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Epidemiological Trends (epidemiological + trend)
Selected AbstractsPrevalence rates of spondylolysis in British skeletal populationsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OSTEOARCHAEOLOGY, Issue 3 2005L. Fibiger Abstract As an activity-related pathological lesion, spondylolysis and its prevalence rates are indicative of relative diachronic activity levels in different populations. In this paper we document the prevalence of spondylolytic defects in a series of time-successive populations with special reference to the recording methods employed, and compare the findings with modern clinical studies. We identify epidemiological trends in expression of the condition through 1500 years in a series of skeletonised human remains from England. This includes a 5th,6th-century settlement, a 15th-century mass grave, a 14th to 17th-century rural parish, a medieval Dominican friary, a medieval leper hospital and an 18th to 19th-century crypt collection. These skeletal populations sample human groups experiencing considerable social change from an agrarian, non-centralised early medieval period through the development of the medieval state to the earliest phases of industrialisation in England. A detailed study of all lumbar vertebrae in one of the assemblages highlights discrepancies between clinical prevalence rates for spondylolysis established through radiography, and those resulting from direct osteological analysis of the lumbar region of the vertebral column. Current prevalence rates cited in the osteological as well as the clinical literature are greatly dependent upon the recording methods employed, and the effects of several methods for osteological remains are considered in this treatment. For the populations reported on here, prevalence rates vary from considerably less than 1% to as much as 12%, depending on the method selected. A standardised recording method for spondylolytic lesions is suggested to facilitate accurate prevalence reporting and comparison of activity levels between different populations. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Burden of stroke in ChinaINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF STROKE, Issue 3 2007Yi Long Wang Stroke is second leading cause of death in China, however, there are very few data available in the English literature to reflect the burden. We summarize the current epidemiological trends and estimate of the burden of stroke in recent reports available in Chinese. [source] Trends and Outcomes in the Hospitalization of Older Americans for Cardiac Conduction Disorders or Arrhythmias, 1991,1998JOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 6 2001William B. Baine MD OBJECTIVE: To identify epidemiological trends and measure outcomes in elderly patients hospitalized for cardiac conduction disorders or arrhythmias. DESIGN: Review of the standard 5% samples of the Medicare Provider Analysis and Review Files to characterize 144,512 discharges from 1991 through 1998 in which the principal diagnosis was a conduction disorder or arrhythmia, using the corresponding Enrollment Databases for denominator data. SETTING: Short-stay hospitals in the United States. PARTICIPANTS: Medicare beneficiaries age 65 and older in the standard 5% sample. MEASUREMENTS: Diagnosis-specific trends and rates; discharges by year; cumulative age-, race-, and sex-specific discharge rates; mean length of stay in hospital and in intensive care; mean Medicare reimbursement to the hospital; case-fatality rate in hospital; discharge destinations of patients discharged alive. RESULTS: Annual hospitalizations for sinoatrial node dysfunction, atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, or ventricular fibrillation increased more rapidly than did the elderly Medicare beneficiary population. Hospitalizations with a principal diagnosis of ventricular extrasystoles or asystole showed steep secular declines. Discharge rates for sinoatrial node dysfunction, a group of rhythms with a nonsinus pacemaker, atrial fibrillation, Mobitz I, or complete atrioventricular block all increased steeply and continuously with patient age. In contrast, discharge rates for atrial flutter or ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation peaked among 75- to 84-year-old patients. White men were at uniquely high risk of hospitalization for atrial flutter or ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation, and, among the white majority, men had higher discharge rates than women for nine of the 11 commonest rubrics. Whites, particularly white women, had the highest discharge rates for atrial fibrillation. Blacks, especially black women, were at disproportionate risk for hospitalization for the group of nonsinus pacemaker rhythms. Diagnosis-specific mean resource costs were strongly correlated with each other and with mean Medicare reimbursement but not with case-fatality rate. CONCLUSION: Medicare claims data demonstrated striking differences among and within diagnoses of heart blocks or arrhythmias in terms of the populations at greatest risk for hospitalization. This variation should be explored further to generate and test hypotheses about differential causation or delivery of care. J Am Geriatr Soc 49:763,770, 2001. [source] Lip cancer in Western Australia, 1982,2006: a 25-year retrospective epidemiological studyAUSTRALIAN DENTAL JOURNAL, Issue 2 2009L Abreu Abstract Background:, The aim of this study was to report on the epidemiological trends in incidence and mortality rates of lip cancer in Western Australia from 1982,2006. Methods:, Incidence and mortality data were provided by the Western Australian Cancer Registry. Analysis of demographic distribution by gender, age, metro-rural residence and Indigenous status and by sub-site of lip cancer was undertaken. Percentages, crude, age-specific and direct age-standardized rates were computed with 95% confidence intervals. Results:, In Western Australia, lip cancer represents 49 per cent of all oral cancer cases. A total of 2152 new cases and 31 deaths due to lip cancer were reported. Eighty-one per cent of new cases occurred on the lower lip. The incidence rate ratio of males to females was 2.5-3:1, with non-Indigenous people suffering 98 per cent of lip cancer. Rural dwellers have higher standardized incidence rates when compared to people living in metropolitan areas. An increasing trend with older age is consistent throughout the study period. Conclusions:, Over the 25 years, on average 90,100 people are diagnosed with lip cancer but only 1,2 people die each year. These mortality rates are very low indeed and are the reason for its good prognosis. [source] Global perspectives of contemporary epidemiological trends of cutaneous malignant melanomaBRITISH JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 2 2004M.B. Lens Summary During the past several decades, there has been a substantial increase in the incidence of cutaneous melanoma among all caucasian populations. The number of deaths due to cutaneous malignant melanoma has also increased in most fair-skinned populations throughout the world in the past few decades. Trends in melanoma incidence worldwide are examined. The most recent data on the mortality from cutaneous melanoma are reported. The role of different environmental, genetic and host factors in the aetiology of melanoma is discussed. [source] | ||||||||||