ZHOU
    The profitability of horizontal mergers is investigated in a situation in which firms face a production shock and therefore are uncertain about their future costs. I show that, due to production rationalization, small-scale mergers can be profitable if the uncertainty is large. The efficiency gain in production also implies benign welfare consequences. Under cost uncertainty, a profitable merger always improves social welfare if no more than half of the industry's firms are allowed to merge. Finally, I show that the incentives to merge depend on the information structure. Firms are less likely to merge when they possess more information. [source]

    CMR2009: 7.04: Exploitation of necrosis avidity: from diagnostics to theragnostics in oncology

    CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING, Issue 6 2009
    Y. Ni
    No abstract is available for this article. [source]

    Exploration and Exploitation in Innovation: Reframing the Interpretation

    CREATIVITY AND INNOVATION MANAGEMENT, Issue 2 2008
    Ying Li
    There has been a burgeoning literature about exploitation and exploration since March's seminal article in 1991. However, in reviewing the extant literature we find different interpretations of both concepts leading to ambiguity and even some inconsistency. This paper focuses in particular on the interpretation of exploration and exploitation in the literature on technological innovation. It addresses two critical research questions. First, what are the different interpretations of exploitation and exploration? Second, how can we set up a framework that reconciles these differences and reduces the ambiguity that we find in the literature? To answer these two questions, we first explain what the root causes of these different viewpoints are. Second, we provide a theoretical framework that integrates the different perspectives, sets up a new typology to define exploration and exploitation, identifies white spaces in the current research and provides guidance for future research. [source]

    The Political Ecology of Transition in Cambodia 1989,1999: War, Peace and Forest Exploitation

    DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE, Issue 4 2000
    Philippe Le Billon
    Over the last decade, forests have played an important role in the transition from war to peace in Cambodia. Forest exploitation financed the continuation of war beyond the Cold War and regional dynamics, yet it also stimulated co-operation between conflicting parties. Timber represented a key stake in the rapacious transition from the (benign) socialism of the post-Khmer Rouge period to (exclusionary) capitalism, thereby becoming the most politicized resource of a reconstruction process that has failed to be either as green or as democratic as the international community had hoped. This article explores the social networks and power politics shaping forest exploitation, with the aim of casting light on the politics of transition. It also scrutinizes the unintended consequences of the international community's discourse of democracy, good governance, and sustainable development on forest access rights. The commodification of Cambodian forests is interpreted as a process of transforming nature into money through a political ecology of transition that legitimates an exclusionary form of capitalism. [source]

    Using concept mapping principles in PowerPoint

    EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DENTAL EDUCATION, Issue 4 2007
    I. M. Kinchin
    Abstract:, The use of linear PowerPoint templates to support lectures may inadvertently encourage dental students to adopt a passive approach to learning and a narrow appreciation of the field of study. Such presentations may support short-term learning gains and validate assessment regimes that promote surface learning approaches at the expense of developing a wider appreciation of the field that is necessary for development of clinical expertise. Exploitation of concept mapping principles can provide a balance for the negative learning behaviour that is promoted by the unreflective use of PowerPoint. This increases the opportunities for students to access holistic knowledge structures that are indicators of expertise. We illustrate this using the example of partial denture design and show that undergraduates' grasp of learning and teaching issues is sufficiently sophisticated for them to appreciate the implications of varying the mode of presentation. Our findings indicate that students understand the strategic value of bullet-pointed presentations for short-term assessment goals and the benefits of deep learning mediated by concept mapping that may support longer term professional development. Students are aware of the tension between these competing agendas. [source]

    Extinction vulnerability in marine populations

    FISH AND FISHERIES, Issue 1 2003
    Nicholas K Dulvy
    Abstract Human impacts on the world's oceans have been substantial, leading to concerns about the extinction of marine taxa. We have compiled 133 local, regional and global extinctions of marine populations. There is typically a 53-year lag between the last sighting of an organism and the reported date of the extinction at whatever scale this has occurred. Most disappearances (80%) were detected using indirect historical comparative methods, which suggests that marine extinctions may have been underestimated because of low-detection power. Exploitation caused most marine losses at various scales (55%), followed closely by habitat loss (37%), while the remainder were linked to invasive species, climate change, pollution and disease. Several perceptions concerning the vulnerability of marine organisms appear to be too general and insufficiently conservative. Marine species cannot be considered less vulnerable on the basis of biological attributes such as high fecundity or large-scale dispersal characteristics. For commercially exploited species, it is often argued that economic extinction of exploited populations will occur before biological extinction, but this is not the case for non-target species caught in multispecies fisheries or species with high commercial value, especially if this value increases as species become rare. The perceived high potential for recovery, high variability and low extinction vulnerability of fish populations have been invoked to avoid listing commercial species of fishes under international threat criteria. However, we need to learn more about recovery, which may be hampered by negative population growth at small population sizes (Allee effect or depensation) or ecosystem shifts, as well as about spatial dynamics and connectivity of subpopulations before we can truly understand the nature of responses to severe depletions. The evidence suggests that fish populations do not fluctuate more than those of mammals, birds and butterflies, and that fishes may exhibit vulnerability similar to mammals, birds and butterflies. There is an urgent need for improved methods of detecting marine extinctions at various spatial scales, and for predicting the vulnerability of species. [source]

    Seasonal variation in rod recapture rates indicates differential exploitation of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, stock components

    FISHERIES MANAGEMENT & ECOLOGY, Issue 3 2007
    J. L. THORLEY
    Abstract, Differential exploitation of the various components of a fish stock can adversely affect the diversity, abundance and long-term survival of the entire stock. Many anadromous salmonid stocks exhibit a seasonal structuring of their run-timing that allows fisheries managers to map monthly rod catches onto stock components. To estimate the rod exploitation levels of the various run-timing groups, fishing guides on the River Spey, Scotland, floy-tagged 786 rod-caught and released Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., between 2000 and 2002 and recorded recaptures. Whereas 25% of the fish tagged early in March were recaptured, only 2% of those tagged early in June were caught a second time. Exploitation is biased towards the early-running stock components which current assessments show to be least abundant. Management of Atlantic salmon based on an average exploitation rate is inappropriate. [source]

    Recruitment variability of resident brown trout in peripheral populations from southern Europe

    FRESHWATER BIOLOGY, Issue 12 2008
    GRACIELA G. NICOLA
    Summary 1. Population regulation was studied for seven consecutive years (1992,98) in five rivers at the periphery of the distribution of Salmo trutta, where the fish were living under environmental constraints quite different from those of the main distribution area. 2. Recruitment is naturally highly variable and the populations had been earlier classified as overexploited. Thus we expected that densities of young trout in most populations would be too low for density-dependent mortality to operate. We tested this by fitting the abundance of recruits to egg densities over seven consecutive years (stock,recruitment relationship), and used the results to judge whether exploitation should be restricted in the interests of conserving the populations. 3. The density of 0+ trout in early September, as well as the initial density of eggs and parents, varied greatly among localities and years. The data for all populations fitted the Ricker stock,recruitment model. The proportion of variance explained by the population curves varied between 32% and 51%. However, in most cases the observations were in the density-independent part of the stock,recruitment curve, where densities of the recruits increased proportionally with egg densities. 4. Our findings suggest that recruitment densities in most rivers and years were below the carrying capacity of the habitats. Although density-dependent mechanisms seemed to regulate fish abundance in some cases, environmental factors and harvesting appeared generally to preclude populations from reaching densities high enough for negative feedbacks to operate. The findings thus lend support to Haldane's (1956) second hypothesis that changes in population density are primarily due to density-independent factors in unfavourable areas and areas with low density due to exploitation. Exploitation should be reduced to allow natural selection to operate more effectively. [source]

    Exploitation and habitat degradation as agents of change within coral reef fish communities

    GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY, Issue 12 2008
    S. K. WILSON
    Abstract Over-exploitation and habitat degradation are the two major drivers of global environmental change and are responsible for local extinctions and declining ecosystem services. Here we compare the top-down effect of exploitation by fishing with the bottom-up influence of habitat loss on fish communities in the most diverse of ecological systems, coral reefs. Using a combination of multivariate techniques and path analyses, we illustrate that the relative importance of coral cover and fishing in controlling fish abundance on remote Fijian reefs varies between species and functional groups. A decline in branching Acropora coral is strongly associated with a decline in abundance of coral-feeding species, and a decrease in coral-associated habitat complexity, which has indirectly contributed to reduced abundance of small-bodied damselfish. In contrast, reduced fishing pressure, brought about by declining human populations and a shift to alternate livelihoods, is associated with increased abundance of some piscivores and fisheries target species. However, availability of prey is controlled by coral-associated habitat complexity and appears to be a more important driver of total piscivore abundance compared with fishing pressure. Effects of both fishing and coral loss are stronger on individual species than functional groups, as variation in the relative importance of fishing or coral loss among species within the same functional group attenuated the impact of either of these potential drivers at the functional level. Overall, fishing continues to have an influence on Fijian fish communities; however, habitat loss is currently the overriding agent of change. The importance of coral loss mediated by climate change is expected to have an increasing contribution to fish community dynamics, particularly in remote locations or where the influence of fishing is waning. [source]

    Distinct Nanostructures from a Molecular Shuttle: Effects of Shuttling Movement on Nanostructural Morphologies

    ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 1 2009
    Weidong Zhou
    Abstract A solvent driven molecular shuttle that contains a TCBD chromophore and in which the macrocycle can be positioned close to or far from the TCBD unit with a change of solvent is prepared. Several distinct nanostructures are obtained by control of the shuttling movement of the macrocycle: i) in a mixed solvent of CHCl3/n -C6H14 (1/1, v/v), the macrocycle locates at the peptide station, and interlaced nanofibers form as a result of the extended intermolecular dipole,dipole interactions of the TCBD units; ii) in a solvent of dimethyl sulfoxide, the macrocycle moves along the long alkyl-chain, and worm-like nanoparticles form because the macrocycle obstructs the intermolecular dipole,dipole interactions of the TCBD units. This system confirms that the molecular aggregation behaviors can be controlled by the shuttling movement of the macrocycle. Exploitation of the molecular shuttle to control the molecular aggregation behaviors will provide greater understanding in the field of molecular shuttle applications. [source]

    Exploitation of High-Yields in Hard-Rock Aquifers: Downscaling Methodology Combining GIS and Multicriteria Analysis to Delineate Field Prospecting Zones

    GROUND WATER, Issue 4 2001
    Patrick Lachassagne
    Based on research work in the Truyàre River catchment of the Massif Central (Lozàre Department, France), a methodology has been developed for delineating favorable prospecting zones of a few square kilometers within basement areas of several hundred, if not thousand, square kilometers for the purpose of siting high-yield water wells. The methodology adopts a functional approach to hard-rock aquifers using a conceptual model of the aquifer structure and of the functioning of the main aquifer compartments: the alterites (weathered and decayed rock), the underlying weathered-fissured zone, and the fractured bedrock. It involves an economically feasible method of mapping the thickness and spatial distribution of the alterites and the weathered-fissured zone, on which the long-term exploitation of the water resource chiefly depends. This method is used for the first time in hydrogeology. The potential ground water resources were mapped by GIS multicriteria analysis using parameters characterizing the structure and functioning of the aquifer, i.e., lithology and hydrogeological properties of the substratum, nature and thickness of the alterites and weathered-fissured zone, depth of the water table, slope, fracture networks and present-day tectonic stresses, and forecasted ground water quality. The methodology involves a coherent process of downscaling that, through applying methods that are increasingly precise but also increasingly costly, enables the selection of sites with diminishing surface areas as the work advances. The resulting documents are used for ground water exploration, although they can also be applied to the broader domain of land-use management. [source]

    Public thinking about poverty: why it matters and how to measure it

    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NONPROFIT & VOLUNTARY SECTOR MARKETING, Issue 1 2007
    Floyd H. Bolitho
    Meeting the Millennium Development Goals partly depends on not-profit organizations raising more funds, which in turn depends on having reliable and valid assessments of where donor and recipient perceptions are out-of-line. Across samples from a developed economy Australia (n,=,754), and a developing economy Mala,i (n,=,387), we explored the factor structure of the ,Causes of Third-World Poverty Questionnaire' (CTWPQ, D. Harper and colleagues, 1990). In addition to four core factors suggested through an original (N,=,89) sample from the UK (Blame [1] the Poor, [2] Nature, [3] Third World governments, and [4] International Exploitation), combined Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFA) differentiate a possible fifth factor germane to the social marketing of aid, blame [5] Conflict. Australians and Mala,ians differed significantly on all five factors, with Mala,ians blaming poverty more on situations and less on the poor themselves, compared to Australian counterparts. Our findings are tentative because the CTWPQ item pool requires expanding to represent underlying constructs more fully. Nonetheless, instruments like the CTWPQ can in future be used to identify and monitor in-context psychosocial barriers to donation, enabling not-profit marketing organizations to raise funds more efficiently and effectively. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

    Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes as tracers of change in diet breadth during Middle and Upper Palaeolithic in Europe

    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OSTEOARCHAEOLOGY, Issue 3-4 2004
    D. Drucker
    Abstract Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios in fossil bone collagen have been used as evidence for an increase of diet breadth between Middle Palaeolithic Neanderthals and Early Upper Palaeolithic anatomically modern humans. In this paper, we revisit the rules of palaeodietary reconstruction using collagen stable isotopes and reassess the possible isotopic signatures of potential protein resources available to prehistoric humans. It appears that the interpretation of the human's isotopic signature does not necessarily imply a significant proportion of aquatic-derived protein in the diet neither for Neandertal nor for first anatomically modern humans in Europe. Exploitation of aquatic ecosystems by humans needs to be supported by further zooarchaeological evidence. Nevertheless, isotopic biogeochemistry of fossil human collagen can be very useful in palaeodietary reconstructions provided that basic rules are followed while selecting samples of coeval fauna, in order to establish the end members of different food resources. Significant progress investigating the evolution of subsistence strategies in fossil hominids is expected from a combination of zooarchaeological and isotopic data. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

    Development of a skew µ lower bound

    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ROBUST AND NONLINEAR CONTROL, Issue 11 2005
    Rod Holland
    Abstract Exploitation of the NP hard, mixed µ problem structure provides a polynomial time algorithm that approximates µ with usually reasonable answers. When the problem is extended to the skew µ problem an extension of the existing method to the skew µ formulation is required. The focus of this paper is to extend the µ lower bound derivation to the skew µ lower bound and show its direct computation by way of a power algorithm. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

    Anthropological Perspectives on the Trafficking of Women for Sexual Exploitation

    INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, Issue 1 2004
    Lynellyn D. Long
    Contemporary trafficking operations transform traditional bride wealth and marriage exchanges (prestations) by treating women's sexuality and bodies as commodities to be bought and sold (and exchanged again) in various Western capitals and Internet spaces. Such operations are also global with respect to scale, range, speed, diversity, and flexibility. Propelling many trafficking exchanges are political economic processes, which increase the trafficking of women in times of stress, such as famine, unemployment, economic transition, and so forth. However, the disparity between the global market operations, which organize trafficking, and the late nineteenth century social/public welfare system of counter-trafficking suggests why the latter do not effectively address women's risks and may even expose them to increased levels of violence and stress. Drawing on historical accounts, anthropological theory, and ethnographic work in Viet Nam and Bosnia and Herzegovina, this essay examines how specific cultural practices embedded in family and kinship relations encourage and rationalize sexual trafficking of girls and young women in times of stress and dislocation. The essay also analyses how technologies of power inform both trafficking and counter-trafficking operations in terms of controlling women's bodies, sexuality, health, labour, and migration. By analysing sexual trafficking as a cultural phenomenon in its own right, such an analysis seeks to inform and address the specific situations of girls and young women, who suffer greatly from the current migration regimes. [source]

    What's Wrong with Exploitation?

    JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHILOSOPHY, Issue 2 2007
    ROBERT MAYER
    abstract,This paper offers a new answer to an old question. Others have argued that exploitation is wrong because it is coercive, or degrading, or fails to protect the vulnerable. But these answers only work for certain cases; counter-examples are easily found. In this paper I identify a different answer to the question by placing exploitation within the larger family of wrongs to which it belongs. Exploitation is one species of wrongful gain, and exploiters always gain at the expense of others by inflicting relative losses on disadvantaged parties. They do harm to their victims, even when their interactions are mutually advantageous, by failing to benefit the disadvantaged party as fairness requires. This failure is the essential wrong in every case of wrongful exploitation. At the end of the paper I assess how wrong this failure is as a way to gain at another's expense. [source]

    Exploitation of Encephalartos transvenosus outside and inside Mphaphuli Cycads Nature Reserve, Limpopo Province, South Africa

    AFRICAN JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY, Issue 1 2010
    A. M. Ravele
    Abstract This study has investigated the use and threats of Encephalartos transvenosus outside and inside Mphaphuli Cycads Nature Reserve, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Data were collected from 2005 to 2006 through social and ecological surveys. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a total of 40 people per household, sampled from four selected villages around the reserve. E. transvenosus is used for medicinal purposes, decorations, cultural activities and as food. Youth and adult persons harvest E. transvenosus for income generation, while children and aged people mainly use it for subsistence purposes. The survival of E. transvenosus in the wild is uncertain due to various threats, such as illegal collection, habitat destruction, fire and grazing. Some conservation measures are also discussed. Résumé Cet article rapporte les recherches sur l'utilisation et les menaces sur E. transvenosus en dehors et à l'intérieur de la Mphaphuli Cycads Nature Reserve, dans la Province du Limpopo, en Afrique du Sud. Des données ont été récoltées de 2005 à 2006 via des enquêtes sociales et écologiques. Des interviews semi structurées ont été menées chez un total de 40 personnes, par ménage, pris au hasard dans quatre villages choisis autour de la réserve. E. transvenosus est utiliséà des fins médicinales, pour la décoration, des activités culturelles et l'alimentation. Jeunes et adultes récoltent E. transvenosus pour en tirer des revenus, tandis que les enfants et les vieilles personnes les utilisent beaucoup pour leur subsistance. La survie d'E. transvenosus dans la nature est incertaine en raison de diverses menaces telles que la récolte illégale, la destruction de l'habitat, les feux et le pâturage. Certaines mesures de conservation furent aussi discutées. [source]

    Innovation and operation with robotized underwater systems

    JOURNAL OF FIELD ROBOTICS (FORMERLY JOURNAL OF ROBOTIC SYSTEMS), Issue 6 2007
    Vincent Rigaud
    This paper reports on the status and design of the operational remotely operated vehicle "Victor 6000", rated for 6000 m depth and of the 3000 m depth autonomous underwater vehicle "Asterxx" operated by Ifremer the French Institute for Sea Exploitation. Victor 6000 is part of a global system built of subsystems, "scientific modules," winch and cable, dead weight and umbilical, positioning subsystem using acoustic ultra short base line (USBL) techniques, and software for data and dive management. In 2005 the system was equipped with a second toolsled dedicated to high resolution mapping of the sea bed, with both acoustical and optical devices. Asterxx, the first autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) developed by IFREMER, is 4.5 m in length with a diameter of 0.69 m. Depending on the payload, its weight is between 600 and 800 kg in air,with a diving depth of 3000 m. Its cruising speed is between 0.5 and 2.5 ms. The AUV is capable of carrying various payloads for a wide spectrum of applications. The vehicle can cruise up to 100 km. For coastal applications this vehicle is operable by a limited crew potentially from a nonspecialized vessel. Both vehicles are used for oceanography as well as to continually evolve underwater systems to address new scientific challenges. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source]

    Of Rights and Rhetoric: Discourses of Degradation and Exploitation in the Context of Sex Trafficking

    JOURNAL OF LAW AND SOCIETY, Issue 2 2008
    Vanessa E. Munro
    International condemnations of people trafficking (particularly of women and girls for prostitution) as a human rights violation have proliferated in recent times. The deployment of human rights in this context has been supported by those who seek to challenge narrow victim hierarchies, but these accounts fail to clearly articulate which particular aspects of the activity violate which particular rights, and how. This article examines the applicability of protections against slavery and inhuman/degrading treatment, arguing that, in the context of the diversity and complexity of contemporary people trafficking, their limitations become apparent. The final part considers the concept of exploitation as an alternative basis for grounding a human rights claim. It cautions that invoking this concept without further elaboration (particularly in relation to the relevance of harm and consent) may be counter-productive, both in terms of theoretical clarity and practical implementation. [source]

    Biocontrol Potential and its Exploitation in Sustainable Agriculture.

    JOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 7-8 2001
    Nematodes, Volume 1: Crop Diseases, Weeds
    [source]

    Linking Exploration with Exploitation through Relationship Memory,

    JOURNAL OF SMALL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT, Issue 3 2007
    Juan Gabriel Cegarra-Navarro
    Companies that are able to help clients make better decisions and enhance their business capabilities to flourish. However, there is often poor rapport between operating personnel who are in touch with end customers and executive personnel who make decisions. Through exploration and exploitation processes, new ideas and actions flow from the individual (i.e., operating personnel) to the organization (i.e., the rest of individuals and groups that form part of the organization). This paper examines the relative importance and significance of "the relationship memory" as a bridge between "exploration" and "exploitation" processes and its effects on the creation of "customer capital" through an empirical investigation of 139 small to medium-sized enterprises in the Spanish optometry sector using structural equation modeling validated by factor analysis. [source]

    Exploitation of the complex chemistry of hindered amine stabilizers in effective plastics stabilization,

    JOURNAL OF VINYL & ADDITIVE TECHNOLOGY, Issue 3 2007
    J. Pospí
    Hindered amine stabilizers (HAS) remain a prominent class of stabilizers having a fortunate development with continuous interest in shaping the future properties of plastics: increase in polymer durability, application extension, reaching new effects. Commercial tests provided much information. Insufficient mechanistic interpretations of the complex effects of environmental factors (harshness of testing, penetration of radiation and oxygen, superposition of temperature, atmospheric impurities) and those of the microenvironment (morphology of the polymer matrix, physical relations of HAS,polymer, interference between HAS and other additives) are a drawback. Model experiments complement commercial studies and explain some phenomena. A careful transfer of information from model experiments must be done to avoid misinterpretation of mechanisms, particularly of the HAS regenerative cycle. A critical analysis of primary steps of the HAS activity mechanism in the polymer matrix based on HAS-related primary nitroxides, formation of their stationary concentration and concentration gradients influenced by polymer morphology, spatial competition between autoreactions, and oxidation of polymer-developed alkyl radicals and their scavenging by nitroxides (the key process of HAS efficiency) is outlined. Cyclic regeneration of nitroxides affected by the structure of the amino moiety in the HAS molecule, influence of acid environment, atmospheric ozone or singlet oxygen, cooperative mixtures of HAS with UV absorbers, combinations with additives increasing the thermal stabilization effect and improving color retention, assessment of the heat stabilization performance of HAS by proper testing, and influence of the molecular weight of HAS are mentioned together with examples of the chemical consumption of HAS in the final phases of their lifetime. lifetime. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 13:119,132, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers [source]

    Exploitation of food resources by badgers (Meles meles) in the Swiss Jura Mountains

    JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY, Issue 2 2005
    C. Fischer
    Abstract In our study three badger Meles meles populations separated by only a few km but subjected to different environmental conditions were compared. Differences are especially marked for climatic factors, the three areas being located at different altitudes, and for intensivity of soil use by people. The diet of the three populations was significantly different, with one or two dominant items in each area: mammals and cereals in the mountain, maize in the mid-mountain and in the lowland areas. In the most intensively cultivated area, maize was the most consumed item in autumn and spring, several months after harvesting. Earthworms had only a secondary importance in the diet in the mountainous area, but were negligible in the mid-mountain and lowland areas. Soil management seemed to play a preponderant role, mostly owing to soil quality and topography. Climate seemed to have a secondary effect only. [source]

    The Impact of Commercial Exploitation on the Preservation of Underwater Cultural Heritage

    MUSEUM INTERNATIONAL, Issue 4 2008
    Tatiana Villegas Zamora
    It is impossible to talk about underwater cultural heritage and not reflect upon the problem of the commercial exploitation of submerged archaeological sites. The romantic notion of the search for lost treasure embodied in books and popular movies such as the Indiana Jones series takes on a different aspect when we consider that treasure hunting has become one of the most dangerous and devastating threats to the preservation of underwater cultural heritage. Fishing communities, irresponsible sport divers collecting souvenirs or modern-day salvors often equipped with high technology are destroying this newly accessible and rich heritage. Their sole motivation is commercial profit without any concern for archaeological research, preservation of cultural and historical values or the potential for sustainable development involving cultural tourism for the benefit of coastal populations. This article will try to present an overview of the scope of site destruction by commercial exploitation, the loss of scientific information and the strategies used to convince governments and deceive public opinion. [source]

    Phenotypic and genetic analysis of the Triticum monococcum,Mycosphaerella graminicola interaction

    NEW PHYTOLOGIST, Issue 4 2008
    Hai-Chun Jing
    Summary ,,Here, the aim was to understand the cellular and genetic basis of the Triticum monococcum,Mycosphaerella graminicola interaction. ,,Testing for 5 yr under UK field conditions revealed that all 24 T. monococcum accessions exposed to a high level of natural inocula were fully resistant to M. graminicola. When the accessions were individually inoculated in the glasshouse using an attached leaf seeding assay and nine previously characterized M. graminicola isolates, fungal sporulation was observed in only three of the 216 interactions examined. Microscopic analyses revealed that M. graminicola infection was arrested at four different stages post-stomatal entry. When the inoculated leaves were detached 30 d post inoculation and incubated at 100% humidity, abundant asexual sporulation occurred within 5 d in a further 61 interactions. ,,An F2 mapping population generated from a cross between T. monococcum accession MDR002 (susceptible) and MDR043 (resistant) was inoculated with the M. graminicola isolate IPO323. Both resistance and in planta fungal growth were found to be controlled by a single genetic locus designated as TmStb1 which was linked to the microsatellite locus Xbarc174 on chromosome 7Am. ,,Exploitation of T. monococcum may provide new sources of resistance to septoria tritici blotch disease. [source]