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Esophageal Wall (esophageal + wall)
Selected AbstractsGENERAL RULES FOR RECORDING ENDOSCOPIC FINDINGS OF ESOPHAGOGASTRIC VARICES (2ND EDITION)DIGESTIVE ENDOSCOPY, Issue 1 2010Takashi Tajiri General rules for recording endoscopic findings of esophageal varices were initially proposed in 1980 and revised in 1991. These rules have widely been used in Japan and other countries. Recently, portal hypertensive gastropathy has been recognized as a distinct histological and functional entity. Endoscopic ultrasonography can clearly depict vascular structures around the esophageal wall in patients with portal hypertension. Owing to progress in medicine, we have updated and slightly modified the former rules. The revised rules are simpler and more straightforward than the former rules and include newly recognized findings of portal hypertensive gastropathy and a new classification for endoscopic ultrasonographic findings. [source] HEMODYNAMIC MECHANISM OF ESOPHAGEAL VARICESDIGESTIVE ENDOSCOPY, Issue 1 2006Katsutoshi Obara We investigated the correlation between the collaterals around the esophagus and recurrence of esophageal varices in patients with portal hypertension who had undergone endoscopic injection sclerotherapy (EIS). In patients with portal hypertension, many types of collaterals around the esophagus were visualized by endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS). The collaterals outside the esophageal wall detected by EUS were divided into two groups according to the location of the veins: peri-esophageal collateral veins (peri-ECV) and para-esophageal collateral veins (para-ECV) Perforating veins are those that have penetrated the esophageal wall and have connected with either peri-ECV or para-ECV. We demonstrated that severe peri-ECV and large perforating veins play an important role in the development of esophageal varices in untreated patients with portal hypertension. The results of our investigation have shown that detection of peri-ECV and perforating veins by EUS and treatment of them by EIS appears to be important for the treatment of esophageal varices. The disappearance of peri-ECV by EIS is essential for reducing the recurrence rate of esophageal varices. To prevent variceal recurrence, a mucosal fibrosing method using argon plasma coagulation has been widely performed in Japan. If EUS abnormalities are associated with variceal recurrence, we recommend the use of the mucosal fibrosing method. In conclusion, the presence of severe peri-ECV and large perforating veins in the esophageal wall strongly correlate with the recurrence of esophageal varices in patients with portal hypertension. An understanding of these EUS abnormalities on the basis of hemodynamics around the esophagus is important for the management of esophageal varices in patients with portal hypertension. [source] Experimental esophageal carcinogenesis: technical standardization and resultsDISEASES OF THE ESOPHAGUS, Issue 4 2002J. A. Sallet SUMMARY., The aim of this research was to determine the occurrence of epidermoid carcinoma of the esophagus induced by diethylnitrosamine (DEN) in Wistar rats. DEN was administered (250,300 g) in drinking water (10 mg/kg body weight) to four groups of rats for 72 h/week, for a duration of 90, 120, 150, or 200 days (groups T90, T120, T150, and T200). Ten animals whose drinking water did not contain DEN constituted the control group. All rats were sacrificed and their esophaguses studied macro- and microscopically. The control group did not exhibit either carcinomas or preneoplasic lesions. The T120 and T200 groups presented, respectively, 47 and 58 in situ carcinomas; 1 and 20 submucosal carcinomas (P < 0.05); 4 and 17 microinvasive carcinomas (P < 0.05); 4 and 11 advanced carcinomas (P < 0.05); and 1 and 1 cases of benign hyperplasia. Pulmonary and liver carcinomas were also found in the T200 group. The majority of advanced macroscopic lesions in the T200 group were polypoid, exophytic, and not microscopically invasive in the esophageal wall. This research confirms the effectiveness of the DEN in bringing about carcinogenesis in the Wistar rat esophagus and also shows that the lesions are dosage dependent. [source] Esophageal Luminal Temperature Measurement Underestimates Esophageal Tissue Temperature During Radiofrequency Ablation Within the Canine Left Atrium: Comparison Between 8 mm Tip and Open Irrigation CathetersJOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 6 2008JENNIFER E. CUMMINGS M.D. Introduction: Evaluation of luminal temperature during left atrial ablation is used clinically; however, luminal temperature does not necessarily reflect temperature within the esophageal wall and poses a risk of atrioesophageal fistula. This animal study evaluates luminal esophageal temperature and its relation to the temperature of the external esophageal tissue during left atrial lesions using the 8 mm solid tip and the open irrigated tip catheters (OIC). Methods and Results: A thermocouple was secured to the external surface of the esophagus at the level of the left atrium of the dogs. Luminal esophageal temperature was measured using a standard temperature probe. In four randomized dogs, lesions were placed using an 8 mm solid tip ablation catheter. In six randomized dogs, lesions were placed using the 3.5 mm OIC. The average peak esophageal tissue temperature when using the OIC was significantly higher than that of the 8 mm tip catheter (88.6°C ± 15.0°C vs. 62.3°C ± 12.5°C, P < 0.05). Both OIC and 8 mm tip catheter had significantly higher peak tissue temperatures than luminal temperatures (OIC: 88.6°C ± 15.0°C vs 39.7°C ± 0.82°C, P < 0.05) (8 mm: 62.3°C ± 12.5°C vs 39.0 ± 0.5°C, P < 0.05). Both catheters achieved peak temperatures faster in the tissue as compared to the lumen of the esophagus, although the tissue temperature peaked significantly faster for the OIC (OIC: 25 seconds vs 90 seconds, P < 0.05) (8 mm: 63 seconds vs 105 seconds, P < 0.05). Conclusion: Despite the significant difference in actual tissue temperatures, no significant difference was observed in luminal temperatures between the OIC and 8 mm tip catheter. [source] Expression of L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) in esophageal carcinomaJOURNAL OF SURGICAL ONCOLOGY, Issue 4 2005Hideaki Kobayashi MD Abstract Background and Objectives It has been reported that amino acid transport systems play an important role in cell proliferation. Their activity is increased in malignant cells compared to benign cells. In this study, we investigated whether L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) is expressed in human non-cancerous esophageal mucosa and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. We also examined whether LAT1 expression is correlated with histopathological features. Methods From January 1999 to December 2001, sections of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue from 11 cases of early esophageal carcinoma (T1) and 19 cases of advanced esophageal carcinoma (T2, T3) were entered in the study. Histopathologically, all 30 cases were squamous cell carcinoma. Immunohistochemical staining was performed using rabbit anti-LAT1 IgG, with the standard avidin-streptavidin immuno-peroxidase method. Measurement was performed by means of computer-assisted image analysis. The ratio of cells with LAT1 expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and non-cancerous esophageal mucosa was used for analysis in this study. Results Non-cancerous esophageal mucosa expressed LAT1 only in the basal layer of the esophageal wall. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma expressed LAT1 throughout the tumor. LAT1 expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma was significantly higher than that in non-cancerous esophageal mucosa. LAT1 expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma increased as the depth of invasion progressed (T1,<,T2 (P,=,0.0477), T2,<,T3 (P,=,0.0415), T1,<,T3 (P,=,0.0044)), and as the tumor size increased. Also, high LAT1 expression was significantly associated with well-differentiated carcinoma. Conclusion These results suggest that LAT1 plays a significant role in cell proliferation, differentiation, and invasion in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J. Surg. Oncol. 2005;90:233,238. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Esophageal anthracosis: Lesion mimicking malignant melanomaPATHOLOGY INTERNATIONAL, Issue 7 2002Tetsuya Murata A case of anthracosis of the esophagus is reported. The patient was a previously healthy 69-year-old Japanese woman. A black and slightly elevated lesion was detected in her esophagus by upper gastroesophageal fiberoscopic examination. Endoscopically, the lesion looked like malignant melanoma. Thoracic esophagotomy was then performed. Histological examination revealed a pigmented lesion beneath the mucosal epithelial layer. The lesion consisted of an aggregation of histiocytes containing an abundance of tiny black pigments. A few mature lymphocytes and plasma cells were also evident in the periphery of the lesion. Histologically, these findings looked like lymph nodes in the pulmonary hilus; however, no lymph nodal structure was evident in the esophageal wall. Traction diverticula were also noted in the pigmented lesion. The patient has remained well without disease for 9 months since the surgery. Although anthracosis is a rare condition in the esophagus, the present case gave warning to pathologists and clinicians that it does indeed occur. Endoscopists and pathologists should differentiate anthracosis from malignant melanoma because the treatment and outcome are quite different for each. [source] | ||||||||||