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European History (european + history)

Distribution by Scientific Domains
Humanities and Social Sciences77%

Selected Abstracts

Honoring the Admiral: Boerhaave-van Wassenaer's syndrome

DISEASES OF THE ESOPHAGUS, Issue 3 2006
B. D. Adams
SUMMARY., Dr. Herman Boerhaave (1668,1738) first described esophageal rupture and the subsequent mediastinal sepsis based upon his careful clinical and autopsy findings and hundreds of references have since been written about Boerhaave's syndrome. Several fine historical accounts of this brilliant scientist have been published over the years and he has received appropriate credit for his valuable contributions. But what about that unfortunate propositus that Dr. Boerhaave attended to, performed necropsy upon, and subsequently received acclaim with? Medical history pays inadequate regard to the Baron Jan Gerrit van Wassenaer heer van Rosenberg, Prefect of Rhineland and Grand Admiral of the Dutch Fleet. This figure was a nobleman and war hero at the peak of the Dutch Golden Age who played his role in steering the course of European history. Without this nobleman's heroic contemporaneous account, Boerhaave's celebrated impact on medical science would never have been realized. Therefore, we offer an overdue recitation of Admiral van Wassenaer's biography. Based on found precedent we propose that spontaneous rupture of the esophagus be henceforth referred to as the ,Boerhaave-van Wassenaer's syndrome'. [source]

The transformation of kinship and the family in late Anglo-Saxon England

EARLY MEDIEVAL EUROPE, Issue 3 2001
Andrew Wareham
The development of the family into a small unit in which descent was traced almost exclusively through the male line is regarded as a major turning point in medieval European history. The early stages of the formation of agnatic kinship have usually been connected to strategies designed to preserve and retain control of patrimonies and castles, arising from the breakdown of public order. In this article it is suggested that the emergence of new kinship values was connected to the investment of aristocratic energy and resources in monastic programmes, and to subtle changes in lay involvement with the rituals associated with death and the salvation of souls. [source]

Euroscepticism and History Education in Britain

GOVERNMENT AND OPPOSITION, Issue 1 2006
Oliver J. Daddow
This article examines the role played by national history in generating and sustaining the popularity of British Eurosceptic arguments. The core argument advanced is that the modernist approach to history prevalent among British historians and the society in which they work has to be considered the key reason for Euroscepticism retaining such a popular appeal in Britain. The overly reverential attitude to recent martial history on the part of the British, and an almost total neglect of the peacetime dimensions of modern European history since 1945, both serve to exaggerate the tendency in the country to fall back on glib images of Britain as a great power with a ,special relationship' across the Atlantic and Europe as a hostile ,other' to be confronted rather than engaged with constructively. [source]

The Christian Religion in Modern European and World History: A Review of The Cambridge History of Christianity, 1815,2000

HISTORY COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 6 2008
David Lindenfeld
Volumes 8 and 9 of the Cambridge History, representing the work of 72 scholars, reflect two major recent historiographical trends: 1) the increased attention paid to religion in modern European history, and 2) the increasing importance of Christianity in as a topic in world history. While these volumes serve to summarize the work already done in the first field, with articles on a wide variety of European countries, they should significantly move the second field forward by bringing together the work of specialists on many different parts of the world in a single place. Volume 8 summarizes scholarship on the Western religious revivals of the nineteenth century, both Catholic and Protestant. By integrating religion and politics, it also presents a more complex picture of the formation of European national identities than Benedict Anderson's Imagined Communities suggests. One third of the volume is devoted to the spread of Christianity to the non-Western world. In Volume 9, the European and world history perspectives are more evenly interspersed. Major themes include the papacy, ecumenism, colonialism, Pentecostalism, and the independent churches of Africa and Asia. The 1960s emerge as a turning point, if for different reasons in different parts of the world. This was the decisive period of secularization in Europe, and the final section documents the social and cultural impact of that shift, particularly on the arts. Although there are inevitable gaps in coverage, these volumes will serve as an invaluable research tool for years to come. [source]

The Concept that Came Out of the Cold: the Progressive Historicization of Generic Fascism and its New Relevance to Teaching Twentieth-century History

HISTORY COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 1 2003
Roger Griffin
This article first surveys the confusion that prevailed in fascist studies for decades, and which makes it quite understandable if the term ,fascism' has been generally avoided both by historians and by lecturers and others teaching inter-war European history to students in non-specialist ,survey' courses. It then outlines the main features of the ,new consensus' that is emerging among scholars on the heuristic value of seeing fascism as a form of revolutionary ideology, bent on purging society of decadence and inaugurating the rebirth of the nation. Next, it focuses on how this approach enables Fascism and Nazism to be located within the supranational forces shaping modern history, and on the light it throws on their profound relationship to totalitarianism, political religion and modernity. It closes with brief examples of how this approach can be applied to structuring answers to essays and exam questions on inter-war Europe, and welcomes the prospect opened up by the new consensus for greater collaboration between specialists in fascist studies, empirical historians, university lecturers, textbook writers and students , and even, one day, students in secondary education, and their teachers and examiners , in this fascinating, and rapidly evolving, field of teaching and research. [source]

Cereals, Cities and the Birth of Europe: R.I. Moore's First European Revolution c.970,1215: A Review

JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS HISTORY, Issue 3 2002
John O. WardArticle first published online: 7 FEB 200
The First European Revolution c.970,1215 by R. I. Moore, Professor of History at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, challenges traditional understandings of the twelfth century, which have accorded perhaps undue significance to religious developments. Placing the period under study in a global chronological and geographical context, the book is very up to date but presents a generally difficult line of argument, an oblique rather than a descriptive reference to key events and developments, and displays a tendency to overemphasise French socioeconomic and political circumstances. Moore's book is nevertheless a landmark contribution, and no one will be able to say anything about European development in the timespan chosen without taking into account everything its author has argued. If convinced, the reader will go away satisfied that the period 970,1215 in European history was a decisive one, if not the most decisive one. [source]

How Europe is portrayed in exhibitions

MUSEUM INTERNATIONAL, Issue 3 2001
Jean-Yves Marin
Jean-Yves Marin is director of the Museum of Normandy in Caen and president of the International Committee of the Museums of Archaelogy and History of ICOM. With a long international and European experience in the organization of exhibitions, he is also a renowned medievalist and general superintendent of a large number of archaelogical and history exhibitions. In this article, he describes the forces behind the growth in the European public's desire to know their shared past and understand their origins, and the corresponding trend to identify and recognize the intermixing of the peoples of Europe in all their complexity. He believes that this evolution encourages a revision of the concept of the history museum and recommends an example that would integrate objects and work with the historical dimension , including the delicate political aspects of the origins of modern Europe , to enable the creation of a global museographic discourse on European history. [source]

,BACK TO THE ROUGH GROUND!' WITTGENSTEINIAN REFLECTIONS ON RATIONALITY AND REASON

RATIO, Issue 4 2007
Jane Heal
Wittgenstein does not talk much explicitly about reason as a general concept, but this paper aims to sketch some thoughts which might fit his later outlook and which are suggested by his approach to language. The need for some notions in the area of ,reason' and ,rationality' are rooted in our ability to engage in discursive and persuasive linguistic exchanges. But because such exchanges can (as Wittgenstein emphasises) be so various, we should expect the notions to come in many versions, shaped by history and culture. Awareness of this variety, and of the distinctive elements of our own Western European history, may provide some defence against the temptation of conceptions, such as that of ,perfect rationality', which operate in unhelpfully simplified and idealised terms. [source]

Geschichte und Evolution der Lactose(in)toleranz.

BIOLOGIE IN UNSERER ZEIT (BIUZ), Issue 6 2009
Das Erbe der frühen Viehzüchter
Abstract Die Fähigkeit, auch im Erwachsenenalter noch Lactose verarbeiten zu können, basiert auf Punktmutationen in einem dem Lactase-(LPH-)Gen vorgelagerten Sequenzbereich, der Bindestellen für Regulatorproteine enthält. Die Ursache für die weltweit sehr uneinheitliche Verteilung der Lactase-Persistenz liegt in der europäischen Menschheitsgeschichte: Im Verlauf des 8. vorchristlichen Jahrtausends entwickelte sich im Nahen Osten innerhalb einer größtenteils lactoseintoleranten Population eine Tradition der Milchviehzucht und des Milchverzehrs. Durch den starken Selektionsdruck auf die Lactosetoleranz verbreiteten sich die mutierten Allele sehr schnell. Während des 7. Jahrtausends v. Chr. begannen etliche dieser Populationen sukzessiv Europa zu besiedeln. Auch im nordöstlichen Afrika und auf der arabischen Halbinsel entstand eine Milchwirtschaft, die jedoch auf anderen Mutationen basiert. The ability to digest lactose in adulthood is baised on point mutations within an upstream region of the lactase-(LPH-)gene. This region contains multiple binding sites for different transcription factors. The heterogenous distribution of the lactase persistence all over the world originates from the European history of humanity: in the course of the eighth millennium BC among a mainly lactose-intolerant population in the Near East evolved a cultural practice of dairy farming and milk consumption. As a result of the strong and positive selection the mutated alleles spread out rapidly. In the course of the seventh millennium BC many of these populations gradually settled Central Europe. The beginning of dairy farming in the north east of the African continent and on the Arabian Peninsula are based upon different point mutations. [source]