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Encounters
Kinds of Encounters Terms modified by Encounters Selected AbstractsTHE ENCOUNTER BETWEEN FAITHS AND AN ,AESTHETIC ATTITUDE'THE HEYTHROP JOURNAL, Issue 1 2007DAVID CHEETHAM This paper contains a discussion of the idea of using what could loosely be called an ,aesthetic attitude' (stemming largely from Kantian notions of disinterest and explicitly articulated by such writers in the 20th century as Edward Bullough and Jerome Stolnitz) in the context of the encounter between religions. The ,problem' that is addressed is formulated as an attempt to find a space in which the participation of those with committed faith positions (e.g. conservative evangelicals) in sympathetic and empathetic meeting with other faiths can be facilitated. To this end, the paper is critical of the use of spirituality (or inter-spirituality) as an oft-suggested mode by which religions meet and ,converse' in depth-encounters. That is, it is argued that the language of inter-spirituality that is employed by some interfaith writers often betrays liberal assumptions that are unsettling for more committed religious persons. Thus, it is suggested that by changing the language of encounter from ,inter-spirituality' to a more aesthetic (or playful) mode of discourse, one is creating a different, but nonetheless experientially recognisable, space of empathetic meeting and encounter that might be deemed ,safer'. [source] TRANSFERENCE, COUNTERTRANSFERENCE, SOCIETY AND CULTURE: BEFORE AND DURING THE FIRST ENCOUNTERBRITISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOTHERAPY, Issue 4 2001Antonio Suman ABSTRACT Our contribution focuses on the first encounter with the patient and on the social and cultural context in which it takes place; we believe that psycho-therapy begins with the very first encounter, whether or not it leads to a therapeutic relationship. Before the first encounter, the patient produces conscious and unconcious fantasies, sometimes even dreams, about the therapy, the therapist and the encounter itself; these fantasies constitute a sort of preformed, cultural transference. Besides the preformed transference, an actual transference relationship begins to develop, becoming activated in the patient by contact with the real person of the therapist, and in the therapist by contact with the real person of the patient, blending with the culturally preformed transference. This primitive transference can rapidly determine the outcome of the first encounter as well as of the actual project of entering therapy. [source] COALESCENCE VERSUS COMPETITION: FIELD AND LABORATORY STUDIES OF INTRA- AND INTERSPECIFIC ENCOUNTERS AMONG COALESCING SEAWEEDSJOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, Issue 2000B. Santelices Classical ecological theory predicts that whenever growing individuals share a common and limiting resource, such as substratum in mid-intertidal and shallow subtidal habitats, preemptive competition will occur determining species abundance and distribution patterns. However, conspecificity of several ecologically dominant Rhodophyta may coalesce when grown in laboratory cultures. The extent at which intraspecific coalescence occurs in the field and whether the process may also happens during interspecific encounters remain to be determined. If intra- and interspecific coalescence effectively occurs, then coexistence through coalescence rises as an alternative to competition among red-algal dominated intertidal and shallow subtidal communities. Populations of Mazzaella laminarioides and Nothogenia fastigiata living in mid-intertidal, semi-exposed rocky habitats in Central Chile are being used to test the above ideas. Intra- and interspecific encounters occur in the field throughout the year. Coalescence does occur among conspecific partners but it has not been detected in interspecific encounters. Rather, a thick interface of compressed cells, necrotic tissues and cyanobacterial nodules is formed between the two contacting partners. In addition, observations of laboratory cultures indicate that spore germination, germling survival and differentiation of erect axes in bispecific cultures may be reduced when compared to single-species controls. Interspecific differences in growth and differentiation rates appear as the mechanisms explaining a lack of coalescence and negative effects during interspecific contacts. On the other hand, the existence of conspecific coalescence in the field suggests this process should be considered as a real alternative to intraspecific competition among coalescing Rhodophyta. [source] Scripture, Reason and the Contemporary Islam-West Encounter: Studying the ,Other', Understanding the ,Self', Edited by Basit Bilal Koshul and Steven KepnesCONVERSATIONS IN RELIGION & THEOLOGY, Issue 2 2009Rachel Muers First page of article [source] Agricultural Development NGOs, Anthropology, and the Encounter with Cultural KnowledgeCULTURE, AGRICULTURE, FOOD & ENVIRONMENT, Issue 1 2005Chris J. Shepard First page of article [source] Spaces of Encounter: Public Bureaucracy and the Making of Client IdentitiesETHOS, Issue 3 2010Lauren J. Silver I emphasize the material deficits, spatial barriers, and bureaucratic procedures that restrict the storylines clients and officials use to make sense of one another. This article is drawn from a two-year ethnographic study with African American young mothers (ages 16,20) under the custody of the child welfare system. I focus here on the experiences of one young mother and explore several scenarios in her struggle to obtain public housing. I argue that service deficits can be explained not by the commonly articulated narratives of client "shortcomings" but, rather, by the nature of the organizational and material conditions guiding exchanges between public service gatekeepers and young mothers. I suggest that this work advances narrative approaches to psychological anthropology by attending to the roles of social and material boundaries in framing the stories people can tell each other. [identity, adolescent mothers, public bureaucracy, service negotiation, narrative] [source] Clinton's Encounter with the Separation of Powers: ,United' and ,Divided' GridlockGOVERNMENT AND OPPOSITION, Issue 2 2001Colin Campbell First page of article [source] Racial Disparities in Care: Looking Beyond the Clinical EncounterHEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH, Issue 6p1 2005Mary L. Fennell First page of article [source] An English Gentleman's Encounter with Islamic Architecture: Henry Swinburne's Travels through Spain (1779)JOURNAL FOR EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY STUDIES, Issue 2 2005KATHRYN MOORE HELENIAK First page of article [source] Caring for abused women: impact on nurses' professional and personal life experiencesJOURNAL OF ADVANCED NURSING, Issue 8 2009Hadass Goldblatt Abstract Title.,Caring for abused women: impact on nurses' professional and personal lifeexperiences. Aim., This article is a report of a study of the impact of caring for abused women on nurses' professional and personal life experiences. Background., Encountering abused women can have emotional, cognitive and behavioural influences on nurses, known as vicarious traumatization. They may feel incompetent to deal with such an overwhelming problem and may avoid screening survivors of abuse. Thus, nurses treating these survivors need to be aware of their attitudes, emotions and differential responses during these interactions. Method., A phenomenological study was carried out in 2005 in Israel. The data were collected using in-depth, interviews with 22 female Israeli nurses in hospitals and community healthcare clinics. Findings., Data analysis revealed one main theme, ,Struggling on work and home fronts', based on two subthemes: ,Encounter with domestic violence: a challenge to nurses' professional role perception' and ,Between work and home'. Nurses experience perplexity regarding abused women and their professional care. Encounters with these women challenge nurses' personal and professional attitudes, as well as influencing their personal lives (intimate relationships, parenthood and gender attitudes). These encounters induce empathy and compassion, but also anger and criticism towards abused women, creating emotional labour for the nurses. Conclusion., The dissonance between personal values, attitudes and emotions and the desirable professional intervention procedures might impede nurses' performance in caring for abused women. Implementing training programmes for screening and intervening with abused women might reduce the emotional labour required, enhance nurses' responses to domestic violence, and enable personal growth. [source] Corticosteroids and Fractures: A Close Encounter of the Third Cell KindJOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH, Issue 6 2000Ph.D., Stavros C. Manolagas M.D. First page of article [source] Striving for "The Whole Duty of Man": James Legge and the Scottish Protestant Encounter with China , Lauren F. PfisterJOURNAL OF CHINESE PHILOSOPHY, Issue 3 2006Tze-ki Hon [source] An Unusual Encounter of a "Cobra" in the Heart: Rare Appearance of an Amplatzer Septal OccluderJOURNAL OF INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOLOGY, Issue 2 2001F.R.C.P.E., M.M.E.D., WILLIAM C. L. YIP M.B.B.S. This article presents the unusual appearance of a "cobra"due to "acute bending"of the proximal part and partial opening of the distal part of the left atrial disk of an Amplatzer Septal Occluder during the process of transcatheter closure of a secundum atrial septal defect in a 6-year-old boy. The possible reasons and method to overcome this technical problem, which resulted in successful occlusion of the atrial septal defect, are discussed. (J Interven Cardiol 2001;14:215,218) [source] "Actually, I Don't Feel That Bad": Managing Diabetes and the Clinical EncounterMEDICAL ANTHROPOLOGY QUARTERLY, Issue 1 2000Steve Ferzacca A major issue for persons treating and managing adult-onset diabetes (NIDDM) is the "problem of compliance." I consider the clinical encounter in the overall context of diabetes management as a punctuated experience focused on the cultivation of an ideal self whose "technologies" and "ethics of self-care" mimic a capitalist logic that links self-discipline, productivity, and health. Both clinicians and their patients share and identify with many of the cultural referents and social values that circulate through medical advice and practice. However, using individual examples, I show how this shared logic can produce idiosyncratic regimes of self-care and clinical practice that result in hybrid medical practices incorporating differing objectives and emphases concerned with a tolerable present or an ideal future. Rather than organizing principles for research and medical practice, I suggest that medical compliance and noncompliance should be considered part of the rhetoric to be explained within the regimes of a pursuit of health. [NIDDM, the clinical encounter, cultivations of self, hybridity] [source] Paths to the Triune God: An Encounter between Aquinas and Recent Theologies , By Anselm K. MinMODERN THEOLOGY, Issue 2 2007Matthew Levering First page of article [source] Encounter with the Plumed Serpent: Drama and Power in the Heart of MesoamericaAMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST, Issue 1 2009STACIE M. KING No abstract is available for this article. [source] Both Sides of the Collecting Encounter: The George W. Harley Collection at the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard UniversityMUSEUM ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 1 2009Monni Adams Abstract The Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology holds a large collection of wooden facemasks from the Dan and Mano peoples of Northeast Liberia. Made for ritual use, most of these masks were sold in the 1930s to George W. Harley, a medical missionary who worked in the region. This article explores Harley's training, methods, and motives, and the socio-political conditions under which he collected. Beginning with the notes that Harley provided on the reasons that owners gave for selling their masks, I examine the collection itself for clues to the choices made on the other side of the collecting encounter. [source] Modern China Emerged Before Its Encounter with the WestNEW PERSPECTIVES QUARTERLY, Issue 4 2008WANG HUI In the minds of its leaders and intellectuals, China is more than just another successful emerging economy and a rising regional power. For them, what is going on today might be considered a renaissance that will bring a neo-Confucian sensibility to a post-American world. In this section NPQ editor Nathan Gardels reports on his recent visit to Shanghai. Wang Hui, China's leading new left intellectual and author of The Rise of Modem Chinese Thought, offers his, views on subjects ranging from modernity to Tibet. [source] Relationship of work injury severity to family member hospitalizationAMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE, Issue 5 2010Abay G. Asfaw PhD Abstract Background Working while under stress due to a family health event may result in injuries of greater severity. Work leave might mitigate such consequences. Data and Methods Workers' compensation data for 33,817 injured workers and inpatient medical data for 76,077 members of their families were extracted from the 2002,2005 Thomson Reuters Medstat MarketScan Health and Productivity Management (HPM) and Commercial Claims and Encounter (CCE) datasets. Using a probit model, the impact of family hospitalization on the probability that a subsequent injury would be severe (above average indemnity costs) was estimated, adjusting for age, sex, hourly versus salaried status, industry sector, state, and family size. Results Family hospitalization within 15 days before injury increased the likelihood that the injury would be severe (from 12.5% to 21.5%) and was associated with 40% higher indemnity costs and 50% higher medical costs. Hospitalizations over 30 days before injury had no impact. Conclusion The observed higher severity of work injuries following family hospitalizations suggests additional analyses may find higher injury rates as well, and that timely family leaves might help prevent severe workplace injuries. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53:506,513, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Jewish Cult and Hellenistic Culture: Essays on the Jewish Encounter with Hellenism and Roman Rule , By John J. CollinsRELIGIOUS STUDIES REVIEW, Issue 2 2007Fred W. Burnett No abstract is available for this article. [source] Politicizing Aboriginal Cultural Tourism: The Discourse of Primitivism in the Tourist Encounter,CANADIAN REVIEW OF SOCIOLOGY/REVUE CANADIENNE DE SOCIOLOGIE, Issue 1 2003SIEGRID DEUTSCHLANDER Le tourisme cultural amérindien est un secteur de L'industrie touristique canadienne potentiellement en forte croissance, qui connaît un vif succès auprès des visiteurs européens, surtout les Allemands. Le présent article recourt à L'analyse du discours pour examiner les rencontres touristiques qui se déroulent dans les différents lieux touristiques amérindiens du sud de L'Alberta. Il analyse la construction de L'«indianite» et de la culture amérindienne par les guides amérindiens et les visiteurs étrangers. Il appert que ces constructions sont façonnées par le discours primitiviste qui, ironiquement, renforce la notion de «noble sauvage» héritée des Lumières. Nous discutons L'idée selon laquelle le discours primitiviste, malgré ses aspects colonialistes et essentialistes, peut représenter une stratégie de résistance envers un système social perçu comme une source d'oppression par plusieurs Premières Nations. Aboriginal cultural tourism is a potentially high-growth segment of the Canadian tourism industry that is currently enjoying widespread demand among Europeans, especially German visitors. This paper uses a discourse analysis approach to examine the tourist encounter at various Aboriginal tourist sites in southern Alberta. It analyses the negotiation of "Indianness" and Indian culture by both Native interpreters and foreign visitors. These negotiations are shown to be informed by the primitivist discourse that, ironically, reinforces the Enlightenment notion of the "noble savage." We argue that, despite its colonialist and essentialist aspects, the primitivist discourse can nevertheless function as a strategy of resistance to a social system viewed by many First Nations as politically oppressive. [source] Emergency Medicine Clerkship Encounter and Procedure Logging Using Handheld ComputersACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 8 2007CCFP(EM), Rick Penciner MD BackgroundTracking medical student clinical encounters is now an accreditation requirement of medical schools. The use of handheld computers for electronic logging is emerging as a strategy to achieve this. ObjectivesTo evaluate the technical feasibility and student satisfaction of a novel electronic logging and feedback program using handheld computers in the emergency department. MethodsThis was a survey study of fourth-year medical student satisfaction with the use of their handheld computers for electronic logging of patient encounters and procedures. The authors also included an analysis of this technology. ResultsForty-six students participated in this pilot project, logging a total of 2,930 encounters. Students used the logs an average of 7.6 shifts per rotation, logging an average of 8.3 patients per shift. Twenty-nine students (63%) responded to the survey. Students generally found it easy to complete each encounter (69%) and easy to synchronize their handheld computer with the central server (83%). However, half the students (49%) never viewed the feedback Web site and most (79%) never reviewed their logs with their preceptors. Overall, only 17% found the logging program beneficial as a learning tool. ConclusionsElectronic logging by medical students during their emergency medicine clerkship has many potential benefits as a method to document clinical encounters and procedures performed. However, this study demonstrated poor compliance and dissatisfaction with the process. In order for electronic logging using handheld computers to be a beneficial educational tool for both learners and educators, obstacles to effective implementation need to be addressed. [source] Listening for the Other: Ethical Implications of the Buber-Levinas EncounterCOMMUNICATION THEORY, Issue 2 2004Lisbeth Lipari Despite their shared concerns with dialogic ethics and engagement with alterity, the discursive encounters between Martin Buber and Emmanuel Levinas were marked by miscommunication and misrecognition. This paper aims to trace the implications of these "failed" encounters for communication ethics. Beyond warning of the danger of the failure to make strange and see the other as wholly other, the story of the encounter between Levinas and Buber highlights a relation somewhat in shadow,the connection between listening and alterity. In contrast to previous readings of the Buber-Levinas engagement, this essay suggests that their "failure of communication" resulted primarily from each scholar's insufficient dialogic engagement with the alterity of the other,a failure, in short, to listen for the other. The point is not to discern what either scholar's work or their encounter "really means," but to loosen some of the rigidities within the received narratives about their relation and examine the connections between alterity and listening. [source] Caring for abused women: impact on nurses' professional and personal life experiencesJOURNAL OF ADVANCED NURSING, Issue 8 2009Hadass Goldblatt Abstract Title.,Caring for abused women: impact on nurses' professional and personal lifeexperiences. Aim., This article is a report of a study of the impact of caring for abused women on nurses' professional and personal life experiences. Background., Encountering abused women can have emotional, cognitive and behavioural influences on nurses, known as vicarious traumatization. They may feel incompetent to deal with such an overwhelming problem and may avoid screening survivors of abuse. Thus, nurses treating these survivors need to be aware of their attitudes, emotions and differential responses during these interactions. Method., A phenomenological study was carried out in 2005 in Israel. The data were collected using in-depth, interviews with 22 female Israeli nurses in hospitals and community healthcare clinics. Findings., Data analysis revealed one main theme, ,Struggling on work and home fronts', based on two subthemes: ,Encounter with domestic violence: a challenge to nurses' professional role perception' and ,Between work and home'. Nurses experience perplexity regarding abused women and their professional care. Encounters with these women challenge nurses' personal and professional attitudes, as well as influencing their personal lives (intimate relationships, parenthood and gender attitudes). These encounters induce empathy and compassion, but also anger and criticism towards abused women, creating emotional labour for the nurses. Conclusion., The dissonance between personal values, attitudes and emotions and the desirable professional intervention procedures might impede nurses' performance in caring for abused women. Implementing training programmes for screening and intervening with abused women might reduce the emotional labour required, enhance nurses' responses to domestic violence, and enable personal growth. [source] Teaching Techniques in the Clinical Setting: the Emergency Medicine PerspectiveACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 10 2004David A. Wald DO Abstract The emergency department (ED) provides a unique educational experience that is distinct from both inpatient and ambulatory care settings. Because of the high acuity, interesting pathology, and rapid patient turnover, the ED is an ideal location to train medical students. Numerous teaching opportunities exist within the domain of the ED. In the preclinical years, the ED setting provides medical students with an introduction to clinical medicine and may serve as a venue for teaching basic history and physical examination skills. In the clinical years, medical students are exposed to a wide range of undifferentiated patients. Besides common medical and surgical complaints, many medical students will encounter clinical scenarios that they otherwise would have little direct contact with. Encounters such as the acutely poisoned or intoxicated patient, environmental emergencies, interaction with out-of-hospital providers, and patients requiring emergency procedures are just a few situations that make emergency medicine a distinct clinical specialty. These and other student,patient encounters can provide the teaching physician an opportunity to focus case-based teaching on a number of elements including complaint-directed medical interviewing and physical examination skills, development of case-specific differential diagnosis, diagnostic evaluation, implementation of patient management plans, and patient disposition. In this review article, the authors discuss various ways to approach and improve clinical teaching of medical students, including: opportunities for teaching in the ED, teaching procedural skills, student case presentations, clinical teaching styles, qualities of an effective clinical teacher, and barriers to effective clinical teaching. [source] Sex, Rank and Age Differences in the Japanese Macaque (Macaca fuscata yakui) Participation in Inter-Group EncountersETHOLOGY, Issue 5 2005Bonaventura Majolo In many species interactions among group are often characterized by agonistic behaviour. Although animals may participate in inter-group encounters in different ways, depending on their energetic requirements, reproductive tactics, and/or developmental stage, the proximate causes affecting an animal's participation in inter-group encounters are still poorly understood. Indeed, many studies have analysed the behaviour of males and females during inter-group encounters without considering the importance of additional factors (e.g. rank). This study focuses on wild non-provisioned Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata yakui) living on Yakushima Island, Japan. It aims to determine how monkeys of different sex, age, and rank behave during inter-group encounters and it discusses the implications and consequences of their behaviour on group composition and male dispersal. Males participated significantly more than females in inter-group encounters, by displaying more aggressive or affiliative behaviour. High-ranking and/or adult males were more aggressive than low-ranking and/or subadult males during encounters occurring in the mating season and they also showed more herding behaviour. This trend was not found in inter-group encounters occurring during the non-mating season. Finally, males which then emigrated to new groups were low-ranking and/or subadult individuals. Those males displayed more affiliative behaviour towards foreign males than males which did emigrate. These data indicate that in non-territorial species with male dominance over female and high competition for mating partners males play an active, and often aggressive, role during inter-group encounter while female participation is scarce. Factors such as age, rank and period of the year (in seasonally breeding species) have to be taken into considerations when analysing interactions between groups and their effects on group composition and social behaviour. [source] Chemical Alarm Signals Enhance Survival of Brook Charr (Salvelinus fontinalis) During Encounters with Predatory Chain Pickerel (Esox niger)ETHOLOGY, Issue 11 2001Reehan S. Mirza A diversity of aquatic organisms release chemical alarm signals when attacked or captured by a predator. These alarm signals are thought to warn other conspecifics of danger and, consequently, may benefit receivers by increasing their survival. Here we experimentally investigated the differences in behaviour and survival of hatchery-reared juvenile brook charr Salvelinus fontinalis that had been exposed to either brook charr skin extract (experimental treatment) or a control of swordtail skin extract (control treatment). Charr exposed to conspecific skin extract exhibited a significant reduction in movement and/or altered their foraging behaviour in the laboratory when compared with charr exposed to swordtail skin extract. We also exposed charr to either water conditioned by a single brook charr disturbed by a predatory bird model or water conditioned by a single undisturbed brook charr. Charr exposed to disturbance signals reduced activity significantly more than charr exposed to chemical stimuli from undisturbed charr. These results demonstrate the existence of both damage-released alarm signals and disturbance signals in brook charr. Wild brook charr also responded to damage-released alarm cues under natural conditions. Charr avoided areas of a stream with minnow traps labelled with conspecific alarm cues vs. control cues. During staged encounters with chain pickerel Esox niger in the laboratory, predator-naive charr fry were better able to evade the predator if they were previously warned by an alarm signal, thus suggesting a survival benefit to receivers. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the presence of alarm signals in brook charr has important implications for understanding predator,prey interactions. [source] Development Imperative, Terrae Incognitae: a Pioneer Soil Scientist 1912,1951GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, Issue 3 2010J.M. POWELL Abstract James Arthur Prescott was a prominent soil scientist whose career responded to an increasingly complex, recognisably Australian web of interpenetrating spatial scales, served to promote revolutionary global advances in his chosen field, and in the process negotiated the blurred boundaries between ,pure' and ,applied' research. Encounters with this instructive life suggest that, while resolutions of pivotal anxieties might turn on ineluctably personal qualities, they also reflect a dynamic interplay between international, imperial, national and state contexts. Prescott's innovative contributions to soil science, fruits of a tenaciously consolidated career, influenced resource appraisal and environmental management across a prodigious continental expanse. A sustained focus on local and regional development brought him into contact with a wide range of contemporaries, including pioneering geographers, and culminated in his election to a Fellowship of the Royal Society. [source] The Empire Meets the New Deal: Interwar Encounters in Conservation and Regional PlanningGEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, Issue 4 2005J.M. POWELL Abstract British imperial and American experiences in conservation and planning are providing fresh interdisciplinary challenges for university teaching and research. The Roosevelt administration's ,New Deal' included government-sponsored interventions in soil erosion and water management and sophisticated regional development agendas. Reviewing samples of the latter areas of concern, this article explores the proposition that, although the British Empire was scarcely bereft of comparable interwar programmes and was becoming somewhat preoccupied with centrifugal tendencies, persistent porosity, exhausting struggles with postwar reconstruction, and comprehensive economic depression, New Deal evangelism was in fact variously anticipated, harnessed, challenged and ignored. A discussion of widely separated national and regional examples locates a layered interplay between uneven imperial and US pulsations, independent local manoeuvres, and critical inputs from key individual agents. The most important filters included the presence of comparatively robust bureaucratic infrastructures and the cultivation of international relationships by scientists and technologists. Encounters with convergent revisionism suggest cautionary leads for students, researchers and teachers alike. Reconstructions of selected contexts underline the presence of familiar posturing, opportunism, and astute patriotic deployment during the emergence of modern styles of globalization. [source] Women's rights in Peru: insights from two organizationsGLOBAL NETWORKS, Issue 4 2009ROSA ALAYZA MUJICA Abstract In this article we explore the appropriation of ideas about women's rights in Lima, Peru through an ethnographic study of two non-governmental organizations. SEA is a local NGO grounded in the Catholic Church's liberation theology movement, which seeks to promote integrated human development, and is linked to the worldwide Catholic Church. DEMUS, the second NGO, with feminist roots, actively fights gender discrimination and belongs to networks of international women's human rights movements and UN organizations. We argue that the struggle for women's rights is part of a broader struggle for recognition and equality for the poor, shaped by changing notions of national identity, citizenship and diversity. Our research revealed clear examples of vernacularization, whereby local context, values and culture played a decisive role in the adoption of women rights ideas. Encounters with other concepts and movements, including social justice, family violence and women's mobilization, intimately shaped the vernacularization of women's rights. Ultimately, the adoption of rights ideas involved changes in women's individual and collective empowerment. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||