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Export Market (export + market)
Selected AbstractsMarket Shares, Financial Constraints and Pricing Behaviour in the Export MarketECONOMICA, Issue 276 2002Nils Gottfries A structural dynamic model of price and quantity adjustment is estimated on time series data for exports and export prices. Two sources of dynamics are considered: customer markets and preset prices. As predicted by the customer market model, the market share adjusts slowly after a change in the relative price and financial conditions affect prices. Prices are found to be sticky in the sense that they do not reflect the most recent information about costs and exchange rates. A parsimoniously parameterized structural model explains about 90% of the variation in market share and the relative price. [source] E-Commerce and Export Markets: Small Furniture Producers in South AfricaJOURNAL OF SMALL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT, Issue 3 2003Sagren Moodley First page of article [source] The Impact of Trade on Intra-Industry Reallocations and Aggregate Industry ProductivityECONOMETRICA, Issue 6 2003Marc J. Melitz This paper develops a dynamic industry model with heterogeneous firms to analyze the intra-industry effects of international trade. The model shows how the exposure to trade will induce only the more productive firms to enter the export market (while some less productive firms continue to produce only for the domestic market) and will simultaneously force the least productive firms to exit. It then shows how further increases in the industry's exposure to trade lead to additional inter-firm reallocations towards more productive firms. The paper also shows how the aggregate industry productivity growth generated by the reallocations contributes to a welfare gain, thus highlighting a benefit from trade that has not been examined theoretically before. The paper adapts Hopenhayn's (1992a) dynamic industry model to monopolistic competition in a general equilibrium setting. In so doing, the paper provides an extension of Krugman's (1980) trade model that incorporates firm level productivity differences. Firms with different productivity levels coexist in an industry because each firm faces initial uncertainty concerning its productivity before making an irreversible investment to enter the industry. Entry into the export market is also costly, but the firm's decision to export occurs after it gains knowledge of its productivity. [source] High-throughput multiplex microsatellite marker assay for detection and quantification of adulteration in Basmati rice (Oryza sativa)ELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 14 2007Sunil Archak Abstract Basmati rice is a very special type of aromatic rice known world-wide for its extra long grains and pleasant and distinct aroma. Traditional Basmati rice cultivars, confined to Indo-Gangetic regions of the Indian subcontinent, are often reported to be adulterated with crossbred Basmati varieties and long-grain non-Basmati varieties in the export market. At present, there is no commercial scale technology to reliably detect adulteration. We report here a CE-based multiplex microsatellite marker assay for detection as well as quantification of adulteration in Basmati rice samples. The single-tube assay multiplexes eight microsatellite loci to generate variety-specific allele profiles that can detect adulteration from 1% upwards. The protocol also incorporates a quantitative-competitive PCR-based analysis for quantification of adulteration. Accuracy of quantification has been shown to be ±1.5%. The experiments used to develop and validate the methodology are described. [source] PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSES, SENSORY EVALUATION AND POTENTIAL OF MINIMAL PROCESSING OF PEJIBAYE (BACTRIS GASIPAES) COMPARED TO MASCARENES PALMSJOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY, Issue 2010J. JOAS ABSTRACT A palm species native of South America, pejibaye (Bactris gasipaes), was recently introduced in Reunion Island in an attempt to diversify its agriculture. Morphological analyses highlighted the agronomic advantages of pejibaye including a high weight-to-harvest-date ratio compared to three mascarenes palm species. Sensory analyses by a trained panel allowed the elaboration of sensory profiles of the four palms tested. Ranking test done by 120 consumers revealed that pejibaye was preferred to the Mascarenes palms at the 5% level of significance and triangle test showed that Acanthophoenix rubra (red palm), the most cultivated species for the local market, was significantly different from pejibaje at the 1% level. Phenolic profiles revealed that pejibaye differed from the other species by a peak absorbing at 272 nm and weak polyphenol oxidase activities. As no browning reaction was observed in fresh cut pejibaye, this palm could be used for minimal processing (local and export market). PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Sensorial characteristics of fresh hearts of palm are different of those of canned heart of palm, and fresh heart palms are generally preferred by consumers. However, the marketing of fresh palm is limited by the high level of oxidation of most of palm species. The high stability of pejibaye after cutting and its slow rate of oxidation offer the possibility of minimal processing, without special additives. So the packaging in wrapped trays of this palm, cut and stored at low temperature opens up new perspectives, ensuring sensorial quality of a "fresh" product with a shelf life allowing a controlled management of market supply. [source] Schumpeterian Dynamics Versus Williamsonian Considerations: A Test of Export Intermediary PerformanceJOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, Issue 2 2000Mike W. Peng Using a sample of export intermediaries connecting domestic producers and foreign buyers, the study tests competing hypotheses on firm performance derived from the Austrian and transaction cost perspectives. Specifically, the Austrian perspective suggests that the more distant the export market and the more complex the product that the intermediary specializes in, the better its performance. Transaction cost theory, on the other hand, offers conflicting predictions. Our results indicate that these two theories are complementary to each other, and a contingency framework is proposed and discussed. [source] Gazprom's export strategies under the institutional constraint of the Russian gas marketOPEC ENERGY REVIEW, Issue 3 2008Catherine Locatelli The strategy of the Russian gas company Gazprom is today at the centre of the debate surrounding the security of the European gas supply. The European gas market liberalisation is changing the industrial and commercial (that is to say, contractual) strategies of Gazprom in order to deal with the institutional changes in its main export market. In this context, to secure its market shares Gazprom try to acquire a presence downstream, which will give it access to final consumers. However, exports to Europe are affected by conditions in the Russian domestic market, not only in terms of supply and demand, but also in terms of prices. Russia's internal market can hardly be viewed as a genuine market where supply and demand are regulated by price fluctuations. [source] Similarity in trade structures, integration and catching-up1THE ECONOMICS OF TRANSITION, Issue 2 2008Luca De Benedictis CEECs; export composition; growth; EU enlargement Abstract In this paper, we look at the role of export composition in the growth process, considering how increased similarity in trade structure among countries can induce catching-up in income levels in a group of countries in transition. We analyze the sectoral export patterns of the Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs) by comparing them to those of the current members of the European Union (EU), focusing on countries' specialization as suppliers for the EU market, and we assess whether similar export patterns foster the catching-up process of the CEECs. Our main result is that similarity in export composition has a positive, significant and non-linear impact on catching-up, and seems to be driven by the growth of the main export market and delocalization of production more than by other factors. [source] Basmati Rice: Geographical Indication or Mis-IndicationTHE JOURNAL OF WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, Issue 2 2006Harsh V. Chandola Indian farmers may not understand the Lockean or the Hegelian justification for intellectual property. Neither do they understand the politics (realpolitik) of the negotiations of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). Many of them had no idea that in September 2003 their fate might have been decided in the Cancun Ministerial meeting of World Trade Organization (WTO) member countries. But they do understand simple economics, i.e. if the American company which has registered a patent for basmati rice continues to sell rice as American-style basmati rice, it may hurt their exports. If the Indian Government had a key to the past, they would have definitely renegotiated-TRIPS to protect $350 million export market of basmati rice. Even if we opprobrium TRIPS and characterize it as an instrument of exploitation used by developed countries to protect their own interest, the fact of the matter is, there is no escape from it. Withdrawing from TRIPS entails too many implications for the Indian economy, and it would be cynical to suggest such an idea. Developing and least developed countries have fallen to the economic and political pressure of the Developed countries, and the former group of countries will never be able to convince the latter to renegotiate TRIPS to bring a balance to it, even if their call is eloquent, justified and reflects reality. It would be like knocking on the lid of a coffin: knock, as much as you like, you will not wake him. Post-Cancun (WTO Ministerial Meeting), it is vital for the Indian Government to formulate strategies to protect its interest in TRIPS. The strategy should focus on the options available within the TRIPS framework. We might have lost advantage in the field of patents to western pharmaceutical companies, but if a proper strategy is formulated we will be able to protect our basmati exports. [source] Potential Payoff from R&D in the Coconut Industry of North Sulawesi, IndonesiaASIAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL, Issue 1 2010Benjamin Henderson D58; O13; O18 The coconut industry of North Sulawesi, one of the primary coconut-producing provinces of Indonesia, is dominated by a small number of products that are primarily exported overseas. As they only comprise a small share of the global coconut product export market, demand for coconut products from North Sulawesi is generally very elastic. Conversely, the supply of coconuts is highly inelastic, especially in the short to medium term. Hence, small shifts in supply and demand lead to large fluctuations in farmer incomes. In this context, an equilibrium displacement model is used to examine the intra-industry consequences of R&D investments in farm productivity and product development. These investments are assessed in terms of the producer surplus benefits that they generate. [source] Understanding India's Regional Initiatives with East and Southeast AsiaASIAN-PACIFIC ECONOMIC LITERATURE, Issue 1 2009Rupa Chanda In recent years, India has concluded several bilateral and regional agreements with countries in East and Southeast Asia. This paper discusses four motivating factors underlying these initiatives: (i) the recognition by other Asian countries of India's growing importance as an investment and export market, as a supplier of manpower, and as a counterbalance to China's growing regional dominance; (ii) India's recognition of Asia's growing importance in the world economy; (iii) India's desire to prevent its marginalisation and to create a sphere of political and economic influence within East and Southeast Asia; and (iv) geo-political considerations such as securing energy interests, and addressing transport and connectivity concerns and long-term political and sub-regional stability objectives. India's approach to these integration efforts has been largely defensive and its future integration initiatives are likely to be more geo-political and strategic in nature. [source] Demand under product differentiation: an empirical analysis of the US wine market,AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL & RESOURCE ECONOMICS, Issue 4 2008Timothy R. Davis Oversupply has led to a number of perplexities for the Australian wine industry in recent times. When disaggregated from the industry level, however, the problem can be better described as a range of attribute-specific disequilibria. To date, the solutions to this problem have predominantly revolved around supply-side policies of reducing output through crop thinning or vine pulling. By contrast, this paper focuses on the demand side and argues that the disequilibria may be reduced by gaining a better understanding of the demand for Australian wine. A discrete choice model of product differentiation is used to estimate the demand for wine in Australia's second largest export market, the United States. Implications of the analysis are explored. [source] Pricing-to-market in NSW rice export marketsAUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL & RESOURCE ECONOMICS, Issue 3 2001Garry Griffith The Ricegrowers' Cooperative Limited is a single-desk seller of NSW Japonica rice on the export market. Confidential monthly price data supplied by the Cooperative were used to examine ,pricing-to-market' in four of its major export markets. The hypothesis of a competitive market was rejected. The Cooperative has been able to vary mark-ups over different markets and with respect to the importer's currency in each market. The exchange rate results in particular suggest that the Cooperative has been able to exercise market power to obtain price premiums. [source] Trade and Growth: Reconciling the Macroeconomic and Microeconomic EvidenceJOURNAL OF ECONOMIC SURVEYS, Issue 4 2005Ricardo A. López Abstract., Many empirical studies based on plant-level data have found that firms that enter the export markets are more productive than non-exporters and that this difference in productivity is achieved before firms become involved in exporting. These findings have challenged the traditional view that openness to trade increases productivity and economic growth. This article reconsiders the literature on trade, growth, and trade policies and argues that a careful examination of these new findings is consistent with the idea that exporting increases productivity and economic growth. [source] GM food and neophobia: connecting with the gatekeepers of consumer choiceJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 5 2008John G Knight Abstract Resistance to importation of genetically modified (GM) foods in rich countries has deterred governments in many food-exporting countries from approving the planting of GM food crops for fear of damaging export markets for conventional food. Apart from governments that have actively imposed barriers to entry, another level of resistance can arise from food distribution channel members deciding not to import foods which they believe consumers in their markets will not want. GM foods fall in this category in some markets, particularly in Europe. In China and India, the two most populous consumer markets, pragmatic considerations appear likely to overcome neophobia regarding this technology, provided that benefits are adequately communicated to consumers. Choice-modelling experiments show that the same may well be true in Europe. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry [source] FIRM EFFICIENCY AND THE DESTINATION OF EXPORTS: EVIDENCE FROM KENYAN PLANT-LEVEL DATATHE DEVELOPING ECONOMIES, Issue 3 2009Mats GRANÉR D24; F14; L60; O24; O33 Investigating the link between firm efficiency and exports in Kenyan manufacturing, the results show that exporters are more efficient than non-exporters, and that relatively efficient firms self-select into exporting. An important new finding is that only for export markets outside Africa must firms be efficient prior to entry. The probability of exporting to other African countries increases if production is intense in physical and human capital. For export activities outside Africa, firm size is more important. Contrary to many other studies, it is also found that export participation yields learning effects. When testing the hypothesis that the main source of learning effects is trade with developed countries (south,north), as opposed to trade with other developing countries (south,south), yet another new finding is that learning effects only obtain in south,south trade. Therefore, one can conclude that controlling for the destination of exports importantly improves the understanding of the relationship between firm efficiency and exports. [source] Cropping patterns in the Canadian Prairies: thirty years of changeTHE GEOGRAPHICAL JOURNAL, Issue 2 2002William J. Carlyle Changes in cropping patterns in the Canadian Prairies are examined from the early 1960s to the mid-1990s using census data. Patterns of change within the region are mapped by census division using averaged proportions of land in crops occupied by the main crops for three pairs of census years. Spring wheat and oat have undergone the most significant relative declines. Canola increased dramatically from being the sixth-ranked crop by area in the early 1960s to the third-ranked crop by area by the 1990s. The main change in the Brown soil zone has been a large decline in spring wheat and a compensatory gain in durum wheat. Increases in special crops, especially pulse crops, canola and durum wheat have offset a substantial decline in spring wheat in the Dark Brown soil zone. Barley, tame hay and especially canola have increased at the expense of spring wheat, oat and flaxseed in the Black and Gray soil zones. Prices, transportation costs, changing export markets, crop breeding and local processing all have contributed to these changes. [source] Working Through Tradition: Experiential Learning and Formal Training as Markers of Class and Caste in North Indian Block PrintingANTHROPOLOGY OF WORK REVIEW, Issue 2 2005Alicia Ory DeNicola Abstract Located about 40 kilometers west of Jaipur, India, Bagru is home to a nationally renowned cluster of about 100 artisan families who use wooden blocks and rely heavily on regionally manufactured natural dyes to hand print upscale boutique textiles for the world market. As printers have successfully entered into export markets, they have sold their products as "traditional," marking their commodities as distinct from mass-produced, screen-printed textiles made with chemical dyes in urban factories. At the same time, designers have played an important role in introducing these traditional products to a global market, marking their role as "innovative." In this article I argue that the articulation and practice of tradition and innovation within different works, then, serve to mediate and maintain class distinctions in an arena where a rising middle class is still self-consciously creating itself. This article explores the distinctive formal and experiential learning associated with tradition and innovation alongside the discourses that accompany them. What is implicitly at stake in this narrative is the construction and maintenance of a class distinction: one that borrows from local caste understandings of patronage and responsibility at the same time that it manages to negotiate local and global systems,both exploiting and being exploited by the consistently reconstructed boundaries of the market. [source] Supplementary oxygen and temperature management during live transportation of greenlip abalone, Haliotis laevigata (Donovan, 1808)AQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 7 2009Erin J Bubner Abstract Live greenlip abalone, Haliotis laevigata, are highly valued in Australian export markets with demand increasingly being met with cultured stock. Live transportation of abalone requires the maintenance of favourable conditions within transport containers for periods exceeding 35 h. We examined the combined effects of temperature regulation (ice provision) and of supplemental oxygen (60% and 100% concentrations) on mortality rates of abalone over 7 days following a 35-h simulated live-transport experiment. We also examined the physiological condition of greenlip abalone (oxygen consumption rate, haemolymph pH and weight) during the simulation experiment. The provision of ice and supplementary oxygen reduced abalone mortalities. Omission of ice and supplementary oxygen during the transport simulation resulted in mortality rates ranging from 70% to 100%. The addition of ice to containers with ambient oxygen concentrations decreased average mortality rates by 50%. While supplementary oxygen further reduced these rates, the provision of both ice and 100% oxygen was by far the most effective combination, reducing mortalities to between 2% and 6%. Supplementary oxygen increased oxygen consumption rates of abalone above those transported at ambient oxygen concentrations. Live-transport decreased haemolymph pH in all treatments but was most pronounced in treatments without ice or supplementary oxygen. On average, abalone lost 7,13% of their weight during the simulation but this loss was independent of transport treatment. [source] A Case of Mistaken Identity: "China Inc." and Its "Imperialism" in Sub-Saharan AfricaASIAN POLITICS AND POLICY, Issue 4 2009Ian Taylor The emergence of major Chinese economic and political stakes in Africa is arguably the most important process to have emerged on the African continent since the end of the Cold War. China is now Africa's second most important trading partner, behind the United States but ahead of France and the United Kingdom. Relations are a continuation of Sino-African historical ties, propelled by China's desire to obtain new sources of raw materials and energy for its ongoing economic growth and new export markets for China-based producers on the one hand, and African elites' initiatives to find a non-Western option/leverage on the other hand. However, various commentators have misunderstood the nature of this expansion. It is common for observers to talk of either Chinese "colonization" of Africa, or of "China Inc.'s" venture into Africa. Both views are wide of the mark and reflect an ignorance of the dynamics underpinning the developing relationships between Chinese and African actors. [source] Pricing-to-market in NSW rice export marketsAUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL & RESOURCE ECONOMICS, Issue 3 2001Garry Griffith The Ricegrowers' Cooperative Limited is a single-desk seller of NSW Japonica rice on the export market. Confidential monthly price data supplied by the Cooperative were used to examine ,pricing-to-market' in four of its major export markets. The hypothesis of a competitive market was rejected. The Cooperative has been able to vary mark-ups over different markets and with respect to the importer's currency in each market. The exchange rate results in particular suggest that the Cooperative has been able to exercise market power to obtain price premiums. [source] Pricing to Market Behavior by Canadian and U.S. Agri-food Exporters: Evidence from Wheat, Pulse and ApplesCANADIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, Issue 2 2003Richard Carew A fixed-effects model to control for time variation in marginal costs is employed to pinpoint evidence of price discriminatory behavior of Canadian and U.S. exporters of agri-food products. We test for evidence of pricing to market behavior and whether price discrimination or commodity/country characteristics may provide a plausible explanation. A distinguishing feature of our approach is to examine the time-series properties of the data by the conventional augmented Dickey-Fuller and recently developed panel unit root test. The panel data set employed in this paper consists of annual exchange rates and export prices for three agri-food products (wheat, pulse and apples) exported by Canada and the U.S. in foreign markets during 1980,98. Our fixed-effects model suggests that U.S. exporters are sensitive to exchange rate changes, while Canadian exporters in most cases raised price markups in response to a depreciated currency in overseas markets. The results highlight the differences in pricing policy that both countries employ to merchandise agri-food products in export markets. Les auteurs ont recouru à un modèle à effets fixes pour contrôler la fluctuation des coûts marginaux dans le temps et montrer que les exportateurs canadiens et américains de produits agroalimentaires se comportent différemment dans l'établissement des prix. Ils ont tenté de vérifier si ce comportement varie avec les cours en vigueur sur le marché et essayé d'établir s'il s'explique par une discrimination au niveau des prix ou par les paramètres propres au produit ou au pays. Une particularité de cette approche est qu'elle tient compte des propriétés historiques des données en recourant à la version augmentée du test classique de Dickey Fuller et au tout nouveau test de racine unitaire reposant sur les panels. Le jeu de données recueillies par panel dont les auteurs se sont servis comprend le taux du change annuel et le prix d'exportation de trois produits agroalimentaires (blé, légumineuses à graine et pommes) que le Canada et les États-Unis ont écoulés sur les marchés étrangers entre 1980 et 1998. Le modèle à effets fixes laisse croire que les exportateurs américains sont sensibles au taux du change alors que, dans la plupart des cas, leurs homologues canadiens majorent les prix davantage consécutivement à une dépréciation des devises à l'étranger. Les résultats font ressortir les divergences entre les politiques de fixation des prix qu'emploient les deux pays pour écouler leurs produits agroalimentaires sur les marchés étrangers. [source] Political Economy of the Asia-Pacific Free Trade Area: A Dilemma for ChinaCHINA AND WORLD ECONOMY, Issue 5 2007Bin Sheng F53; F59; O53 Abstract The Asia-Pacific Free Trade Area (FTAAP) has become a topic of focus since the proposal was first raised in 2004. The present paper considers China's policy towards the FTAAP from a political economy perspective by probing the gains, impediments and concerns for China, and makes judgments based on several possible scenarios. The author argues that from an economic perspective, China would benefit from joining the FTAAP both in a static and a dynamic manner because both its main trade partners and trade barriers in export markets are concentrated in the Asia-Pacific region. However, whether the Chinese Government is likely to support the initiative is largely dependent on certain crucial political and diplomatic elements, including the APEC approach, US-Chinese relations, quality of treaty, sensitive sectors, competitive proposal of alternative and membership of Chinese Taipei. Therefore, if the Chinese Government cannot ratify the ideology and terms of the initiative, or issues that are central to China's interests are not addressed, the FTAAP will only remain a proposal possessing economic possibility in the long run, without political feasibility in the near term. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||