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Equivalent
Kinds of Equivalent Terms modified by Equivalent Selected AbstractsMATHEMATICS OF KIN- AND GROUP-SELECTION: FORMALLY EQUIVALENT?EVOLUTION, Issue 2 2010Arne Traulsen Evolutionary game theory is a general mathematical framework that describes the evolution of social traits. This framework forms the basis of many multilevel selection models and is also frequently used to model evolutionary dynamics on networks. Kin selection, which was initially restricted to describe social interactions between relatives, has also led to a broader mathematical approach, inclusive fitness, that can not only describe social evolution among relatives, but also in group structured populations or on social networks. It turns out that the underlying mathematics of game theory is fundamentally different from the approach of inclusive fitness. Thus, both approaches,evolutionary game theory and inclusive fitness,can be helpful to understand the evolution of social traits in group structured or spatially extended populations. [source] BEYOND SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY: REDUNDANT AMMONIUM TRANSPORTERS IN A MARINE DIATOM ARE NOT FUNCTIONALLY EQUIVALENTJOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, Issue 1 2005Andrew E. Allen No abstract is available for this article. [source] Use of a Living Dermal Equivalent for a Refractory Abdominal Defect after Pediatric Multivisceral TransplantationDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 9 2004Carlos A. Charles MD Background. Primary closure is not always possible after pediatric multivisceral transplantation. Reepithelialization may require extended periods of postoperative time, which can be associated with significant morbidity Objective. The objective was to accelerate secondary wound closure thereby minimizing infection or further complications in a pediatric multivisceral transplant patient. Methods. Five applications of human fibroblast-derived dermis (Dermagraft, Smith and Nephew) were applied to the postsurgical defect of a pediatric multivisceral transplant patient over the course of 8 months. Routine wound care and observation was performed between human fibroblast-derived dermis applications. Results. Human fibroblast-derived dermis stimulated healing and accelerated reepithelialization. Signs of clinical rejection or infection were not observed. Conclusion. Reepithelialization can be aided in the postoperative period in pediatric multivisceral transplant patients with human fibroblast-derived dermis, thereby helping to deter complications associated with secondary wound closure. We have illustrated the successful use of a human fibroblast-derived dermis as an adjunct for wound healing in a complicated surgical defect. [source] Equivalent force control method for generalized real-time substructure testing with implicit integrationEARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING AND STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS, Issue 9 2007Bin Wu Abstract This paper presents a new method, called the equivalent force control method, for solving the nonlinear equations of motion in a real-time substructure test using an implicit time integration algorithm. The method replaces the numerical iteration in implicit integration with a force-feedback control loop, while displacement control is retained to control the motion of an actuator. The method is formulated in such a way that it represents a unified approach that also encompasses the effective force test method. The accuracy and effectiveness of the method have been demonstrated with numerical simulations of real-time substructure tests with physical substructures represented by spring and damper elements, respectively. The method has also been validated with actual tests in which a Magnetorheological damper was used as the physical substructure. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] N -Phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione (PTAD) as a Dienophilic Dinitrogen Equivalent: A Simple Synthesis of 3-Amino-1,2,4-benzotriazines from Arylcarbodiimides,EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 4 2010Mateo Alajarin Abstract N -Arylcarbodiimides react with PTAD to provide [1,2,4]triazolo[1,2- a][1,2,4]benzotriazines by a [4+2] cycloaddition reaction. When asymmetrically substituted diarylcarbodiimides are used, the cycloaddition proceeds with total chemoselectivity because only the more electron-rich aryl nucleus is involved. This observation has been rationalized by a computational study using DFT methods that shows that, in the reaction of HTAD with arylcarbodiimides, the magnitude of the energy barriers depend on the electronic features of the substituents at the aryl nucleus; the calculations also indicate that the reaction proceeds through asynchronous states with polar characteristics. The treatment of the final cycloadducts with potassium hydroxide affords 3-aryl(alkyl)amino-1,2,4-benzotriazines. [source] Polyphenolic profile and antioxidant activity of five apple cultivars grown under organic and conventional agricultural practicesINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 6 2009Athanasios Valavanidis Summary The polyphenols and total antioxidant activities of five apple cultivars, grown by organic and conventional agricultural methods in neighbouring farms, were determined and compared. Total polyphenols in the whole fruit and in the peel were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and the total antioxidant activity was determined by three established methods, diphenyl picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), azinobis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP). Polyphenolic content for the whole fruit was in the range of 80,196 and for the peel 165,400 (mg Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE)/100 g fresh weight) for both types of agricultural practices. Antioxidant activities of fruit extracts were also relatively similar and well correlated to their polyphenolic content. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the most important polyphenolics (chlorogenic acid, catechin, epicatechin, procyanidin B1 and B2, cyaniding 3-galactoside, phloridzin, quercetin 3-galactoside and quercetin 3-arabinoside) also showed that concentrations do not differentiate significantly between the organic and conventional apples. Statistical significance of differences in antioxidant activities among the same cultivars was relatively small (flesh + peel or peel only) for both types of apples. These results indicate that organic apples do not present higher antioxidant or nutritional value compared with conventionally grown ones, as far as polyphenolic content and total antioxidant activities are concerned. [source] Moody's and S&P Ratings: Are They Equivalent?JOURNAL OF MONEY, CREDIT AND BANKING, Issue 7 2010Conservative Ratings, Split Rated Bond Yields bond ratings; bond yields; reputation capital We examine the relative impact of Moody's and S&P ratings on bond yields and find that at issuance, yields on split rated bonds with superior Moody's ratings are about 8 basis points lower than yields on split rated bonds with superior S&P ratings. This suggests that investors differentiate between the two ratings and assign more weight to the ratings from Moody's, the more conservative rating agency. Moody's becomes more conservative after 1998 and the impact of a superior Moody's rating becomes stronger. Furthermore, the differential impact of the two ratings is more pronounced for the more opaque Rule 144A issues. [source] When I Was a Child, I Thought as a Child: Corporations as Morally Equivalent to ChildrenJOURNAL OF SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY, Issue 1 2001Erik Richardson [source] Developing a methodology for assigning glycaemic index values to foods consumed across EuropeOBESITY REVIEWS, Issue 1 2010L. M. Aston Summary There is growing evidence that the glycaemic index (GI) of the diet is important with respect to body weight and metabolic disease risk. However, research is limited by the paucity of GI values for commonly consumed carbohydrate-rich foods in European countries. A new methodology has been developed for consistent assignment of GI values to foods across five European databases used in the Diogenes intervention study. GI values were assigned according to five decreasing levels of confidence (1) Measured values for specific foods; (2) Published values from published sources; (3) Equivalent values where published values for similar foods existed; (4) Estimated values assigned as one of three values representing low/medium/high GI ranges and (5) Nominal values assigned as 70, where no other value could be assigned with sufficient confidence. GI values were assigned to 5105 foods. In food records collected at baseline, the contribution to carbohydrate intake of foods assigned levels 1,2 ranged from 16% to 43% depending on country, and this increased to 53,81% including level 3 foods. The degree of confidence to assigned GI values differed across Europe. This standardized approach of assigning GI values will be made available to other researchers to facilitate further investigation into the effects of dietary GI on health. [source] On the Role of Iron and one of its Chelating Agents in the Production of Protoporphyrin IX Generated by 5-Aminolevulinic Acid and its Hexyl Ester Derivative Tested on an Epidermal Equivalent of Human SkinPHOTOCHEMISTRY & PHOTOBIOLOGY, Issue 4 2006Pascal Uehlinger ABSTRACT Photodynamic therapy (PDT) with 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) or its derivatives as precursors of protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) is routinely used in dermatology for the treatment of various pathologies. However, this methodology suffers to some extent from a limited efficacy. Therefore, the main goal of this study was to investigate the modulation and pharma-cokinetics of PPIX buildup after a 5 h incubation with ALA (1.5 mM) and one of its derivatives, the hexyl ester of ALA (h-ALA) (1.5 mM), on the human epidermal equivalent EpidexÔ. PPIX production was modulated with (L+) ascorbic acid iron (II) salt (LAI) or the iron (II)-specific chelating agent deferoxamine (DFO). PPIX fluorescence from the EpidexÔ layers was measured up to 150 h after the precursor administration using a microspectrofluorometer (,ex: 400 ± 20 nm; ,det: 635 nm). The maximum PPIX fluorescence intensity induced by h-ALA was about 1.7x larger than that induced by ALA. The addition of DFO resulted in a more than 50% increase in PPIX fluorescence for both precursors. The decay half life measured for PPIX fluorescence is 30 and 42.5 h, respectively, for ALA and h-ALA. These half lives are doubled when the samples contain DFO. In the samples with the highest fluorescence intensity, a modified fluorescence spectrum was observed after 10 h, with the emergence of a peak at 590 nm, which is attributed to zinc protoporphyrin IX (Zn PPIX). [source] Oxymetazoline is Equivalent to Ciprofloxacin in Preventing Postoperative Otorrhea or Tympanostomy Tube ObstructionTHE LARYNGOSCOPE, Issue 2 2005Veena V. Kumar MD Abstract Objective: To compare the effectiveness of ciprofloxacin and oxymetazoline solutions instilled after tympanostomy tube placement in the prevention of postoperative otorrhea and tube occlusion. Study Design: Prospective cross-sectional series. Methods: We reviewed all bilateral myringotomy and tube placement operations performed by two full-time attending pediatric otolaryngologists during a 9 month period. Data from 488 patients who underwent surgery for otitis media were collected. Demographic and clinical variables including age, sex, number of tube insertions in the past, previous adenoidectomy, type of effusion present at surgery, and type of drop prescribed postoperatively were recorded. All patients were evaluated in the office 2 to 4 weeks postoperatively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the relationship of these variables with the occurrence of otorrhea and tube patency. Odds ratios were calculated. Results: No significant differences in postoperative otorrhea or tube patency were found between ciprofloxacin (Ciloxan) and oxymetazoline solutions (Afrin, Visine LR). Conclusion: Oxymetazoline and ciprofloxacin solutions are equivalent in the prevention of postoperative otorrhea and tube occlusion after tympanostomy tube placement. The implications for medication cost and potential adverse reactions are discussed. [source] Ibuprofen Provides Analgesia Equivalent to Acetaminophen,Codeine in the Treatment of Acute Pain in Children with Extremity Injuries: A Randomized Clinical TrialACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 8 2009Janet H. Friday MD Abstract Objectives:, This study compared the analgesic effectiveness of acetaminophen,codeine with that of ibuprofen for children with acute traumatic extremity pain, with the hypothesis that the two medications would demonstrate equivalent reduction in pain scores in an emergency department (ED) setting. Methods:, This was a randomized, double-blinded equivalence trial. Pediatric ED patients 5 to 17 years of age with acute traumatic extremity pain received acetaminophen,codeine (1 mg/kg as codeine, maximum 60 mg) or ibuprofen (10 mg/kg, maximum 400 mg). The patients provided Color Analog Scale (CAS) pain scores at baseline and at 20, 40, and 60 minutes after medication administration. The primary outcome measured was the difference in changes in pain score at 40 minutes, compared to a previously described minimal clinically significant change in pain score of 2 cm. The difference was defined as (change in ibuprofen CAS score from baseline) , (change in acetaminophen,codeine CAS score from baseline); negative values thus favor the ibuprofen group. Additional outcomes included need for rescue medication and adverse effects. Results:, The 32 acetaminophen,codeine and the 34 ibuprofen recipients in our convenience sample had indistinguishable pain scores at baseline. The intergroup differences in pain score change at 20 minutes (,0.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] = ,1.5 to 0.3), 40 minutes (,0.4, 95% CI = ,1.4 to 0.6), and 60 minutes (0.2, 95% CI = ,0.8 to 1.2) were all less than 2 cm. Adverse effects were minimal: vomiting (one patient after acetaminophen,codeine), nausea (one patient after ibuprofen), and pruritus (one after acetaminophen,codeine). The three patients in each group who received rescue medications all had radiographically demonstrated fractures or dislocations. Conclusions:, This study found similar performance of acetaminophen,codeine and ibuprofen in analgesic effectiveness among ED patients aged 5,17 years with acute traumatic extremity pain. Both drugs provided measurable analgesia. Patients tolerated them well, with few treatment failures and minimal adverse effects. [source] ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Application of a New Fluorous-Tagged Ammonia Equivalent.CHEMINFORM, Issue 32 2010Simon D. Nielsne Abstract The scope of the fluorous N,O linker is exemplified by the synthesis of itopride (XXVII). [source] ChemInform Abstract: The Chiral Auxiliary N-1-(1,-Naphthyl)ethyl-O-tert butylhydroxylamine: A Chiral Weinreb Amide Equivalent.CHEMINFORM, Issue 48 2009Alexander N. Chernega Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source] ChemInform Abstract: 2-(2,2,2-Trifluoroethylidene)-1,3-dithiane Monoxide as a Trifluoromethylketene Equivalent.CHEMINFORM, Issue 40 2009Suguru Yoshida Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source] 2-(Trimethylsilyloxy)furan as a Dianion Equivalent: A Two-Step Synthesis of Functionalized Spirocyclic Butenolides.CHEMINFORM, Issue 51 2006Nuno Maulide Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF. [source] Propargyl Bromide as an Excellent ,-Bromoacetone Equivalent: Convenient and New Route to ,-Aroylacetones.CHEMINFORM, Issue 21 2006Sakkarapalayam M. Mahalingam Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF. [source] Efficient Preparation of 2-Pyridylpyridines Using ,-N,N-Dialkylated Aminoacroleins or Their Equivalent as Vinadinium Tetrafluoroborate.CHEMINFORM, Issue 45 2005Hirokazu Kuwabara Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text. [source] A Cyclobutadiene Equivalent in the Catalytic Pauson,Khand Reaction.CHEMINFORM, Issue 6 2005Susan E. Gibson Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text. [source] Difluoromethyl Phenyl Sulfone, a Difluoromethylidene Equivalent: Use in the Synthesis of 1,1-Difluoro-1-alkenes.CHEMINFORM, Issue 4 2005G. K. Surya Prakash Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text. [source] The Preparation and Alkylation of a Butanedione-Derived Chiral Glycine Equivalent and Its Use for the Synthesis of ,-Amino Acids and ,,,-Disubstituted Amino Acids.CHEMINFORM, Issue 50 2004Christopher I. Harding Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text. [source] Divinyl Sulfide as Synthetic Equivalent of Ethenethiolate and 3-Butenethiolate Anions in Nucleophilic Substitution in Halopyridines and Haloalkanes.CHEMINFORM, Issue 26 2004S. V. Amosova No abstract is available for this article. [source] Application of the Chiral Acyl Anion Equivalent, trans-1,3-Dithiane 1,3-Dioxide, to an Asymmetric Synthesis of (R)-Salbutamol (I).CHEMINFORM, Issue 18 2003Varinder K. Aggarwal No abstract is available for this article. [source] A Chiral Acrylate Equivalent for Metal-Free Diels,Alder Reactions: endo-2-Acryloylisoborneol.CHEMINFORM, Issue 1 2003Claudio Palomo Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text. [source] ChemInform Abstract: Zr(OtBu)4 -Catalyzed Synthesis of Acetone Aldol Adducts and Domino Aldol-Tishchenko Reactions with Diacetone Alcohol as Enol Equivalent.CHEMINFORM, Issue 41 2001Christoph Schneider Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source] ChemInform Abstract: N-Boc-N-(benzotriazol-1-ylmethyl)benzylamine as a 1,1-Dipole Equivalent in Stereoselective Synthesis of 4,5-Disubstituted Imidazolidin-2-ones.CHEMINFORM, Issue 36 2001Alan R. Katritzky Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source] ChemInform Abstract: A Convenient Method for the Generation of a Disulfur Monoxide Equivalent and Its Reaction with Diazoalkanes to Yield Dithiirane 1-Oxides.CHEMINFORM, Issue 34 2001Akihiko Ishii Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source] ChemInform Abstract: 7,7-Dimethyl-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.3.0]oct-3-en-2-one as a Synthetic Equivalent of Ketodicyclopentadiene: A New Route to (-)-Physostigmine, (-)-Physovenine, and (-)-Aphanorphine.CHEMINFORM, Issue 22 2001Keigo Tanaka Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source] A Facile Synthetic Method for the Preparation of s,-Symmetric (1, 2:4, 5)-Diepoxypentane Equivalent,CHINESE JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY, Issue 7 2003Biao Jiang Abstract Optically active s,-symmetric (1, 2:4, 5)-diepoxypentane equivalent (10) has been synthesized in eight steps with moderate yields and diastereomeric excess by using Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation (AD reaction). Compound 10 can be used to prepare syn 1,3-diol subunit in natural product. [source] Synthesis of Polyfluorinated Nitrogen-Containing Heterocycles from Hemifluorinated Enones or Organofluorosilicon Building Blocks as Synthetic EquivalentsEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 7 2004Frédéric Chanteau Abstract A series of polyfluorinated heterocycles has been prepared by heterocyclisation of hemifluorinated enones or organofluorosilicon synthetic equivalents with different bis(nucleophiles). These polyfluorinated building blocks were obtained by treatment of acylsilanes with perfluoro organometallic reagents. The method is general and has been applied to aliphatic, aromatic and carbohydrate derivatives, to give oxazolidines, imidazolidines, benzodia- and -thiazepines, quinolines and pyrimidines bearing both a fluorine atom and a perfluoroalkyl group in vicinal positions. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004) [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||