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Ethyl Alcohol (ethyl + alcohol)
Selected AbstractsMechanism of DNA damage by cadmium and interplay of antioxidant enzymes and agentsENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY, Issue 2 2007Veera L. D. Badisa Abstract Cadmium is an environmental toxicant, which causes cancer in different organs. It was found that it damages DNA in the various tissues and cultured cell lines. To investigate the mechanism of DNA damage, we have studied the effect of cadmium-induced DNA damage in plasmid pBR322 DNA, and the possible ameliorative effects of antioxidative agents under in vitro conditions. It was observed that cadmium alone did not cause DNA damage. However, it caused DNA damage in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, in a dose dependent manner, because of production of hydroxyl radicals. Findings from this study show the conversion of covalently closed circular double-stranded pBR 322 DNA to the open circular and linear forms of DNA when treated with 10 ,M cadmium and various concentrations of H2O2. The conversion was due to nicking in DNA strands. The observed rate of DNA strand breakage was dependent on H2O2 concentration, temperature, and time. Metallothionein I failed to prevent cadmium-induced DNA nicking in the presence of H2O2. Of the two antioxidant enzymes (catalase and superoxide dismutase) studied, only catalase conferred significant (50,60%) protection. EDTA and DMSO exhibited protection similar to catalase, while mannitol showed only about 20% protection against DNA damage. Ethyl alcohol failed to ameliorate cadmium-induced DNA strands break. From this study, it is plausible to infer that cadmium in the presence of hydrogen peroxide causes DNA damage probably by the formation of hydroxyl ions. These results may indicate that cadmium in vivo could play a major role in the DNA damage induced by oxidative stress. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 22: 144,151, 2007. [source] Preparation of Unsintered Spherical BaFe12O19 Nanoparticles via an Alcohol-Assisted Spray-Pyrolysis RouteJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY, Issue 9 2008Hye Moon Lee Unsintered spherical barium ferrite (BaFe12O19) nanoparticles were successfully prepared by the alcohol-assisted spray-pyrolysis (AASP) method without any postannealing processes. Ethyl alcohol (EtOH) in the precursor solution for BaFe12O19 particles was very effective not only in its capacity to decrease the particle size, but also in enhancing crystallization into barium ferrite hexagonal phase. As the vol% of EtOH increased from 0 to 20, a decrease of particle size from 136 to 111 nm and an increase of crystallinity were clearly observed. The AASP method was optimized by adjusting the chemical concentration in the precursor solution, and finally, unsintered spherical BaFe12O19 particles, with a geometric mean diameter of 72 nm, a geometric SD of 1.4, and an intrinsic coercivity of 4510 Oe, were successfully prepared. [source] Growth and properties of ferroelectric potassium ferrocyanide trihydrate single crystalsCRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 9 2006R. Kanagadurai Abstract Single crystals of potassium ferrocyanide trihydrate, K4[Fe(CN)6·3H2O (KFCT), a ferroelectric material with Curie temperature 251K were grown in silica gel at room temperature for the first time by the solubility reduction method. Resorcinol and ethyl alcohol were used for the purpose of gel setting and supernatant liquid respectively. Optical and mechanical properties were studied for the grown crystal. The structure of the grown crystal was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and FT Raman spectral analysis of the crystalline samples reveal that the crystalline sample consist consists of all functional groups. Thermal analysis of the crystalline sample was performed by TGA and DTA methods. The Vicker's micro hardness value was measured for KFCT crystals. The square etch pits with a hopper-like structure is an indicative of 2D nucleation mechanism. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Liesegang rings in fine needle aspirate of breast cysts with predominance of apocrine cells: A study of 14 casesDIAGNOSTIC CYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 10 2008F.I.A.C., Raj K. Gupta M.D. Abstract Fine needle aspirate (FNA) from 14 cases (age range 17,84 years), with Liesegang rings (LR's) in breast cysts seen over a period of 26 years comprised the material of this study from more than 38,000 FNA's of the breast which had been done for a variety of breast lesions. In six of the 14 cases, the aspirate was obtained under ultrasound guidance whereas in the remaining cases it was collected from a palpable lesion. The aspiration was performed using a 22 gauge needle and the syringe and needle contents were washed in a cytology container with 30% ethyl alcohol in physiologic saline. The cytologic preparations from half of the sample were made on a 5 micron Schleicher and Schuell filter and stained by Papanicolaou method whereas from the remainder of the sample a cell block was made and sections cut, stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and used for immunohistochemical study. Filter preparations and cell blocks revealed cyanophilic, spherical, ring-like structures of various sizes and shape mostly with double walls, and striations with amorphous material in the lumen and under polarized light were nonrefractile. Seen also were several apocrine cells and some macrophages and the LR's were found to be negative on immunostains for EMA and CK, and a panel of other special stains (Table I). Since LR's can be mistaken for ova, larvae, or parasites, it is important to be aware of their potential presence in aspirate samples of breast cysts to avoid a misdiagnosis. The exact mechanism of formation of LR's is not fully understood and certain views as proposed are discussed in this presentation. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2008;36:701,704. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Composition of essential oil, concrete, absolute, wax and headspace volatiles of Murrarya paniculata (Linn.) Jack flowersFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 5 2007P. K. Rout Abstract Murraya paniculata (Linn) Jack, syn. M. exotica Linn., commonly known as orange jessamine, is grown in gardens for its large clusters of fragrant flowers. Distillation of the fresh flowers in water furnished the essential oil in 0.027% yield. Extraction of the fresh flowers with pentane afforded the concrete (0.78%). Precipitating the waxes from the concrete with methanol gave absolute (0.62%). The chemical composition of essential oil, concrete, absolute and wax were analysed by GC and GC,MS. The components of essential oil in significant amounts were , -elemene (1.4%), (E)-caryophyllene (3.6%), germacrene D (2.7%), (E)-nerolidol (25.7%), benzyl benzoate (8.1%), phenyl ethyl benzoate (8.0%) and manool (18.7%). The major components in the concrete and absolute, respectively, were phenyl ethyl alcohol (2.9%, 3.0%), indole (0.8%, 1.0%), (E)-nerolidol (6.5%, 7.0%), benzyl benzoate (5.0%, 6.5%), phenyl ethyl benzoate (8.0%, 8.6%) and manool (25.2%, 27.9%). The methanol-insoluble wax contained (E)-nerolidol (2.6%), manool (9.4%) and most of the fatty acids/esters. The composition of the volatile components in the headspace emitted by flowers still on the branch (live flowers) and also by the picked flowers was determined by HS,SPME on a PDMS fibre and these results are also presented. The major components found in the headspace were linalool, indole, (E)-caryophyllene, germacrene D, bicyclogermacrene and (E,E)- , -farnesene. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Biotransformation enzymes in Cunninghamella blakesleeana (NCIM-687)JOURNAL OF BASIC MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 6 2006Sanjyot Bhosale Presence of higher enzyme levels of aminopyrine N-demethylase, aniline hydroxylase and 11- , hydroxylase activities were observed in Cunninghamella blakesleeana grown in potato-dextrose medium for 96 h. The enzyme activity preferred NADPH as a cofactor and showed inhibition with CO, indicating cytochrome P450 mediated reactions. A significant increase in aniline hydroxylase enzyme activity was observed when mycelia incubated in incubation medium containing different inducers (viz. camphor, cholesterol, naphthalene, veratrole, phenobarbital, n -hexadecane and ethyl alcohol) when compared with mycelia incubated in same way but in absence of inducers. Cunninghamella blakesleeana (NCIM 687) have shown the ability to degrade cholesterol, camphor and naphthalene when 96 h grown mycelia incubated in incubation medium containing these organic compounds. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Catalytic performance of Brønsted acid sites during esterification of acetic acid with ethyl alcohol over phosphotungestic acid supported on silicaJOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY, Issue 6 2007Abd El-Aziz A Said Abstract Different ratios of phosphotungestic acid supported on silica gel were prepared by an impregnation method with PWA loadings ranging from 1 to 30% w/w and calcined at 350 and 500 °C for 4 h in a static air atmosphere. The catalysts were characterized by thermogravimety (TG), differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffraction, FT-IR spectroscopy and N2 adsorption measurements. The surface acidity and basicity of the catalyst were investigated by the dehydration,dehydrogenation of isopropanol and the adsorption of pyridine (PY) and 2,6-dimethyl pyridine (DMPY). The gas-phase estrification of acetic acid with ethanol was carried out at 185 °C in a conventional fixed-bed reactor at 1 atm using air as carrier gas. The results clearly revealed that the catalyst containing 10% w/w PWA/SiO2 is the most active and delivers reaction selectively to ester with 85% yield. The Brønsted acid site resulting from hydroxylation of tungsten oxide plays the main role in the formation of ester. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Paradigm Shift for the Alcohol Breath TestJOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES, Issue 2 2010Michael P. Hlastala Ph.D. Abstract:, The alcohol breath test (ABT) has been used for quantification of ethyl alcohol in individuals suspected of driving under the influence for more than 50 years. In this time, there has been little change in the concepts underlying this single breath test. The old model, which assumes that end-exhaled breath alcohol concentration is closely related to alveolar air alcohol concentration, is no longer acceptable. This paper reviews experimental research and mathematical modeling which has evaluated the pulmonary exchange processes for ethyl alcohol. Studies have shown that alcohol exchanges dynamically with the airway tissue both during inspiration and expiration. The airway tissue interaction makes it impossible to deliver air with alveolar alcohol concentration to the mouth. It is concluded that the ABT is dependent on physiological factors that need to be assessed for accurate testing. [source] Catalytic kinetics of quaternary ammonium poly(styrene- co -methylstyrene) resinAICHE JOURNAL, Issue 7 2006Ho-Shing Wu Abstract The catalytic kinetics and synthesis of poly(styrene- co -chloromethylstyrene) resin of different degrees of crosslinkages and ring substitutions were investigated by copolymerizing styrene and chloromethylstyrene through crosslinking with divinylbenzene. Poly(styrene- co -chloromethylstyrene) quaternary ammonium salt was obtained with activating poly(styrene- co -chloromethylstyrene) resin with tertiary amine. More than 20 types of poly(styrene- co -chloromethylstyrene) quaternary ammonium catalyst were prepared, with reaction conditions including immobilized time (0.125,4 days), concentration of tertiary amine (0.1,2 kmol/m3), kinds of solvents in immobilization (methanol, ethyl alcohol, and DMF), and kinds of tertiary amines (trimethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, tri- n -butylamine, tri- n -pentylamine, tri- n -hexylamine, and tri- n -octylamine). These catalysts were used to achieve the optimum allylation of phenol. The reactions were conducted and studied individually with either equal mole or equal weight of catalyst. The best reactivity for the allylation of phenol was obtained when the structure of the quaternary ammonium catalyst was 10% degree of ring substitution and 2% degree of crosslinkage activating with trihexylamine. The turnover number and the effectiveness factor were also calculated. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006 [source] Monetite (CaHPO4) Synthesis in Ethanol at Room TemperatureJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY, Issue 12 2009A. Cuneyt Tas A straightforward process was developed to synthesize monetite (CaHPO4, dicalcium phosphate anhydrous) powders at room temperature (21°±1°C) in ethanol solutions. The process reported here constitutes an alternative to well-publicized monetite synthesis procedures based on the dehydration of brushite (CaHPO4·2H2O, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate) powders either in acidic, hot (70°,95°C) aqueous solutions or in drying ovens (200°,225°C). Submicrometer monetite powders were synthesized in ethanol (ethyl alcohol) solutions containing small aliquots of concentrated H3PO4 (orthophosphoric acid, 85%). Precipitated CaCO3 (calcium carbonate, calcite form) powders with submicrometer particles were simply stirred in the above solutions in glass bottles for 3 h. The starting Ca/P molar ratio in the synthesis bottles was 0.50. Monetite powders obtained with a stacked-nanosheets particle texture did not contain any unreacted CaCO3. Monetite powders were also found to have the ability to completely transform into apatitic (apatite-like) calcium phosphate powders when soaked in calcium-containing saline solutions (i.e., 142 mM Na+, 5 mM K+, and 50 mM Ca2+ in water) for 6 days at 37°C. [source] Corrosion of ZrB2 Powder During Wet Processing , Analysis and ControlJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY, Issue 5 2008Sea-Hoon Lee Corrosion behavior of ZrB2 powder during wet processing in water or ethyl alcohol was studied both with and without an organic additive. Incorporation of oxygen and pH change did not intensively occur during static aging of aqueous slurries, but corrosion was enhanced when stirring the slurries. The oxygen content of the powder increased rather rapidly with milling time in ethyl alcohol. The molecular weight of polyethylenimine effected the pH change and oxygen content of ZrB2 powder, after corrosion in water for 18 months. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis informed that the surface of both the pristine and corroded powders was mainly covered with ZrOH, but a certain amount of Zr,B bonding remained at the powder surface after the wet processing. [source] Measurement of complex permittivity of liquid dielectricsMICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, Issue 4 2002Yong Wang Abstract The complex permittivity of a number of liquid dielectrics has been measured with the use of the in-waveguide technique at the X and Ku band. The TRL calibration procedure is applied for the calibration of the waveguide system. The measured results of permittivity of distilled water agree well with those published in the literature. The measured permittivity for other liquids such as ethyl alcohol, propyl alcohol, benzene, chlorobenzene, menthanol, and cyclothexane are also shown, and the properties of these liquids are discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 240,243, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10427 [source] Properties of wheat bran polyphenol oxidaseMOLECULAR NUTRITION & FOOD RESEARCH (FORMERLY NAHRUNG/FOOD), Issue 1 2004dem Soysal Abstract Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) obtained from wheat bran catalyzed the oxidation of 4-methyl catechol. Phenolic compounds found naturally in crude extract played role as an endogeneous substrate and activity of crude extract needed correction. Activity versus enzyme concentration gave a linear plot at high substrate concentration whereas a nonlinear plot was obtained at low substrate concentration which proved the presence of endogeneous substrate. Adsorption on celite and extraction with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVPP) caused the removal of phenols. Adsorption of PPO on celite yielded a 4-fold increase in specific activity whereas extraction with PVPP yielded a 2.5-fold increase in specific activity compared to the crude extract. The kinetics of PPO catalyzed oxidation obeyed Michaelis-Menten model; Km and Vmax values were found as 218 mM and 99 ,M/min, respectively. The enzyme was inhibited by ethyl alcohol, dithiothreitol (DTT) and isoproterenol and exhibited heat stability up to a temperature of 90°C. The optimum pH of the enzyme was found to be 5.0. [source] Development of electronic nose method for evaluation of residual solvents in low-density polyethylene films ,PACKAGING TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Issue 2 2007Isinay E. Yüzay Abstract Flexible packaging films containing high levels of residual volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can alter the flavour and odour of packaged foods. Currently, a range of gas chromatographic techniques and sensory evaluations are used for assessing the residual VOCs in packaging films. An objective method for assessing the residual solvents from low-density polyethylene (LDPE) was developed using an Alpha MOS Fox 3000 electronic nose (e-nose) equipped with 12 metal oxide semiconductor sensors. Three VOCs, ethyl acetate, ethyl alcohol and toluene, were chosen as models for solvents of interest in flexible food packaging analysis. LDPE film samples were spiked with single and binary mixtures of solvents and analysed using the e-nose and by GC,FID (HP 6890; Hewlett-Packard Co., Wilmington, DE). The responses obtained from the e-nose were processed using principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminate factorial analysis (DFA) in order to identify the residual solvents. Partial least squares analysis (PLS) was also used to quantify the amount of residual solvent and to correlate the e-nose results with gas chromatography, which is currently the standard method for determining residual VOCs in packaging films. There was good agreement between the e-nose responses and gas chromatography results for single solvents (r = 0.90,0.98). The technique also worked for binary solvent mixtures (r = 0.84,0.99). The electronic nose can be a viable alternative to traditional techniques while providing simplicity and objectivity, which would be extremely advantageous in routine quality control of residual solvents. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Preparation and properties of poly(L -lactic acid) scaffolds by thermally induced phase separation from a ternary polymer,solvent systemPOLYMER INTERNATIONAL, Issue 12 2004Shirong Li Abstract Poly(L -lactic acid) (PLLA) foams for tissue engineering were prepared via thermally induced phase separation of a ternary system PLLA/dioxane/tetrahydrofuran (THF) followed by double solvent exchange (water and ethyl alcohol) and drying. An extension to solidification from solution of a previously developed method for solidification from the melt was adopted. The technique is based on a continuous cooling transformation (CCT) approach, consisting in recording the thermal history experienced by rapidly cooled samples and then analyzing the resulting sample morphology. Different foams were produced by changing the relative amount of dioxane and THF in the starting solution while the amount of polymer was kept constant. Results show that the final morphology and crystallinity (measured by DSC) depend on solvent power, which in its turn was determined by the ratio dioxane/THF, and a minimum of pore size, optimum final crystallinity and crystallization rate were achieved for a system containing 70 % of dioxane. Under this condition, a higher bulk density (evaluated by Hg intrusion porosimetry) and a larger specific surface area (measured by BET N2 sorption technique) was achieved. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Anosmia after general anaesthesia: a case reportANAESTHESIA, Issue 12 2009I. Konstantinidis Summary Although anaesthetic drugs are included among the aetiological factors of anosmia, limited reports exist of anosmia induced by general anaesthesia. We present the case of a 60-year-old female patient with a 3-month history of altered smell and taste immediately after recovery from general anaesthesia for a urological operation. The anaesthetic drugs used were fentanyl, propofol and sevoflurane. Clinical examination and a computed tomography brain scan did not reveal any pathology. Psychophysical testing showed anosmia and normal taste function. Imaging studies using single photon emission computed tomography of the brain were performed twice: as a baseline examination; and after odour stimulation with phenyl ethyl alcohol. Normal brain activity without reaction to odorous stimuli suggested peripheral dysfunction or stimuli transmission problems. The patient, after four months of olfactory retraining, demonstrated significant improvement. The onset of the dysfunction in relation with the imaging findings may imply that anaesthetics could induce the olfactory dysfunction. [source] Smell and taste disorders in polyneuropathy: a prospective study of chemosensory disordersACTA NEUROLOGICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 4 2009J. G. Heckmann Objective,,, The aim of the study was to assess the occurrence and the frequency of chemosensory dysfunction in patients with polyneuropathy (PNP). Methods,,, We performed a prospective observational study. Olfactory function was assessed using the standardized ,Sniffin' Sticks' test to measure odor threshold for phenyl ethyl alcohol, odor discrimination, and odor identification. Gustatory function was assessed using the standardized ,taste strips' test. In addition, we assessed etiology, neurophysiology, and severity of the PNP, and the patients' comorbidities and medication. Results,,, A total of 53 consecutive patients were enroled (15 women, 38 men; mean age 61 years); 27 of them (51%) exhibited olfactory dysfunction and 23 of them (43%) gustatory dysfunction. Patients with diabetic PNP had significantly lower taste scores than patients with inflammatory, genetic, or idiopathic PNP. In addition, odor identification was negatively correlated with PNP severity. Conclusion,,, The applied bedside tests are useful to detect chemosensory dysfunction in patients with PNP. Chemosensory dysfunction is quite frequent in these patients. [source] Driving on liquid sunshine , the Brazilian biofuel experience: a policy driven analysisBUSINESS STRATEGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT, Issue 8 2009Clovis Zapata Abstract This paper analyses Brazil's experience with biofuels, focusing on the central role of the federal government as the main force driving the implementation of alternative locally produced ethanol (ethyl alcohol) and biodiesel. The pioneering, large scale ethanol programme that started over 30 years ago can be considered the most successful experience with the use of biofuels to date, as the government was able to rapidly implement the use of ethanol (ethyl alcohol) as a substitute for petrol in the 1970s and 1980s. The work contributes to the general discussion of sustainable and renewable energy sources and sets out the key policy mechanisms used. The paper also innovatively looks at the second large governmental intervention in the renewable fuels market , the biodiesel programme. In addition to the contribution to the debate surrounding command-and-control measures and economic incentive instruments, the paper analyses how lessons learned from the ethanol experiment were taken into consideration in the design and implementation of the biodiesel mandate, including social and environmental facets. It emphasizes the uniqueness of producing sugarcane ethanol in the Brazilian context and how attempts to carry out similar fast growing biofuels programmes may not be possible in other parts of the world. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. [source] Synthesis of 2-aminochromene derivatives catalyzed by KF/Al2O3CHINESE JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY, Issue 9 2003Xiang-Shan Wang Abstract A series of 2-aminochromene derivatives including 2-amino-benzo[h] chromene, 2-amino-benzo [f] chromene and 2-aminopyrano [3, 2- h] quinolin derivatives was synthesized from arylaldehyde, malononitrile or ethyl cyanoacetate and 1-naphthol or 2-naphthol or 8-hydroxyquinoline in refluxing ethyl alcohol catalyzed by KF-Al2O3. The structures were confirmed by X-ray analysis. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||