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Event Types (event + type)
Selected AbstractsHIV-related morbidity and mortality in patients starting protease inhibitors in very advanced HIV disease (CD4 count of <,50 cells/µL): an analysis of 338 clinical events from a randomized clinical trial,HIV MEDICINE, Issue 2 2002M Floridia Background AIDS defining events occur infrequently in the presence of CD4 counts above 200 cells/µL. It is, however, uncertain for most of the AIDS defining conditions whether this threshold can be considered equally safe in patients with a previously very low CD4 nadir. Methods We evaluated in detail all the AIDS defining events observed during a 48-week clinical trial in 1251 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-experienced patients who started protease inhibitors (PIs) at CD4 counts below 50 cells/µL. The type of event, immunological status at the moment of event and time between start of PI treatment and event occurrence were analysed cumulatively and by event type; event rates were calculated. Results Concomitant data on CD4 counts were available for 338 AIDS defining events (81% of total events). Median time between start of treatment with PI and event was 94.5 days and median absolute CD4 value at the occurrence of event was 20 per µL. Only 14 events (in 12 patients) were observed above the threshold of 200 CD4 cells/µL. An analysis of the 67 deaths with concomitantly available CD4 counts (57%) showed a median CD4 count of 10 cells/µL, with only four deaths occurring in the presence of a CD4 count above 100 cells/µL. Conclusions Very few clinical AIDS defining conditions were observed in patients who start PIs at very low CD4 counts and with treatment restore absolute values in CD4 counts above 200 cells/µL. This threshold can therefore be considered a clinically effective goal of treatment with respect to occurrence of all AIDS defining conditions in patients starting PIs in very advanced HIV disease. [source] Risks and responses among the urban poor in IndiaJOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, Issue 8 2003Paula Kantor This paper describes the events faced by urban poor households in Lucknow, India and household responses in the face of these events. Using household and individual data collected in 2002 from 12 slum settlements, the authors found that certain events, such as illness and social and religious spending, are more frequent than others and that some groups, characterized by gender of head of household, community and economic status, experience certain event types more than others. It also found that some less frequent events may be very burdensome due to their high severity. Responses to common event types exhibited a pattern. Households reduced consumption, used savings and took loans much more frequently than other options, across event types. Variations in responses were identified by event type and severity and economic status. The results illustrate the need for both protective and promotive interventions to improve livelihood security among the urban poor. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Venous thromboembolism: disease burden, outcomes and risk factorsJOURNAL OF THROMBOSIS AND HAEMOSTASIS, Issue 8 2005J. A. HEIT Summary., The epidemiology of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in the community has important implications for VTE prevention and management. This review describes the disease burden (incidence), outcomes (survival, recurrence and complications) and risk factors for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism occurring in the community. Recent comprehensive studies of the epidemiology of VTE that reported the racial demography and included the full spectrum of disease occurring within a well-defined geographic area over time, separated by event type, incident vs. recurrent event and level of diagnostic certainty, were reviewed. Studies of VTE outcomes had to include a relevant duration of follow-up. VTE incidence among whites of European origin exceeded 1 per 1000; the incidence among persons of African and Asian origin may be higher and lower, respectively. VTE incidence over recent time remains unchanged. Survival after VTE is worse than expected, especially for pulmonary embolism. Thirty percent of patients develop VTE recurrence and venous stasis syndrome. Exposures can identify populations at risk but have a low predictive value for the individual. An acquired or familial thrombophilia may predict the subset of exposed persons who actually develop symptomatic VTE. In conclusion, VTE is a common, lethal disease that recurs frequently and causes serious long-term complications. To improve survival and prevent complications, VTE occurrence must be reduced. Better individual risk stratification is needed in order to modify exposures and target primary and secondary prophylaxis to the person who would benefit most. [source] Suspended sediment transport regime in a debris-flow gully on Vancouver Island, British ColumbiaHYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES, Issue 4 2005Craig J. Nistor Abstract In debris-flow-prone channels, normal fluvial sediment transport occurs (nearly exclusively in suspended mode) between episodic debris-flow events. Observations of suspended sediment transport through a winter season in a steepland gully in logged terrain revealed two event types. When flows exceeded a threshold of 270 l s,1, events yielded significant quantities of sediment and suspended sediment concentration increased with flow. Smaller events were strongly ,supply limited'; sediment concentration decreased as flow increased. Overall, there is no consistent correlation between runoff and sediment yield. Within the season, three subseasons were identified (demarcated by periods of freezing weather) within which a pattern of fine sediment replenishment and evacuation occurred. Finally, a signature of fine sediment mobilization and exhaustion was observed within individual events. Fine sediment transport occurred in discrete pulses within storm periods, most of the yield occurring within 5 to 15% of storm runoff duration, so that it is unlikely that scheduled sampling programs would identify significant transport. Significant events are, however, generally forecastable on the basis of regional heavy rainfall warnings, providing a basis for targeted observations. Radiative snowmelt events and rain-on-snow remain difficult to forecast, since the projection of temperatures from the nearest regular weather station yields variable results. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Risks and responses among the urban poor in IndiaJOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, Issue 8 2003Paula Kantor This paper describes the events faced by urban poor households in Lucknow, India and household responses in the face of these events. Using household and individual data collected in 2002 from 12 slum settlements, the authors found that certain events, such as illness and social and religious spending, are more frequent than others and that some groups, characterized by gender of head of household, community and economic status, experience certain event types more than others. It also found that some less frequent events may be very burdensome due to their high severity. Responses to common event types exhibited a pattern. Households reduced consumption, used savings and took loans much more frequently than other options, across event types. Variations in responses were identified by event type and severity and economic status. The results illustrate the need for both protective and promotive interventions to improve livelihood security among the urban poor. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Paranormal belief and susceptibility to the conjunction fallacyAPPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 4 2009Paul Rogers Numerous studies have shown paranormal believers misperceive randomness and are poor at judging probability. Despite the obvious relevance to many types of alleged paranormal phenomena, no one has examined whether believers are more susceptible to the ,conjunction fallacy'; that is to misperceiving co-occurring (conjunct) events as being more likely than singular (constituent) events alone. The present study examines believer vs. non-believer differences in conjunction errors for both paranormal and non-paranormal events presented as either a probability or a frequency estimation task. As expected, believers made more conjunction errors than non-believers. This was true for both event types, with both groups making fewer errors for paranormal than for non-paranormal events. Surprisingly, the response format (probability vs. frequency) had little impact. Results are discussed in relation to paranormal believers' susceptibility to the conjunction fallacy and more generally, to their propensity for probabilistic reasoning biases. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Systemic lupus erythematosus in a multiethnic US cohort: XXXIV.ARTHRITIS & RHEUMATISM, Issue 6 2006Deficient mannose-binding lectin exon 1 polymorphisms are associated with cerebrovascular but not with other arterial thrombotic events Objective To study the association between deficient mannose-binding lectin (MBL) genotypes and arterial thrombotic events in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods Patients with SLE of Hispanic, African American, and Caucasian ethnicity from LUMINA (LUpus in MInorities, NAture versus nurture), a multiethnic, longitudinal study of outcome, were studied. Arterial thrombotic events (myocardial infarction, angina, coronary artery bypass graft surgery, stroke, claudication, gangrene, or tissue loss and/or peripheral arterial thrombosis) that occurred after diagnosis were recorded. Genotyping for MBL gene polymorphisms was performed and their distribution was compared between patients who did and did not have thrombotic events. Results There were 58 events (21 cardiovascular, 27 cerebrovascular, and 10 peripheral vascular) in 48 patients. Patients who had thrombotic events were older and were more likely to be smokers, to have more severe disease, and to have accrued more damage overall. Also, a larger proportion of these patients had C-reactive protein values in the highest quintile of distribution. No significant difference in arterial thrombotic events was found in patients homozygous for MBL-deficient alleles compared with others. Similar results were seen within ethnic groups. Caucasians who developed potential thrombotic events exhibited a higher frequency of MBL-deficient alleles, but the difference was not statistically significant for all events together or for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events combined. However, when only the cerebrovascular events were considered, the difference became statistically significant. Conclusion Age, smoking, and measures of activity and damage were associated with arterial thrombotic events in patients with SLE, but MBL-deficient genotypes were not, with cerebrovascular events in Caucasians being the exception. The relationship between MBL-variant alleles and arterial thrombotic events may exist only within select ethnic groups and event types. [source] An overview of the heterogeneous telescope network system: Concept, scalability and operationASTRONOMISCHE NACHRICHTEN, Issue 3 2008R.R. White Abstract In the coming decade there will be an avalanche of data streams devoted to astronomical exploration opening new windows of scientific discovery. The shear volume of data and the diversity of event types (Kantor 2006; Kaiser 2004; Vestrand & Theiler & Wozniak 2004) will necessitate; the move to a common language for the communication of event data, and enabling telescope systems with the ability to not just simply respond, but to act independently in order to take full advantage of available resources in a timely manner. Developed over the past three years, the Virtual Observatory Event (VOEvent) provides the best format for carrying these diverse event messages (White et al. 2006a; Seaman & Warner 2006). However, in order for the telescopes to be able to act independently, a system of interoperable network nodes must be in place, that will allow the astronomical assets to not only issue event notifications, but to coordinate and request specific observations. The Heterogeneous Telescope Network (HTN) is a network architecture that can achieve the goals set forth and provide a scalable design to match both fully autonomous and manual telescope system needs (Allan et al. 2006a;White et al. 2006b; Hessman 2006b). In this paper we will show the design concept of this meta-network and nodes, their scalable architecture and complexity, and how this concept can meet the needs of institutions in the near future. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Tsunami, War, and Cumulative Risk in the Lives of Sri Lankan SchoolchildrenCHILD DEVELOPMENT, Issue 4 2010Claudia Catani This study examines the impact of children's exposure to natural disaster against the backdrop of exposure to other traumatic events and psychosocial risks. One thousand three hundred ninety-eight Sri Lankan children aged 9,15 years were interviewed in 4 cross-sectional studies about exposure to traumatic life events related to the war, the tsunami experience, and family violence. Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, somatic complaints, psychosocial functioning, and teacher reports of school grades served as outcome measures. A global outcome variable of "positive adaptation" was created from a combination of these measures. Data showed extensive exposure to adversity and traumatic events among children in Sri Lanka. Findings of regression analyses indicated that all 3 event types,tsunami and disaster, war, and family violence,significantly contributed to poorer child adaptation. [source] Modelling Operational Losses: A Bayesian ApproachQUALITY AND RELIABILITY ENGINEERING INTERNATIONAL, Issue 5 2004Paolo Giudici Abstract The exposure of banks to operational risk has increased in recent years. The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (known as Basel II) has established a capital charge to cover operational risks other than credit and market risk. According to the advanced methods defined in ,The New Basel Capital Accord' to quantify the capital charge, in this paper we present an advanced measurement approach based on a Bayesian network model that estimates an internal measure of risk of the bank. One of the main problems faced when measuring the operational risk is the scarcity of loss data. The methodology proposed solves this critical point because it allows a coherent integration, via Bayes' theorem, of different sources of information, such as internal and external data, and the opinions of ,experts' (process owners) about the frequency and the severity of each loss event. Furthermore, the model corrects the losses distribution by considering the eventual relations between different nodes of the network that represent the losses of each combination of business line/event type/bank/process and the effectiveness of the corresponding internal and external controls. The operational risk capital charge is quantified by multiplying the value at risk (VaR) per event, a percentile of the losses distribution determined, by an estimate of the number of losses that may occur in a given period. Furthermore, it becomes possible to monitor the effectiveness of the internal and external system controls in place at the bank. The methodology we present has been experimented as a pilot project in one of the most important Italian banking groups, Monte dei Paschi di Siena. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | ||||||||||||||||