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Agglomeration
Kinds of Agglomeration Terms modified by Agglomeration Selected AbstractsAGGLOMERATION VERSUS PRODUCT VARIETY: IMPLICATIONS FOR REGIONAL INEQUALITIES,JOURNAL OF REGIONAL SCIENCE, Issue 5 2006Kristian Behrens ABSTRACT We investigate how cross-country differences in firms' fixed set-up costs affect the trade-off between global efficiency and spatial equity. Our analysis reveals that the standard assumption of symmetry in set-up costs masks the existence of an interesting effect: the range of available varieties depends on the spatial distribution of firms. In such a setting, where the market outcome leads to excessive agglomeration in the symmetric case, a planner may opt for asymmetric set-up costs and even more agglomeration. We show that the planner will always favor lower set-up costs in the large country with more agglomeration when the consumer's marginal preference for variety is high, or with less agglomeration when the consumer's marginal preference for variety is low. [source] THE ,THICK MARKET' EFFECT AND AGGLOMERATION IN HIGH-GROWTH INDUSTRIESPACIFIC ECONOMIC REVIEW, Issue 2 2005Mikhail M. Klimenko In the model, agglomerative effects result from positive feedback between competitive forces in the upstream and downstream segments of a high-technology industry, rather than as a result of traditional scale economies in the manufacturing of standardized products. The model assumes that firms in the upstream service supply industry have ex ante uncertain costs and compete in Bertrand fashion for the independent demands of downstream firms. This framework explains the mechanism of spatial clustering in industries with a high rate of innovation. [source] Agglomeration of NTO on the surface of HMX particles in water-NMP solventCRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 1 2008Kwang-Joo Kim Abstract A sensitive explosive was coated with a less sensitive explosive in order to improve stability while maintaining explosion performance. Agglomeration of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole-5-one (NTO) on the surface of cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine (HMX) crystals in water- N -methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) solvent was performed by cooling crystallization. Phenomena for coating by crystallization and agglomeration were studied by in-situ measurement. The agglomeration kinetic for the coating of NTO on HMX crystals was correlated with the 3rd power of the solution supersaturation and the 2nd power of the number of the suspended particles. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Trade Liberalization and the Geography of Production: Agglomeration, Concentration, and Dispersal in Indonesia's Manufacturing IndustryECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY, Issue 3 2004Örjan Sjöberg Abstract: The effect of the liberalization of trade on the spatial concentration of economic activities is not straightforward. It has been widely argued that protectionism increases spatial concentration as firms locate close to the main domestic markets. However, it has also been argued that an expansion of international trade primarily favors existing industrial centers and therefore leads to increased regional inequalities. Against the background of ongoing debates in both mainstream economics and in geography, we examine the spatial concentration of manufacturing in Indonesia between 1980 and 1996, a period when Indonesia substantially liberalized its trade regime. The high concentration did not decrease during this period, and establishments that engaged in international trade were actually comparably concentrated. We discuss some possible explanations for the spatial concentration in Indonesia and conclude that a host of factors may affect the outcome of trade liberalizations. In particular, the spatial configuration of the national settlement system is a potentially important factor in this regard. [source] Industrial Agglomeration and Development: A Survey of Spatial Economic Issues in East Asia and a Statistical Analysis of Chinese RegionsECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY, Issue 3 2003C. Cindy Fan Abstract: In this article, we explore the issue of industrial agglomeration and its relationship to economic development and growth in the less-developed countries of East Asia. We present theoretical arguments and secondary empirical evidence as to why we should have strong expectations about finding a positive relationship between agglomeration and economic performance. We also review evidence from the literature on the roles of formal and informal institutions in East Asian regional economic systems. We then focus specifically on the case of China. We argue that regional development in China has much in common with regional development in other East Asian economies, although there are also important contrasts because of China's history of socialism and its recent trend toward economic liberalization. Through a variety of statistical investigations, we substantiate (in part) the expected positive relationship between agglomeration and economic performance in China. We show that many kinds of manufacturing sectors are characterized by a strong positive relationship between spatial agglomeration and productivity. This phenomenon is especially marked in sectors and regions where liberalization has proceeded rapidly. We consider the relevance of our comments about industrial clustering and economic performance for policy formulation in China and the less-developed countries of East Asia. [source] STED Microscopy to Monitor Agglomeration of Silica Particles Inside A549 Cells,ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS, Issue 5 2010Sabrina Schübbe The widespread use of engineered nanomaterials increases the exposure of the materials to humans. Therefore, it is necessary to know how these materials interact with cells. One approach is to trace particles by fluorescent labeling. The aim of the present work was to study the behavior of silica particles in A549 cells. For the first time, we applied stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy for this approach. Therefore, SiO2 particles conjugated with Atto647N were prepared by L -arginine-catalyzed hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane. The Atto647N labeled SiO2 particles exhibit a mean size of 128,±,7,nm and a zeta-potential of ,11,mV in cell culture medium. STED microscopy enables subdiffraction resolution imaging of single Atto647N labeled SiO2 particles not only in pure solution but also in a cellular environment. To visualize Atto647N labeled SiO2 particles inside A549 cells, the membrane was labeled and image stacks, that give three-dimensional information, were taken after 5, 24, and 48 h exposure of particles to cells. During this incubation period, an increase in particle uptake was observed and STED micrographs allowed us to evaluate the agglomeration of Atto647N labeled SiO2 particles inside A549 cells. Our results show that STED microscopy is a powerful technique to study particles in a cellular environment. [source] Locational Equilibria in Weberian AgglomerationGEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS, Issue 4 2008Dean M. Hanink A simple Weberian agglomeration is developed and then extended as an innovative fixed-charged, colocation model over a large set of locational possibilities. The model is applied to cases in which external economies (EE) arise due to colocation alone and also cases in which EE arise due to city size. Solutions to the model are interpreted in the context of contemporary equilibrium analysis, which allows Weberian agglomeration to be interpreted in a more general way than in previous analyses. Within that context, the Nash points and Pareto efficient points in the location patterns derived in the model are shown to rarely coincide. The applications consider agglomeration from two perspectives: one is the colocation behavior of producers as the agents of agglomeration and the other is the interaction between government and those agents in the interest of agglomeration policy. Extending the analysis to games, potential Pareto efficiency and Hicks optimality are considered with respect to side payments between producers and with respect to appropriate government incentives toward agglomeration. [source] Spatial Agglomeration, Technological Innovations, and Firm Productivity: Evidence from Italian Industrial DistrictsGROWTH AND CHANGE, Issue 3 2008GIULIO CAINELLI ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to analyse the impact on firms' productivity of innovative activities and agglomeration effects among firms belonging to Marshallian industrial districts and the possible joint effect of these two forces. We study a sample of 2,821 firms active in the Italian manufacturing industry in the period 1992,1995. Our analysis uses an original data set based on three different Istituto Nazionale di Statistica statistical sources,Community Innovation Survey, Archivio Statistico delle Imprese Attive (Italian Business Register), and Sistema dei Conti delle Imprese (Italian Structural Business Statistics),to estimate an "augmented" Cobb-Douglas production function to account for the impact of technological innovations and district-specific agglomeration effects on a firm's productivity growth. Our data set allows us to distinguish between product and process innovations, thus, through econometric analysis, we hope to achieve a better understanding of which of these two types of innovative activities benefits most from participation in an industrial district. Our empirical results show that belonging to an industrial district and making product innovations are key factors in the productivity growth of firms and that product innovations appear to have a greater effect on the economic performance of district rather than non-district firms. [source] Local Industry Agglomeration and New Business ActivityGROWTH AND CHANGE, Issue 1 2003Todd Gabe New businesses are highly involved in innovative activity, which enhances worker productivity and leads to increased economic output. This paper investigates the effects of industry concentration on the incidence of new business openings in the 5,504 Maine county-industries. Empirical findings indicate that new business activity increases with the number of incumbent establishments in a county-industry and its concentration level relative to the U.S. economy. Model simulations show that raising county-industries, with no initial industry presence, to concentration levels similar to that of the industry in the U.S. economy results in a 1.7 to 8.9 percent increase in the expected number of business openings over a three-year period. Empirical results also suggest that industry clusters comprised of young and small establishments are more conducive to new business formation than clusters made up of mature and large companies. [source] Understanding the Inputs into Innovation: Do Cities Substitute for Internal Firm Resources?JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS & MANAGEMENT STRATEGY, Issue 2 2008Chris Forman We examine whether there is a trade-off between employing internal (firm) resources and purchased external (local) resources in process innovation. We draw on a rich dataset of Internet investments by 86,879 US establishments to examine decisions to invest in advanced Internet technology. We show that the marginal contribution of internal resources is greater outside of a major urban area than inside one. Agglomeration is less important for firms with highly capable IT workers. When firms invest in innovative processes they act as if resources available in cities are partial substitutes for both establishment-level and firm-level internal resources. [source] Industry Characteristics Linked to Establishment Concentrations in Nonmetropolitan AreasJOURNAL OF REGIONAL SCIENCE, Issue 2 2000Yunsoo Kim In this paper we investigate industry characteristics associated with the clustering of establishments in three-digit SIC manufacturing industries in nonmetropolitan areas. The dispersion parameter k of the negative binomial distribution is selected as the measure of industry spatial concentration. Associations between industry characteristics and spatial concentration are investigated using OLS regression analysis. Our findings indicate that the spatial clustering of establishments is positively related to industry average establishment size, reliance on natural resource inputs, labor intensity, cost shares of professional and technical employees, and cost shares of low-skilled workers. Agglomeration is negatively related to multiplant structure, employment in precision production, and reliance on local product and input markets. [source] Modeling Agglomeration and Dispersion in City and Country: Gunnar Myrdal, François Perroux, and the New Economic GeographyAMERICAN JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND SOCIOLOGY, Issue 1 2001Stephen J. MeardonArticle first published online: 28 JUN 200 The "new economic geography" is a recent body of literature that seeks to explain how resources and production come to be concentrated spatially for reasons other than the standard "geographic" ones. Unlike alternative explanations of the geographic distribution of industry, the literature is not interdisciplinary. The new economic geography lies well within economics proper: it is an offspring of international trade theory, with models characterized by increasing returns, factor mobility, and transportation costs. The models explain the distribution of industry in terms of the opposition of an agglomerating force, the interaction of transportation costs and increasing returns to scale, with a dispersing force, commonly the interaction of transportation costs and a partially fixed input or output market. Some authors outside the new economic geography (e.g., Martin 1999) have criticized it as simplistic, irrelevant, or passé. They claim it employs overly abstract analysis, prioritizes mathematical technique over realistic explanation, and is reminiscent of the much earlier works of Gunnar Myrdal and François Perroux,in comparison to which, however, it falls short. This paper investigates the similarities and differences between the new economic geography and the work of Myrdal and Perroux, who in the previous special issue of this journal were ranked by Zafirovsky (1999, pp. 596, 598) as among the leading twentieth century economic sociologists. I examine how the techniques of analysis and intuitive explanations of agglomeration compare between these economic sociologists and the new economic geographers. The paper highlights what has been gained and what has been lost by the new economic geographers, who generally eschew interdisciplinary study. [source] Agglomeration, economic geography and regional growthPAPERS IN REGIONAL SCIENCE, Issue 3 2005Philip McCann First page of article [source] Agglomeration and the adjustment of the spatial economy,PAPERS IN REGIONAL SCIENCE, Issue 3 2005Pierre Philippe Combes Urban systems; new economic geography; urban and regional policy; diagrammatic exposition Abstract., We consider the literature on urban systems and New Economic Geography to examine questions concerning agglomeration and how areas respond to shocks to the economic environment. We first propose a diagrammatic framework to compare the two approaches. We then use this framework to study a number of extensions and to consider several policy relevant issues. [source] Parking lots, store chains and spatial agglomeration*PAPERS IN REGIONAL SCIENCE, Issue 2 2005Jose Noguera Agglomeration; bid-rent; land use; residential district; firm district Abstract., This article analyses the role of parking lots in spatial agglomeration. We set up a spatial competitive monopolistic model of agglomeration. In their shopping trips, households travel by car to a parking lot from where they proceed on foot to do their shopping. We also show that the presence of store chains may lead to multiple shopping centres or mall equilibriums. [source] Driftflussmodell für unstrukturierte Netze mit PartikelagglomerationPROCEEDINGS IN APPLIED MATHEMATICS & MECHANICS, Issue 1 2003Mirko Javurek Dipl. Ein Driftflussmodell (oder auch algebraisches Mischungsmodell genannt) kann in Mehrphasen-CFD-Simulationen eingesetzt werden, wenn die Sekundärphasen Partikel, Tropfen oder Blasen sind. Das Geschwindigkeitsfeld der Sekund ärphase wird berechnet, indem die Driftgeschwindigkeit (die von der Partikelgröße abhängt) zum Geschwindigkeitsfeld der Primärphase addiert wird. Für jede Sekundärphase wird nur eine zusätzliche Transportgleichung gelöst. Deswegen ist das Driftlussmodell im Vergleich mit Euler-Euler-Modellen ein sehr robustes, stabiles und schnelles Modell um Mehrphasenströmungen zu berechnen. Bei Implementierungen des Driftlussmodells für unstrukturierte Gitter können Probleme an Wänden auftreten, an denen die Partikel das Rechengebiet nicht verlassen können und sich dort ansammeln (Agglomeration). Diese Probleme und eine Lösungsidee sind in dieser Arbeit geschildert. [source] A Stochastic Pocket Model for Aluminum Agglomeration in Solid PropellantsPROPELLANTS, EXPLOSIVES, PYROTECHNICS, Issue 2 2009Stany GallierArticle first published online: 19 MAR 200 Abstract A new model is derived to estimate the size and fraction of aluminum agglomerates at the surface of a burning propellant. The basic idea relies on well-known pocket models in which aluminum is supposed to aggregate and melt within pocket volumes imposed by largest oxidizer particles. The proposed model essentially relaxes simple assumptions of previous pocket models on propellant structure by accounting for an actual microstructure obtained by packing. The use of statistical tools from stochastic geometry enables to determine a statistical pocket size volume and hence agglomerate diameter and agglomeration fraction. Application to several AP/Al propellants gives encouraging results that are shown to be superior to former pocket models. [source] Optimal environmental and industrial policies and imperfect agglomeration effectsREGIONAL SCIENCE POLICY AND PRACTICE, Issue 2 2009Daisuke Ikazaki Agglomeration; technology; environment Abstract This paper examines a simple general equilibrium model that considers problems related to agglomeration, technology, and the environment. First, it is shown that the manufactured goods sector converts from classical technology with constant returns to scale to modern technology with increasing returns to scale as the regional population increases. The optimal pollution level might be an inverted-U shape with respect to population if optimal environmental policy is adopted. Second, the optimal population level of conversion is not attained in the market economy. The labour that is devoted to the manufactured goods sector in the market economy is too small. So, we derive the optimal subsidy rates to the manufactured goods sector to make resource allocation optimum. Third, we consider migration using the two-region model. One region becomes a large city and the other region becomes a rural area if the total population is large. The industrial policy tends to extend the population difference between city and rural areas. On the other hand, if the total population is small, a symmetric point will be stable equilibrium. [source] A Grade Transition Strategy for the Prevention of Melting and Agglomeration of Particles in an Ethylene Polymerization ReactorCHEMICAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (CET), Issue 7 2005M. R. Rahimpour Abstract To satisfy the diverse product quality specifications required by the broad range of polyethylene applications, polymerization plants are forced to operate under frequent grade transition policies. During the grade transition, the reactor temperature must be kept within the narrow range between the gas dew point and the polymer melting point, otherwise the particles melt or agglomerate inside the reactor. In the present study, a dynamic well-mixed reactor model is used to develop a grade transition strategy to prevent melting and agglomeration of particles in an ethylene polymerization reactor. The model predicts the conditions under which the temperature of the reactor is outside the allowable range in continuous grade transition. Manipulation of feed flow and cooling water flow rates has shown that the reactor temperature cannot be maintained within the allowable range. Hence, a semi-continuous grade transition strategy is used for this case so that the temperature is maintained within the allowable range. In addition, several continuous and semi-continuous grade transition strategies for the production of linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), medium density polyethylene (MDPE), and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) are compared. [source] Barium Sulphate Agglomeration in a Pipe , An Experimental Study and CFD ModelingCHEMICAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (CET), Issue 3 2003J. Ba Abstract Agglomeration effects, observed during precipitation of barium sulphate in the unpremixed feed two-dimensional tubular precipitator, are studied experimentally and interpreted theoretically. Effects of process parameters on precipitation,agglomeration phenomena are predicted using a CFD based model that describes micromixing (the multiple-time-scale turbulent mixer model is used) and precipitation (including nucleation, growth and agglomeration of crystals). Agglomeration rate is defined as a product of the collision frequency and the probability of agglomeration. [source] Flash-Kristallisation , Erzeugung von agglomerierfähigem kristallinem Pulver gutlöslicher StoffsystemeCHEMIE-INGENIEUR-TECHNIK (CIT), Issue 9 2009R. Kaiser Dr.-Ing. Abstract Beim Flash-Kristallisationsprozess werden im Kristallisationsapparat gezielt feine Kristalle (x50,,,20,70 ,m) hergestellt, damit aus diesen nach der Fest/Flüssig-Trennung durch einen formgebenden Prozessschritt (Agglomeration) Partikel in gewünschter Form und Größe hergestellt werden können. Der Schwerpunkt der hier vorgestellten Untersuchungen liegt auf dem Teilbereich der Kristallisation, da für gut lösliche Stoffsysteme bisher keine Untersuchungen bekannt sind, in denen gezielt kleine Kristalle erzeugt werden. Anhand dreier Modellstoffsysteme wurden die Einflussfaktoren auf die Partikelgröße bei der Flash-Kristallisation untersucht. Durch Untersuchungen der Reinheit, Filtrierbarkeit und Agglomerationsfähigkeit konnte mit den Untersuchungen die Machbarkeit des gesamten Flash-Kristallisationsprozesses bestätigt werden. [source] Demand- and Supply-Side Agglomerations: Distinguishing between Fundamentally Different Manifestations of Geographic ConcentrationJOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, Issue 3 2009Brian T. McCann abstract Agglomeration research investigates the benefits that firms receive from locating in close geographic proximity. Despite a substantial surge in interest in this topic over the past 20 years, a lack of distinction among unique manifestations of spatial concentrations of similar firms threatens continuing progress in this stream of research. We argue that agglomerations of related firms that draw benefits from the supply-related externalities of increased access to specialized labour, specialized inputs, and knowledge spillovers are fundamentally different from those that draw benefits from heightened demand realized through reduction in consumer search costs. Extending agglomeration theory, we explicate the differences between these distinct phenomena, discuss how the nature of key theoretical relationships varies across these agglomeration types, and demonstrate significant implications for research. We discuss how the differences affect a host of theoretical relationships and empirical research decisions. [source] An Adaptive Strategy for the Local Discontinuous Galerkin Method Applied to Porous Media ProblemsCOMPUTER-AIDED CIVIL AND INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING, Issue 4 2008Esov S. Velázquez DG methods may be viewed as high-order extensions of the classical finite volume method and, since no interelement continuity is imposed, they can be defined on very general meshes, including nonconforming meshes, making these methods suitable for h-adaptivity. The technique starts with an initial conformal spatial discretization of the domain and, in each step, the error of the solution is estimated. The mesh is locally modified according to the error estimate by performing two local operations: refinement and agglomeration. This procedure is repeated until the solution reaches a desired accuracy. The performance of this technique is examined through several numerical experiments and results are compared with globally refined meshes in examples with known analytic solutions. [source] Optimization of process parameters by Taguchi method in the recovery of lactose from whey using sonocrystallizationCRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 7 2010S. R. Patel Abstract Anti-solvent crystallization of lactose in the presence of ultrasound will reduce crystal size and the level of agglomeration as compared to the commercial cooling crystallization. It offers a potential route to enhance the physical properties as well as the rapid recovery of lactose. Since lactose recovery itself can reduce biological oxygen demand of whey by more then 80%, recovery of lactose from dairy waste stream (whey) solves the problems of dairy industries by improving economics of whey utilization and pollution reduction. In the present study, recovery of lactose from partially deproteinated whey using an anti-solvent (acetone) by sonocrystallization was optimized for finding the most influencing operating parameters; such as sonication time, anti-solvent concentration, initial lactose concentration in the whey and initial pH of sample mixture at three levels using L9 -orthogonal method. The responses were analyzed for recovery of lactose from whey. The anti-solvent concentration and the sonication time were found to be most influencing parameters for the recovery of lactose and the recovery of lactose was found to be 89.03% at the identified optimized level. The crystal size distribution of recovered lactose was found to be narrower (2.5 , 6.5 ,m) as compared to the commercial lactose crystals (3.5 , 9.5 ,m). (© 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Agglomeration of NTO on the surface of HMX particles in water-NMP solventCRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 1 2008Kwang-Joo Kim Abstract A sensitive explosive was coated with a less sensitive explosive in order to improve stability while maintaining explosion performance. Agglomeration of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole-5-one (NTO) on the surface of cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine (HMX) crystals in water- N -methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) solvent was performed by cooling crystallization. Phenomena for coating by crystallization and agglomeration were studied by in-situ measurement. The agglomeration kinetic for the coating of NTO on HMX crystals was correlated with the 3rd power of the solution supersaturation and the 2nd power of the number of the suspended particles. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Micronization of the officinal component baicalin by SEDS-PA processCRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 6 2007Wen Zhi He Abstract Application of micronizing technologies in processing Chinese herbal medicines is very important to improve the forms of prepared Chinese herbal medicines and promote their therapeutic efficacy. Baicalin, a major active component of the typical Chinese herb medicine Scullateria baicallensis Georgi, was micronized using the Solution Enhanced Dispersion by Supercritical fluids though Prefilming Atomization (SEDS-PA) process with the aim of evaluating the efficiency of applying supercritical fluid precipitation technologies in Chinese herb medicine. This study has shown that acicula or rod-like baicalin crystals with Particle Size (PS) of about 20×100 ,m were successfully micronized by the SEDS-PA process to long rod-like, twisted fiber-like or fibrous net-like microparticles with PS of 0.1-2.2 ,m in width within the range of experiments performed. It was found that a substantial reduction of baicalin microparticles' sizes could lead to a marked increase of adhesions among them and subsequent microparticles agglomeration. With the increase of supercritical CO2 flow rate and the decrease of solution concentration and solution flow rate, smaller and much more agglomerated microparticles were obtained. Increasing pressure led to formation of smaller microparticles. A larger tendency of particles agglomeration was produced at a higher temperature. (© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Geography and the Immigrant Division of LaborECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY, Issue 3 2007Mark Ellis Abstract: Immigrants concentrate in particular lines of work. Most investigations of such employment niching have accented either the demand for labor in a limited set of mostly low-wage industries or the efficiency of immigrant networks in supplying that labor; space has taken a backseat or has been ignored. In contrast, this article's account of immigrant employment niching modulates insights built on social network theories with understandings derived from relative location. We do so by altering the thinking about employment niches as being metropolitan wide to considering them as local phenomena. Specifically, the analysis examines the intraurban variation in niching by Mexican, Salvadoran, Chinese, and Vietnamese men and women in four industries in Los Angeles. Niching is uneven; in some parts of the metropolitan area, these groups niche at high rates in these industries, whereas in others, there is no unusual concentration. We show how a group's propensity to niche in an industry is generally higher when the industry is located close to the group's residential neighborhoods and demonstrate the ways in which the proximity of competing groups dampens this geographic advantage. The study speaks to debates on immigrant niching and connects with research on minority access to employment and accounts of the agglomeration of firms. More generally, it links the geographies of home and work in a new way, relating patterns of immigrant residential segregation to those of immigrant employment niches. [source] Industrial Agglomeration and Development: A Survey of Spatial Economic Issues in East Asia and a Statistical Analysis of Chinese RegionsECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY, Issue 3 2003C. Cindy Fan Abstract: In this article, we explore the issue of industrial agglomeration and its relationship to economic development and growth in the less-developed countries of East Asia. We present theoretical arguments and secondary empirical evidence as to why we should have strong expectations about finding a positive relationship between agglomeration and economic performance. We also review evidence from the literature on the roles of formal and informal institutions in East Asian regional economic systems. We then focus specifically on the case of China. We argue that regional development in China has much in common with regional development in other East Asian economies, although there are also important contrasts because of China's history of socialism and its recent trend toward economic liberalization. Through a variety of statistical investigations, we substantiate (in part) the expected positive relationship between agglomeration and economic performance in China. We show that many kinds of manufacturing sectors are characterized by a strong positive relationship between spatial agglomeration and productivity. This phenomenon is especially marked in sectors and regions where liberalization has proceeded rapidly. We consider the relevance of our comments about industrial clustering and economic performance for policy formulation in China and the less-developed countries of East Asia. [source] The Competitive Foundations of Localized Learning and Innovation: The Case of Women's Garment Production in New York City,ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY, Issue 4 2002Norma M. Rantisi Abstract: This article considers the relevance of the "local" for firm learning in New York City's Garment District. By documenting the design innovation process in the district's women's wear industry and the ways in which designers draw on the district's specialized services and institutions to assist in the process, the article examines how a localized agglomeration or "cluster" facilitates the development of shared conventions and practices. It also shows how the district confers benefits on firms in indirect ways. Since apparel manufacturers operate in a U.S. regulatory framework that inhibits cooperation, the Garment District's support institutions serve as production intermediaries, providing firms with a means to monitor and observe rival firms' performances and solutions. As such, the case of the Garment District poses interesting challenges to the prevailing conceptions of the "local" as a site for cooperation and suggests the need to rethink the relevance of competition for learning and innovation. [source] The Differential Impact of the Internet on Spurring Regional EntrepreneurshipENTREPRENEURSHIP THEORY AND PRACTICE, Issue 5 2010Douglas Cumming This paper studies the effect of the introduction of government-provided Internet technology to rural communities (Internet communities) on regional entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship increases among larger Internet communities, as the Internet spurs entrepreneurial activities by enabling agglomeration across areas that have a preexisting cluster of real entrepreneurial activities. There is, however, a decrease in entrepreneurship among smaller and more geographically remote Internet communities, as the Internet facilitates the consumption of items and services not produced within such smaller communities. Overall, the key finding is that virtual entrepreneurial clusters are not independent of real entrepreneurial clusters. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||