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Enterprise
Kinds of Enterprise Terms modified by Enterprise Selected AbstractsPHILANTHROPY AND ENTERPRISE IN THE BRITISH CREDIT UNION MOVEMENTECONOMIC AFFAIRS, Issue 2 2005Paul A. Jones Through the 1990s hundreds of credit unions were established to serve indebted communities throughout Britain. These volunteer-run financial co-operatives did not meet growth expectations because of restrictive legislation, inadequate development models and well-intentioned but unproductive state intervention. British credit unions are more successful when they develop as market-oriented social enterprises able to build effective partnerships with banks, government and the private sector to serve low-income communities. [source] CONTEMPLATING "ENTERPRISE": THE BUSINESS AND LEGAL CHALLENGES OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIPAMERICAN BUSINESS LAW JOURNAL, Issue 1 2003Gail A. Lasprogata [source] SUNK COSTS OF CAPITAL AND THE FORM OF ENTERPRISE: INVESTOR-OWNED FIRMS AND WORKER-OWNED FIRMS,ANNALS OF PUBLIC AND COOPERATIVE ECONOMICS, Issue 1 2010Kazuhiko Mikami ABSTRACT,:,This paper examines implications of sunk costs of capital for efficient forms of enterprise. It is assumed that firm owners and outside traders are asymmetrically informed of venture risks, and that there are sunk costs associated with investment in physical and human capital. We then make an efficiency comparison between investor-owned and worker-owned firms. We find that the firm is efficient when it is owned by the input supplier (the investor or worker) who incurs large sunk costs. This is because such an input supplier can credibly signal to the other input supplier that he in fact has a safe project. An empirical study based on the Japanese manufacturing industry seems to support the theoretical result. [source] WELFARE, ENTERPRISE, AND ABORIGINAL COMMUNITY: THE CASE OF THE WESTERN AUSTRALIAN KIMBERLEY REGION, 1968,96AUSTRALIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW, Issue 3 2006Tony Smith Aboriginal; Australia; entrepreneurship; social policy This article traces the development of Aboriginal-controlled businesses and their ability to access land, labour, and finance in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. It investigates the influence of the development policies on Aboriginal commercial operations. Among other things, the implementation of a new policy , beginning in the early 1970s , saw the handing over by the state of large tracts of land, and the provision of labour and finance to Aboriginal interests. The article analyses the tension between land and enterprise as a welfare measure and as a means of commercial endeavour. [source] TO SERVE GOD AND WAL,MART: The Making of Christian Free Enterprise.GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW, Issue 1 2010By Bethany Moreton. No abstract is available for this article. [source] Revisiting the Micro and Small Enterprise Sector in KenyaHISTORY COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 6 2009Bessie House-Soremekun The purpose of this article is to review the state of the literature on the Micro and Small Enterprise (MSE) sector in Kenya to examine how entrepreneurs affect economic growth and development. First, it provides a brief assessment of Kenya's development prospects in the 21st century. Second, it interrogates the literature with regard to some of the theoretical and empirical studies performed on the microenterprise sector in the global south on a general level, and in Kenya, from 1970,2009. Third, it discusses the important role of women in economic development and entrepreneurship. [source] Space Internet architectures and technologies for NASA enterprisesINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING, Issue 5 2002Kul Bhasin NASA's future space communication needs and requirements will be addressed through a space communications network that mirrors the terrestrial Internet in its capabilities and flexibility. NASA's needs and requirements for future data gathering and distribution by this Space Internet have been obtained from NASA's Earth Science Enterprise (ESE), the Human Exploration and Development in Space (HEDS), and the Space Science Enterprise (SSE). To address NASA's future needs, we propose and describe an integrated communications infrastructure based on Internet technologies, the architectures within the infrastructure, and the elements that make up the architectures. The architectures meet the requirements of the enterprises beyond 2010 with Internet compatible technologies and functionality. The elements of an architecture include the backbone, access, inter-spacecraft, and proximity communication parts. From the architectures, technologies have been identified which have the most impact and are critical for the implementation of the architectures. Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] A firm level analysis of trade, technology and employment in South AfricaJOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, Issue 1 2004Lawrence Edwards This paper uses two firm level surveys, the National Enterprise (NE) survey and the Greater Johannesburg Metropolitan Area (GJMA) survey, to explore the implications of globalization for employment in South Africa. These relationships are explored using cross-tabulations and estimated labour demand functions. The paper finds that rising import penetration negatively affected employment in large firms, but not small firms. Relatively large declines in employment also occurred within export firms, despite improvements in export competitiveness and export growth through trade liberalization. Finally, the study finds that skill-biased and trade-induced technological change, as reflected in increased use of computers, foreign investment and the importation of raw material inputs, have raised the skill intensity of production. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Revisiting the Emergence of the Modern Business Enterprise: Entrepreneurship and the Singer Global Distribution SystemJOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, Issue 7 2007Mark Casson abstract This paper approaches the question of why entrepreneurial firms exist from a broad business historical perspective. It observes that the original development of the modern business enterprise was very strongly associated with entrepreneurial innovation rather than an extension of managerial routine. The widely-used theory of the entrepreneur as a specialist in judgmental decision making is applied to the particular point in time when entrepreneurs had to develop novel organizational designs in what Chandler described as the prelude to the ,managerial revolution'. The paper illustrates how the theory of entrepreneurship then best explains the rise of the modern corporation by focusing on the case study of vertical integration par excellence, Singer. [source] Women's Patronage-Seeking as Familial Enterprise: Aemilia Lanyer, Esther Inglis, and Mary Wroth1LITERATURE COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 2 2007Theresa D. Kemp Taking Aemilia Lanyer, Esther Inglis, and Mary Wroth as its primary examples, this article looks at how early modern women writers in Britain used the literary patronage system to promote not only personal ambitions but familial ones as well. [source] Tom Morawetz's "Robust Enterprise": Jurisprudence after WittgensteinPHILOSOPHICAL INVESTIGATIONS, Issue 2 2006Thomas D. Eisele I examine one theme within Tom Morawetz's complex jurisprudential work (stemming from Wittgenstein): the concept of a practice. After considering this theme in some detail, I then sketch a different jurisprudential approach that still proceeds within the inspiration of Wittgenstein's later philosophy. Here, I summarise Stanley Cavell's elaborate recounting of Wittgenstein's twin concepts, "criteria" and "grammar." In a third and final section, I employ this alternative method to provide a brief example of how a Wittgensteinian approach might be made towards explicating and understanding Holmes' classic claim regarding the need in jurisprudence to separate legal and moral concepts. [source] Local Policy Responses to Globalization: Place-Based Ownership Models of Economic EnterprisePOLICY STUDIES JOURNAL, Issue 1 2003David L. Imbroscio The destabilizing forces wrought by economic globalization increasingly buffet local communities throughout America. This article explores a local policy strategy for coping with the effects of these forces and restoring some degree of stability to local economies. This strategy entails the creation of place-based ownership models of economic enterprise. With ownership and control held in a more collective or community-oriented fashion, such enterprises tend to anchor or root investment more securely in communities, providing a counterforce to globalization. We present and critically assess six place-based ownership models while providing illustrative examples to demonstrate how each model can work in practice. [source] Charity, Philanthropy, Public Service, or Enterprise: What Are the Big Questions of Nonprofit Management Today?PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW, Issue 3 2007Roger A. Lohmann "Nonprofit sector" issues, both in public discourse and pedagogy, are too narrowly cast as problems confronting public-serving nonprofits and grant-making foundations. Consisting also of membership organizations, educational institutions, and political pressure groups, the sector constitutes a major force in society which, in its interactive entirety, might better be termed a "social economy." This social economy both influences and is shaped by public administration, and it is now very much under public scrutiny. The author raises seminal questions that challenge the mission, management, and resources of this critical sector of society. [source] Women and the Historical Enterprise in America: Gender, Race, and the Politics of Memory, 1880,1945THE JOURNAL OF AMERICAN CULTURE, Issue 3 2004Lynnea Magnuson No abstract is available for this article. [source] The Welfare and Political Economy Dimensions of Private versus State EnterpriseTHE MANCHESTER SCHOOL, Issue 2 2002Paul Cook We revisit the theoretical debate concerning the merits of privatization by decomposing the welfare effect of transferring an enterprise from public to private ownership. A range of effects is considered including overproduction, subsidy valuation, redistribution, ownership and regulatory effects. The potential gains/losses from privatization are examined by considering the initial conditions facing enterprises under public ownership (whether technically and/or economically efficient) and a range of post-privatization market structures (whether monopoly, oligopoly or Walrasian). [source] In the Wake of ,Good Governance': Impact Assessments and the Politicisation of Statutory InterpretationTHE MODERN LAW REVIEW, Issue 3 2008Roderick Munday For some time ,regulatory reform' has been a government watchword, and the streamlining and improved quality of regulation its professed ambition. Impact assessments (formerly known as regulatory impact assessments) are a significant ingredient in these governmental initiatives, now promoted by the newly created Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform. Just as they have come to refer rather freely to the Explanatory Notes that now accompany all public Acts of Parliament, judges have also begun to invoke impact assessments when construing legislation. This paper investigates the extent of this practice and the manner in which judges employ impact assessments. It warns of the potential consequences if the judiciary avails itself too readily of these highly politicised, and sometimes deceptive, documents. ,The aim of good prose words is to mean what they say.' G. K. Chesterton, Daily News 22 April 1905 [source] Work on the Edge: Enterprise and Employment between City and CountrysideANTHROPOLOGY OF WORK REVIEW, Issue 3-4 2002Robyn Eversole An interest in the microenterprise finance movement's proposals to increase income and employment in poor local economies led to this study of a Latin American barrio marginal in miniature. The article explores the main income-generating activities of Upper Barrio Japón residents and their adult children, and their use of the plentiful microenterprise finance services on offer in the city of Sucre, Bolivia. The article concludes that microenterprise, often at very small scale, is an important economic strategy for many local residents, but that casual labour and long-distance migration is often more important for young people. Local microenterprises cross urban, suburban and rural markets, but tend to focus on small scale activity: rustic production and retail commerce. Children study, but are entering a very circumscribed range of occupations, with little representation in the professions or skilled trades. Finally, local people use microenterprise finance services, but only sparingly; the ingredients for economic transformation would appear to be elsewhere. [source] "Corporation, Self, and Enterprise at the Saturn Automobile Plant"ANTHROPOLOGY OF WORK REVIEW, Issue 4 2001Sharryn Kasmir First page of article [source] The Effectiveness of Incomes Policies, in Australia Bargaining and Inflation Targetting EnterpriseAUSTRALIAN ECONOMIC PAPERS, Issue 1 2004Jenny N. Lye This paper updates earlier estimates that show the existence of a range of equilibrium rates of unemployment in Australia. Within the range of equilibria framework, the paper goes on to test the effectiveness of incomes policies, enterprise bargaining and inflation-target based monetary policy for influencing the rate of inflation in Australia in the period 1965 to 2001. Incomes policies, especially the Accord, and enterprise bargaining are shown to have caused permanent reductions in the rate of inflation. The inflation-target based monetary policy is shown to be associated with, but is not shown to have caused, a reduced impact on inflation of changes in the level of activity. [source] Enterprise networking for the new millenniumBELL LABS TECHNICAL JOURNAL, Issue 1 2000Argyrios C. Milonas The two anniversaries we are celebrating,the turn of the year 2000 and the 75th anniversary of Bell Labs,are a good time to take stock of where we have been and where we are going with regard to enterprise networking. This paper begins with a brief retrospective. It then outlines the business imperatives and technology innovations that will define the future, paints a picture of the landscapes we are creating upon this canvas, describes how businesses can prepare for their unique journey towards this future, and summarizes the down payments we have made to secure our vision. [source] Welfarism Versus ,Free Enterprise': Considerations Of Power And Justice In The Philippine Healthcare SystemBIOETHICS, Issue 5-6 2003Peter A. Sy ABSTRACT The just distribution of benefits and burdens of healthcare, at least in the contemporary Philippine context, is an issue that gravitates towards two opposing doctrines of welfarism and ,free enterprise.' Supported largely by popular opinion, welfarism maintains that social welfare and healthcare are primarily the responsibility of the government. Free enterprise (FE) doctrine, on the other hand, maintains that social welfare is basically a market function and that healthcare should be a private industry that operates under competitive conditions with minimal government control. I will examine the ethical implications of these two doctrines as they inform healthcare programmes by business and government, namely: (a) the Devolution of Health Services and (b) the Philippine Health Maintenance Organization (HMO). I will argue that these doctrines and the health programmes they inform are deficient in following respects: (1) equitable access to healthcare, (2) individual needs for premium healthcare, (3) optimal utilisation of health resources, and (4) the equitable assignment of burdens that healthcare entails. These respects, as considerations of justice, are consistent with an operational definition of ,power' proposed here as ,access to and control of resources.' [source] Cyclotron: a secure, isolated, virtual cycle-scavenging grid in the enterpriseCONCURRENCY AND COMPUTATION: PRACTICE & EXPERIENCE, Issue 3 2010Kevin Kane Abstract Cycle-scavenging grids appeal to organizations with large numbers of workstations that remain idle outside of normal working hours. This represents a potential source of grid computing cycles, but the security and isolation issues that come with the use of non-dedicated resources have slowed their adoption in the enterprise. In this paper we present Cyclotron, a prototype cycle-scavenging grid solution that leverages virtualization and a declarative security policy-based access control infrastructure, supporting flexible authorization rules and the constrained delegation of access rights, to address these requirements. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Features of the Java Commodity Grid KitCONCURRENCY AND COMPUTATION: PRACTICE & EXPERIENCE, Issue 13-15 2002Gregor von Laszewski Abstract In this paper we report on the features of the Java Commodity Grid Kit (Java CoG Kit). The Java CoG Kit provides middleware for accessing Grid functionality from the Java framework. Java CoG Kit middleware is general enough to design a variety of advanced Grid applications with quite different user requirements. Access to the Grid is established via Globus Toolkit protocols, allowing the Java CoG Kit to also communicate with the services distributed as part of the C Globus Toolkit reference implementation. Thus, the Java CoG Kit provides Grid developers with the ability to utilize the Grid, as well as numerous additional libraries and frameworks developed by the Java community to enable network, Internet, enterprise and peer-to-peer computing. A variety of projects have successfully used the client libraries of the Java CoG Kit to access Grids driven by the C Globus Toolkit software. In this paper we also report on the efforts to develop serverside Java CoG Kit components. As part of this research we have implemented a prototype pure Java resource management system that enables one to run Grid jobs on platforms on which a Java virtual machine is supported, including Windows NT machines. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Outcome of Pulmonary Valve Replacements in Adults after Tetralogy Repair: A Multi-institutional StudyCONGENITAL HEART DISEASE, Issue 3 2008Thomas P. Graham Jr. MD ABSTRACT Objective., The purpose of this study was to assess the outcome of pulmonary valve replacement (PVR) in adults with moderate/severe pulmonary regurgitation after tetralogy repair, with particular emphasis on patient outcome, durability of valve repair, and improvement in symptomatology. Design/Setting/Patients., The project committee of the International Society of Congenital Heart Disease undertook a retrospective multi-institutional analysis of PVR. Seven centers participated in submitting data on 93 patients >18 years of age who had the operation performed and follow-up obtained. The average age of PVR was 26± years (median 27 years). Time of follow-up after replacement was 3 years (range 4 days,28 years). Outcomes/Measures/Results., Kaplan,Meier estimates of durability of PVR showed approximately 50% replacement at 11 years. There were two deaths at 6 and 12 months after valve replacement. Right ventricular (RV) size estimated by echocardiography from pre- to postoperative studies decreased in 81% (P < 0.001 testing for equal proportions), but RV systolic function increased in only 36% (P = 0.09). Ability index improved in 59% (P < 0.001) and clinical heart failure status improved in 57% with this problem before PVR. PVR did not improve arrhythmia status in a small group of patients. Conclusions., PVR is associated with low mortality, decrease in RV size and improvement in ability index, and uncertain effects on RV systolic function. Average valve durability was approximately 11 years. Criteria for PVR that will preserve RV function are not clearly identified, and management of these patients remains a difficult enterprise. [source] Redesigning Corporate Governance Structures and Systems for the Twenty First CenturyCORPORATE GOVERNANCE, Issue 3 2001Robert A.G. Monks How a corporation is governed has become in recent years an increasingly important element in how it is valued by the market place. McKinsey & Company in June 2000 published the results of an Investor Opinion Survey of attitudes about the corporate governance of portfolio companies. The survey gathered responses about investment intentions from over 200 institutions who together manage approximately $3.25 trillion in assets. Ranging from 17 per cent in the US and Britain to over 27 per cent in Venezuela, investors placed a specific premium on what was called "Board Governance". To put this into perspective, consider how greatly sales would have to increase, expenses be cut and margins improved to achieve a comparable impact on value. "For purposes of the survey, a well governed company is defined as having a majority of outside directors on the board with no management ties; holding formal evaluations of directors; and being responsive to investor requests for information on governance issues. In addition, directors hold significant stockholdings in the company, and a large proportion of directors' pay is in the form of stock options." This correlation of governance with market value by one of the most respected consulting companies in the world creates the foundations of a new language for management accountability. McKinsey has great credibility as a value-adding advisor to corporate managements. Governance is not a cause or a theology for McKinsey; it is an important element in the value of an enterprise. By getting the opinion of what we call Global Investors with portfolios of holdings on every continent, McKinsey has importantly impacted the cost of capital for all corporations henceforth. Admittedly, McKinsey's criteria of "board governance" are blunt. "Every organization attempting to accomplish something has to ask and answer the following question," writes Harvard Business School professor Michael C. Jensen in the introduction to his recent working paper: "What are we trying to accomplish? Or, put even more simply: When all is said and done, how do we measure better versus worse? Even more simply: How do we keep score... . I say long-term market value to recognize that it is possible for markets not to know the full implications of a firm's policies until they begin to show up.... Value creation does not mean succumbing to the vagaries of the movements in a firm's values from day to day. The market is inevitably ignorant of many of our actions and opportunities, at least in the short run...". Surprisingly little attention is paid to what we all intuitively know, that talented people are not entirely motivated by financial compensation. Directors therefore must pay special attention to creating an appropriate environment for stimulating optimum management performance. [source] PHYSICAL TRAINING, ETHICAL DISCIPLINE, AND CREATIVE VIOLENCE: Zones of Self-Mastery in the Hindu Nationalist MovementCULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 1 2010ARAFAAT A. VALIANI ABSTRACT This essay advances understanding of how projects of self-mastery within neighborhood physical training programs associated with the Hindu Nationalist Movement produce subjects that are simultaneously ethically oriented and creatively violent. Such an analysis is contrasted with the conventional view that Hindu Nationalist volunteers are mere objects who blindly conform to a nationalist ideology or religious norms. Drawing on the author's participant observation of physical conditioning within the movement, the essay illustrates how combat training depends on an analytical sensibility by which techniques of drill are simultaneously learned and innovated by volunteers in a disciplinary zone of self-experimentation. Within such a zone, volunteers modify drill routines, enriching and refining them on an everyday basis. Thus, the evolution of physical techniques transforms training into an unfolding enterprise that is continually oriented toward attaining physical and moral self-mastery through the probing of bodily exercises. The essay underscores the social significance of such forms of physical self-exploration, in which movement volunteers understand the iterative probing of physical practice as driven by a resolve that deepens the volunteer's moral fortitude. The essay illuminates how a set of physical and moral processes are intertwined, processes through which militant subjects are culturally formed and routines of violence are sustained as a social and ethical practice. Physical training is connected to anti-Muslim pogroms in postcolonial Gujarat demonstrating how the evolving nature of physical training shapes, prolongs, and enables the improvisation of tactics of ethnic cleansing. [source] Branch-and-Price Methods for Prescribing Profitable Upgrades of High-Technology Products with Stochastic Demands*DECISION SCIENCES, Issue 1 2004Purushothaman Damodaran ABSTRACT This paper develops a model that can be used as a decision support aid, helping manufacturers make profitable decisions in upgrading the features of a family of high-technology products over its life cycle. The model integrates various organizations in the enterprise: product design, marketing, manufacturing, production planning, and supply chain management. Customer demand is assumed random and this uncertainty is addressed using scenario analysis. A branch-and-price (B&P) solution approach is devised to optimize the stochastic problem effectively. Sets of random instances are generated to evaluate the effectiveness of our solution approach in comparison with that of commercial software on the basis of run time. Computational results indicate that our approach outperforms commercial software on all of our test problems and is capable of solving practical problems in reasonable run time. We present several examples to demonstrate how managers can use our models to answer "what if" questions. [source] Effects of maternal style on infant behavior in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOBIOLOGY, Issue 4 2002Massimo Bardi Abstract We assessed the association of maternal style and infant behavior of group-living Japanese macaques during the first year of infant development. We tested the hypothesis that different mothering styles were correlated with the behavioral repertoire of infants at three different developmental stages. We expected that infants of rejecting mothers would show a higher level of enterprise and that infants of protective mothers would be less interested in the external environment. We found evidence that maternal style affects infant behavior during the early developmental phase, but this influence becomes smaller as the infant grows older and approaches complete independence. Maternal protectiveness appears to have long-lasting effects on infant exploration as infants of protective mothers tended to be less attracted by the external environment. On the other hand, mater- nal rejection appears to have long-lasting effects on infant interaction with other group members as more rejected infants tended to initiate a significantly higher number of contacts with other juveniles and adults. These results suggest that both maternal rejection and maternal protectiveness play an important role in the independence of the offspring, in opposite directions. That is, rejection promotes independence whereas protectiveness delays it. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 41: 364,372, 2002. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/dev.10065 [source] Association of the metabolic syndrome with depression and anxiety in Japanese men: A 1-year cohort studyDIABETES/METABOLISM: RESEARCH AND REVIEWS, Issue 8 2009Takeaki Takeuchi Abstract Background Recent studies on the association between the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and depression have reported conflicting findings. This 1-year cohort study aims to evaluate the association of MetS with the development of both depression and anxiety. Methods The cohort comprised 956 Japanese male employees of an enterprise (mean age, 42.7 years; SD, 10.2 years). MetS was diagnosed according to the International Diabetes Federation criteria. The psychological conditions of depression and anxiety were assessed in 2 successive years by using the profile of mood states (POMS) questionnaire and by conducting clinical interviews as per the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). We evaluated the temporal and dose-response relationships between MetS and the development of depression and anxiety, controlling for potential confounding factors like age and lifestyle-related factors. Results We identified a positive relationship between MetS at baseline and new-onset depression in the subsequent year (OR 2.14, 95% CI 1.10,4.17). Of the five MetS components examined, only waist circumference was significantly related to new-onset depression (OR 2.08, 1.23,3.50). Trend analysis revealed a significant positive trend of association between the number of MetS components identified and new-onset depression (Ptrend < 0.01), but not between Mets and new-onset anxiety. Conclusions Our results suggest that MetS is a predictive factor for the development of depression, and that waist circumference largely contributes to the association between MetS and depression. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] EARLY ISLAMIC CHARITIES AS CATALYSTS OF INSTITUTIONAL INNOVATIONECONOMIC AFFAIRS, Issue 3 2010Benedikt Koehler Islamic societies may appear unsuitable catalysts for fostering individual enterprise and institutional innovation. This view is challenged by examination of the evolution of charities in early Islam, the so-called waqf. Mohammed's prescription of providing alms engendered an extensive and varied range of charitable institutions. One example is the creation of Islam's earliest centres of higher learning, madrasahs. Key concepts of Common Law, such as trusts, may have copied Islamic legal concepts; the constitutions of the earliest colleges of Oxford and Cambridge universities replicated the design of charitable madrasahs. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||