Enlargement

Distribution by Scientific Domains
Distribution within Medical Sciences

Kinds of Enlargement

  • atrial enlargement
  • breast enlargement
  • cardiac enlargement
  • eastern enlargement
  • eu enlargement
  • european enlargement
  • gingival enlargement
  • gland enlargement
  • painless enlargement
  • prostatic enlargement
  • testicular enlargement
  • ventricular enlargement


  • Selected Abstracts


    Two clinical manifestations of desmopathy of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon in the hindlimb of 23 horses

    EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue 6 2005
    E. ELIASHAR
    Summary Reasons for performing study: Desmopathy of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon (ALDDFT) in the hindlimb is an unusual cause of lameness in horses, and reports of the condition are sparse. Objectives: To describe the clinical and ultrasonographic findings, therapy and outcome of 23 horses treated for desmopathy of the ALDDFT in the hindlimb. Methods: Records of 23 horses with ultrasonographic evidence of desmopathy of the ALDDFT in one or both hindlimbs from 3 referral centres were reviewed retrospectively. Age, breed, sex, duration and nature of clinical signs, results of clinical and lameness examinations, treatment and outcome were recorded. Results: In 13 horses (Group A), there was an acute onset of unilateral lameness. Ten horses (Group B) had an insidious or sudden onset of postural abnormality. There were 10 cobs, 5 British native-breed ponies and 8 horses of various larger breeds. Twenty horses were used for general purposes, and mean age was 12 years. Enlargement of the ALDDFT in the affected hindlimb(s) was identified in all horses. In 44% of horses, ultrasonographic abnormalities were localised to part of the ALDDFT. Treatment included box-rest and controlled exercise, and 10 horses were subjected to desmotomy or desmectomy of the ALDDFT. Seventy-three percent of horses in Group A returned to full function, while 90% of those in Group B remained lame. Conclusions: Two distinct clinical conditions are associated with the ALDDFT of the hindlimb. Traumatically induced injury resulting in acute onset lameness appears to have a favourable prognosis, with most horses returning to previous work. However, postural changes, once present, are irreversible and indicate a poor prognosis. Potential relevance: Desmopathy of the ALDDFT should be recognised as a potential cause of hindlimb lameness and this study provides clinical and prognostic information. Knuckling and/or semiflexion of the metatarsophalangeal joint may accompany the condition; therefore, if a horse is presented with a flexural deformity of this joint, desmopathy of the ALDDFT should be considered as a primary differential diagnosis. [source]


    Diagnosis and treatment of chronic recurrent caecal impaction

    EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue S32 2000
    B. HUSKAMP
    Summary Ninety-six horses with chronic recurrent caecal impaction associated with hypertrophy of muscle layers in the caecal base or in the whole caecum were examined from 1990 to 1996. Enlargement of the caecocolic orifice was completed surgically in 58 horses. Of those horses having surgery, 50 were discharged from the hospital while 8 were subjected to euthanasia at the hospital due to complications. Twenty-seven of the 50 horses discharged were normal at follow-up while 23 died or were subjected to euthanasia due to acute or recurrent colic, recurrent impaction in the ascending or descending colon, complete caecal muscle layer hypertrophy, stomach rupture or lymphosarcoma. Approximately 50% of the cases were successfully treated by surgical enlargement of the caecocolic orifice. The results suggest, on the other hand, that enlargement of the caecocolic orifice was not successful in treating horses with hypertrophy of the caecal muscle layer in the whole caecum. [source]


    EU Enlargement to Turkey?

    EUROCHOICES, Issue 1 2005
    Rural Areas: EU Erweiterung um die Türkei?, The Challenges Anead for Agriculture
    Summary EU Enlargement to Turkey? The Challenges Ahead for Agriculture and Rural Areas In December 2004 the European Council agreed that accession negotiations with Turkey could begin in October 2005. Although the Copenhagen political criteria have been decisive so far, the criteria relating to the functioning of markets and ability to implement EU legislation will weigh heavily in the negotiations. Despite recent policy reforms, Turkey's agriculture still enjoys levels of protection similar or higher than those of the EU, but its gross value added per worker is relatively very low. One third of Turkey's employment is in agriculture, where most farms are small. The animal health situation is far below the standard achieved in the EU. Food supply chains are fragmented and inefficient. To survive and compete within the single market of the EU, the agricultural and food sectors must undergo deep structural change, which will have far-reaching economic and social repercussions. Projections according to current policy trends show that Turkey could take over one-third of the total cohesion budget allocation. However, the scalingdown or delaying of budget transfers would be short-sighted. If the EU accepts Turkey as a member, it would be in the interest of the EU as a whole that Turkey's economy - and especially its backward rural economy - should embark on a sustainable growth path as soon as possible. Elargir l'UE à la Turquie ? Les défis en perspective pour l'agriculture et les zones rurales. En decembre 2004, le Conseil de l'Union europ6enne a decide douvrir des negociations d'adhesion avec la Turquie en octobre 2005. A la difference de ce qui s'est passe jusqu'ici, le fonctionnement des marches et la capacite a mettre en vigueur l'acquis communautaire seront les crittres principaux, a la place des crittres politiques de Copenhague. Malgrk des reformes politiques recentes, l'agriculture turque profite toujours d'un taw de protection extkrieure analogue a celui de I'UE ou plus Clevi Cependant, sa valeur ajoutee brute par actifest relativement trks basse. Le tiers des emplois en Turquie se trouve dans le secteur agricole, oi,la plupart des exploitations sont de peute taille. La situation sanitaire du cheptel se situe bien au-dessous du niveau de I'UE. Les filieres agro-alimentaires sont fragmentees et peu efficaces. Pour être en mesure de faire face a la concurrence du Marche unique europken, les secteurs agricoles et alimentaires en Turquie devront subir une restructuration profonde, laquelle aura des consequences economiques et sociales de grande envergure. Des projections basees sur les tendances politiques actuelles montrent que la Turquie pourrait bkneficier de plus du tiers des fonds de cohesion de I'UE. Ceci dit, une decision de diminuer ou de dfikrer les transferts budgetaires serait faire preuve d'un manque de prevoyance. Si I'UE accepte la Turquie comme membre, il serait dans I'intkr8t de l'ensemble de 1'Union que I'Cconomie turque - et surtout son economie rurale arrierke - s'engage aussitbt que possible sur un sentier de croissance rapide et durable. EU Erweiterung um die Tükei? Herausforderungen für die Landwirtschaft und ländliche Räume Im Dezember 2004 hat der Europasche Rat beschlossen, dass im Oktober 2005 die Beitnttsverhandlungen mit der Turkei beginnen konnen Auch wenn die Kopenhagener politischen Kriterien bisher entscheidend waren, werden die Kriterien hinsichtlich der Funktionsfhhigkeit der Markte und die Fahigkeit, die EU Gesetzgebung lmplementieren zu konnen, besonderes Gewicht haben. Trotz der letzten Politikreformen 1st die Agrarprotektion in der Turkei gleich hoch oder hoher als in der EU, aber die turkische Bruttowertschopfung le Arbeitskraft ist relativ sehr klein Ein Dnttel der turklschen Arbeitskrafte sind in der Landmrtschaft beschaftigt und die meisten Betriebe sind klein Die Gesundheit der Tiere 1st weit unter den Niveau der EU Die Nahrungsmittel-Zuheferungskette 1st klem struktunert und ineffizient Der Agrar- und Ernahrungssektor kann im Gemeinsamen Markt nur dann uberleben und wettbewerbsfahig sein, wenn em intensiver Strukturwandel mit weit reichenden okonomischen und sozialen Wirkungen einsetzt. Projektionen der gegenwartigen Politikentwicklungen zeigen, dass die Turkei uber ein Dnttel der Mittel des Kohasionsfonds erhalten wurde. Doch wurde die Kurzung oder Veaogerung der Finanzhilfen kurzsichtig sen Wenn dre EU die Turkei als Mitglied akzeptiert, 1st es im Interesse der EU insgesamt, dass die Turkei und insbesondere ihre ruckstandige Agramirtschaft so schnell wie moglich auf einen stabden Wachstumspfad kommt. [source]


    The Culture of Private Law in Central Europe After Enlargement: A Polish Perspective

    EUROPEAN LAW JOURNAL, Issue 5 2005

    First page of article [source]


    Accession's Democracy Dividend: The Impact of the EU Enlargement upon Democracy in the New Member States of Central and Eastern Europe

    EUROPEAN LAW JOURNAL, Issue 4 2004
    Wojciech Sadurski
    The purpose of this article is to examine this claim, that accession will provide a ,democracy dividend' in this fashion. To this end, the article begins by examining the political conditionality of the accession process, and the extent to which the process of democratisation can be understood as a result of ,external' pressures. It also discusses the extent to which the effectiveness of political conditionality is likely to survive after the accession takes place. The article then moves on to consider the effects of accession upon democracy in the states of the region by looking in detail at three areas that have been particularly important: the role of national parliaments, the new constitutional courts, and the tendency towards decentralisation and regionalism. The article concludes by noting that, although not all of the developments discussed are necessarily good for democracy in the region, the real dividend coming from the accession process lies in the fact that, on a macro-level, membership in the EU will make the democratic transition in Central and Eastern Europe practically irreversible. [source]


    EU Enlargement, Migration, and Lessons from German Unification

    GERMAN ECONOMIC REVIEW, Issue 3 2000
    Hans-Werner Sinn
    The paper studies the role of international implications after EU enlargement. Based on a formal model with migration costs for both capital and labor, it predicts a two-sided migration from the new to the old EU countries which is later reversed. As the migration pattern chosen by market forces turns out to be efficient, migration should not be artificially reduced by means of legal constraints or subsidies to the new member countries. The paper draws the parallel with German unification and points out the lessons to be learned by Europe. The analysis concludes with a brief discussion of the second-best problem posed by the existence of welfare states in the old member countries. [source]


    Sudden Worsening of Cluster Headache: A Signal of Aneurysmal Thrombosis and Enlargement

    HEADACHE, Issue 8 2000
    Juanita G. McBeath MD
    We report a 55-year-old man presenting with symptoms of cluster headache, including throbbing pain behind the left eye, tearing, and rhinorrhea. Magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance angiography revealed no abnormalities. Two days of intravenous dihydroergotamine resolved his pain. His headaches were somewhat relieved with a treatment regimen of 100 mg of imipramine each night, 40 mg of propranolol twice a day, 250 mg of divalproex three times a day, and dihydroergotamine nasal spray for breakthrough headaches. Two months later, the severity of his pain increased dramatically. Repeat imaging revealed a large thrombosed left posterior communicating artery aneurysm. Following obliterative surgery, his headaches are infrequent and mild and resemble tension headaches. Dramatic changes in headache characteristics can be an indicator of aneurysmal enlargement and thrombosis. This case illustrates the importance of repeat imaging when a patient's headache significantly worsens. [source]


    Enlargement and the labour market: perception, theory and fact

    INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS JOURNAL, Issue 6 2004
    Mike Ingham
    ABSTRACT Favourable labour market outcomes are essential for economic and social cohesion within the newly enlarged European Union. However, Eurobarometer evidence indicates that many in the 10 incoming countries are not convinced that membership will deliver such a result. Also, there is no unambiguous theoretical framework that suggests otherwise. A more optimistic scenario can be obtained by reference to the experiences of earlier low-income Community entrants during their first years of membership, although long-term convergence has remained elusive. [source]


    Enlargement and the European employment strategy: turbulent times ahead?

    INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS JOURNAL, Issue 5 2003
    Mike Ingham
    The European Employment Strategy (EES) is set to remain centre stage as the EU embraces ten new member states. The evidence regarding the prospects of the accession countries meeting the increasingly explicit targets that the EES has set for the years up to 2010 does not yield a favourable prognosis. [source]


    The Economics of Eastern Enlargement of the EU

    INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS JOURNAL, Issue 5 2001
    Robert Read
    First page of article [source]


    Micro-CT evaluation of residual material in canals filled with Activ GP or GuttaFlow following removal with NiTi instruments

    INTERNATIONAL ENDODONTIC JOURNAL, Issue 3 2010
    M. J. Roggendorf
    Roggendorf MJ, Legner M, Ebert J, Fillery E, Frankenberger R, Friedman S. Micro-CT evaluation of residual material in canals filled with Activ GP or GuttaFlow following removal with NiTi instruments. International Endodontic Journal, 43, 200,209, 2010. Abstract Aim, To assess the efficacy of removing Activ GP or GuttaFlow from canals using NiTi instruments. Methodology, Root canals in 55 extracted pre-molars were prepared to apical size 40, 0.04 taper. The teeth were imaged with micro-CT, and 30 teeth selected that had consistent apical size and taper of the shaped canals. They were randomly assigned to root filling with either the glass-ionomer-based ActivGP system (n = 15) or the polyvinylsiloxane-based GuttaFlow system (n = 15). After 2 weeks, canals were retreated stepwise with size 40,50 EndoSequence 0.04 taper instruments. Micro-CT scans (8 ,m) were taken after use of each instrument to detect root filling residue in the coronal, middle and apical segment, and the retreatment time recorded. Residue, expressed as percentage of canal surface area, was compared between groups with t -tests, and within groups with repeated measures anova and Bonferroni-adjusted pairwise comparisons. Retreatment time was analysed with one-way anova. Results, The percentage of sealer residue-coated canal surface was consistently highest (P < 0.001) in the apical third of canals, and it did not differ significantly between the two root filling groups. Stepwise enlargement from size 40 to 50 significantly decreased the amount of sealer residue in both groups (P < 0.001). Retreatment time did not differ significantly between groups. Conclusions, Both root fillings with ActivGP and GuttaFlow were removed with nickel-titanium rotary instruments. Enlargement of canals up to two sizes beyond the pre-retreatment size was necessary to minimize the amount of sealer remaining. [source]


    The perspectives of energy production from coal-fired power plants in an enlarged EU

    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESEARCH, Issue 9 2004
    P. Grammelis
    Abstract The aim of this paper is to present the current status of the coal-fired power sector in an enlarged EU (EU-15 plus EU member candidate states) in relation with the main topics of the European Strategy for the energy production and supply. It is estimated that 731 thermoelectric units, larger than 100 MWe, are operating nowadays, and their total installed capacity equals to 200.7 GWe. Coal contribution to the total electricity generation with reference to other fuel sources, is by far more intensive in the non-EU part (EU member candidate states), compared to the EU member states. It is expected that even after the enlargement, the European Union will strongly being related to coal. Enlargement will bring additional factors into play in order to meet the requirements of rising consumption, growing demand for conventional fuels and increasing dependence on imports. Besides the technology, boiler size, efficiency, age and environmental performance will determine the necessities of the coal-fired power sector in each country. Depending on the case, lifetime extension measures in operating coal-fired power plants or clean coal technologies can play an important role towards the energy sector restructuring. Low efficiency values in the non-EU coal-fired units and heavily aged power plants in EU countries will certainly affect decisions in favour of upgrading or reconstruction. The overall increase of efficiency, the reduction of harmful emissions from generating processes and the co-combustion of coal with biomass and wastes for generating purposes indicate that coal can be cleaner and more efficient. Additionally, plenty of rehabilitation projects based on CCT applications, have already been carried out or are under progress in the EU energy sector. The proclamations of the countries' energy policies in the coming decades, includes integrated renovation concepts of the coal-fired power sector. Further to the natural gas penetration in the electricity generation and CO2 sequestration and underground storage, the implementation of CCT projects will strongly contribute to the reduction of CO2 emissions in the European Union, according to the targets set in the Kyoto protocol. In consequence, clean coal technologies can open up new markets not only in the EU member candidate states, but also in other parts of the world. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]


    New Parliament, New Cleavages after the Eastern Enlargement?

    JCMS: JOURNAL OF COMMON MARKET STUDIES, Issue 5 2010
    The Conflict over the Services Directive as an Opposition between the Liberals, the Regulators
    This article analyses the parliamentary debates and decision-making related to the highly contentious EU directive on services. It is intended as a contribution to the academic debate on political conflict lines in the European Parliament. Our argument is that neither the left,right cleavage nor a territorial one (old versus new Member States) can fully explain conflict at stake on socio-economic issues. Rather, what we can observe is cross-cutting opposition between ,regulators' and ,liberals'. [source]


    Geopolitics of European Union Enlargement: The Fortress Empire , Edited by W. Armstrong and J. Anderson

    JCMS: JOURNAL OF COMMON MARKET STUDIES, Issue 2 2008
    SARAH LÉONARD
    No abstract is available for this article. [source]


    Cutting the Bank Down to Size: Efficient and Legitimate Decision-making in the European Central Bank After Enlargement

    JCMS: JOURNAL OF COMMON MARKET STUDIES, Issue 3 2003
    Dorothee Heisenberg
    This article examines the problems enlargement poses for one specific supranational organization, the European Central Bank (ECB). The article synthesizes three different literatures, on enlargement, ECB transparency and legitimacy, and effective monetary policy-making, which up until now have not been linked. The three issues are related, and ought to be considered together when policy choices regarding institution-building are made, because the choices in one issue constrain those in the others. Specifically, the argument is that transparency in the decision-making process is key to allowing the denationalization of decision-making to make it more effective. The more transparent the policy-making process is, the easier it is to have a rotation of votes. Conversely, if the policy-making process is opaque, a system of combining regions into one voting entity is better because the citizenry is represented in every vote, even if in a highly diluted fashion. The proposed ECB reform does not adequately address legitimate concerns on the part of the public as to how the decisions are made within the Governing Council. [source]


    Governance and Institutions 2000: Edging Towards Enlargement

    JCMS: JOURNAL OF COMMON MARKET STUDIES, Issue 2001
    Desmond Dinan
    First page of article [source]


    Agricultural and Economy-Wide Effects of European Enlargement: Modelling the Common Agricultural Policy

    JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, Issue 2 2000
    C. F. Bach
    The economic impact of extending the Common Agricultural Policy to the Central and Eastern European countries (CEEC) has become a major issue in the European enlargement debate. This paper provides an assessment of the economy-wide effects of European enlargement using a global general equilibrium model where special attention is given to modelling the instruments of the Common Agricultural Policy, the Agenda 2000 proposal and the EU budget. The results indicate a substantial potential for increasing agricultural production in the CEEC. The EU budget will increase significantly and the transfers from EU taxpayers to farmers in the CEEC result in significant welfare gains in the new member countries. In spite of these important transfers the macroeconomic costs for the EU are found to be limited. [source]


    Does Aortic Root Enlargement Impair the Outcome of Patients With Small Aortic Root?

    JOURNAL OF CARDIAC SURGERY, Issue 5 2006
    Hasan Ardal
    The aim of this study was to evaluate long-term results of the posterior root enlargement. Methods: Between 1985 and 2002, 124 patients underwent aortic valve replacement with a posterior root enlargement. The main indication was a small aortic valve orifice area to patient body surface area (indexed valve area < 0.85 cm2/m2). Fifty-four (44%) patients were male, and 70 (56%) were female with a mean age 39.1 ± 14.3 years. Indications for operation were severe calcified aortic valve stenosis (37.1%), severe aortic insufficiency (25.8%), or combination (37.1%). Seventy-five (60%) patients received double-valve replacement. A pericardial patch was used in 100 patients (80.6%) and a Dacron patch was used in 24 patients. Results: Operative mortality was 6.4% (8 patients). The causes of hospital mortality were low cardiac output syndrome (LCOS) (in 6 patients), cerebrovascular events (in 1 patient) and multiple organ failure (in 1 patient). Multivariate analysis demonstrated concomitant coronary revascularization to be a significant (p = 0.03) predictor for early mortality. There were six (5.4%) late deaths. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis demonstrated LCOS (p = 0.013) and infective endocarditis (p = 0.003) to be significant predictors for late mortality. Atrioventricular block required a permanent pacemaker was observed in 4 patients (3.2%). Conclusions: Posterior aortic root enlargement techniques can be easily applied without additional risks. Long-term survival and freedoms from valve-related complications are satisfactory. [source]


    Molecular aspects of diagnostic nucleolar and nuclear envelope changes in prostate cancer

    JOURNAL OF CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY, Issue 1 2004
    Andrew H. Fischer
    Abstract Prostate cancer is still diagnosed by pathologists based on subjective assessment of altered cell and tissue structure. The cellular-level structural changes diagnostic of some forms of cancer are known to be induced by cancer genes, but the relation between specific cellular-level structural features and cancer genes has not been explored in the prostate. Two important cell structural changes in prostate cancer,nucleolar enlargement and nuclear envelope (NE) irregularity,are discussed from the perspective that they should also relate to the function of the genes active in prostate cancer. Enlargement of the nucleolus is the key diagnostic feature of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), an early stage that appears to be the precursor to the majority of invasive prostate cancers. Nucleolar enlargement classically is associated with increased ribosome production, and production of new ribosomes appears essential for cell-cycle progression. Several cancer genes implicated in PIN are known (in other cell types) to augment ribosome production, including c-Myc, p27, retinoblastoma, p53, and growth factors that impact on ERK signaling. However, critical review of the available information suggests that increased ribosome production per se may be insufficient to explain nucleolar enlargement in PIN, and other newer functions of nucleoli may therefore need to be invoked. NE irregularity develops later in the clonal evolution of some prostate cancers, and it has adverse prognostic significance. Nuclear irregularity has recently been shown to develop dynamically during interphase following oncogene expression, without a requirement for post-mitotic NE reassembly. NE irregularity characteristic of some aggressive prostate cancers could reflect cytoskeletal forces exerted on the NE during active cell locomotion. NE irregularity could also promote chromosomal instability because it leads to chromosomal asymmetry in metaphase. Finally, NE irregularity could impact replication competence, transcriptional programming and nuclear pore function. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]


    5,-reductase inhibition for men with enlarged prostate

    JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF NURSE PRACTITIONERS, Issue 8 2007
    MBA (Associate Professor of Urology), Muta M. Issa MD
    Abstract Purpose: Increasingly, men with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are seeking treatment in the primary care setting. This article reviews the use of ,-blockers and 5,-reductase inhibitors (5ARIs) in the management of LUTS and enlarged prostate. Data sources: Information is based on a critical review of the published literature. Relevant studies were identified using MEDLINE and review of reference lists of published studies. Conclusions: Enlargement of the prostate is a common occurrence among aging men. Nurse practitioners (NPs) are in a unique, frontline position to evaluate symptoms and bother and to recommend appropriate treatment of patients with enlarged prostate. Both ,-blockers and 5ARIs are effective at reducing symptoms in the short term. However, only the 5ARIs impact disease progression and maintain improvement in symptoms in the long term. Implications for practice: NPs play an important role in assessing and treating LUTS in men with enlarged prostate. When treating men with LUTS, assess the severity of symptoms and the extent of prostate enlargement. For symptomatic men with enlarged prostate, long-term therapy with 5ARIs should be considered to treat symptoms as well as address the disease progression. [source]


    Dejerine-Sottas Neuropathy with Multiple Nerve Roots Enlargement and Hypomyelination Associated with a Missense Mutation of the Transmembrane Domain of MPZ/P0

    JOURNAL OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, Issue 2 2003
    A Simonati
    In a patient affected with a slowly progressive, severe form of Dejerine-Sottas syndrome, symmetric enlargement of cranial nerves and focal hypertrophy of cervical and caudal roots were detected following MRI. Neuropathological features of the sural nerve disclosed a dramatic loss of myelinated fibres, with skewed-to-the-left, unimodal distribution of the few residual fibres, consistent with the diagnosis of congenital hypomyelination neuropathy. Genetic analysis revealed this condition to be associated with a heterozygous G to A transition at codon 167 in the exon 4 of the MPZ/P0 gene causing a Gly138Arg substitution in the transmembrane domain of the mature MPZ/P0 protein. Focal enlargement of the nerve trunks in demyelinating, hereditary motor and sensory neuropathies (HMSN) was previously reported in both asymptomatic and symptomatic cases with root compression, but peculiar to this case is the diffuse involvement of both cranial and spinal nerves. We believe that the relevance of nerve trunk hypertrophy in HMSN is probably underevaluated: therefore MRI investigation of the head and spine should be included in the diagnostic study of selected HMSN patients. Molecular analysis of peripheral myelin genes will help to rule out misdiagnosed cases. [source]


    Reactive Oxygen Species Are Necessary for High Flow (Shear Stress)-induced Diameter Enlargement of Rat Resistance Arteries

    MICROCIRCULATION, Issue 5 2009
    ERIC J. BELIN DE CHANTEMÈLE
    ABSTRACT Objectives: Chronic increases in blood flow induce remodeling associated with increases in diameter and endothelium-mediated dilation. Remodeling requires cell growth and migration, which may involve reactive oxygen species (ROS). Nevertheless, the role of ROS in flow-mediated remodeling in resistance arteries is not known. Materials and Methods: Rat mesenteric resistance arteries (MRAs) were exposed to high flow (HF) by sequentially ligating second-order MRAs in vivo. After three weeks, arteries were collected for structural, pharmacological, and biochemical analysis. Results: In HF arteries, luminal diameter (431±12 to 553±14 ,m; n=10), endothelium (acetylcholine)-mediated vasodilatation (61±6 to 77±6% relaxation) and NAD(P)H subunit (gp91phox and p67phox) expression levels, and ROS (dihydroethydine microphotography) and peroxynitrite (3-nitro-tyrosine) production were higher than in normal flow arteries. Acute ROS scavenging with tempol improved acetylcholine-dependent relaxation (92±4% relaxation), confirming that ROS are produced in HF arteries. Chronic treatment with tempol prevented the increase in diameter, reduced ROS and peroxynitrite production, and improved endothelium-mediated relaxation in HF arteries. Thus, ROS and NO were involved in HF-induced diameter enlargement, possibly through the formation of peroxynitrite, while ROS reduced the increase in endothelium-dependent relaxation. Conclusions: ROS production is necessary for flow-mediated diameter enlargement of resistance arteries. However, ROS counteract, in part, the associated improvement in endothelium-mediated relaxation. [source]


    The European Commission on Factors Influencing Labor Migration

    POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT REVIEW, Issue 2 2001
    Article first published online: 27 JAN 200
    A controversial issue in discussions on enlargement of the European Union beyond its existing membership of 15 countries is the migration flows that admission of new members could generate. Given major differences in income and wage levels between the EU states and the candidates for membership, casual theorizing suggests that the potential for massive international migration is very high. The fact that such migration has thus far been of modest size by most plausible criteria is attributed to the restrictive policies of the potential destination countries, policies that reflect national interests, in particular protection of labor markets, as perceived by voting majorities. With accession to membership in the EU this factor is removed: a cardinal principle of the Union, established by treaty, is the free movement of persons, including persons seeking gainful employment. The factors governing migratory movements between member states then come to resemble those that shape internal migration. This should facilitate analysis and forecasting. A clear sorting-out of the relevant forces affecting such "internal" migration remains of course an essential precondition for success in that task. An "Information note," entitled The Free Movement of Workers in the Context of Enlargement, issued by the European Commission, the EU's Executive Body, on 6 March 2001, presents extensive discussion of relevant information, opinion, and policy options concerning its topic. (The document is available at «http://europa.eu.int/comm/enlarge-ment/docs/pdf/migration_enl.pdf».) An Annex to the document. Factors Influencing Labour Movement, is a lucid enumeration of the factors migration theory considers operative in determining the migration of workers and, by extension, of people at large, that is likely to ensue upon EU enlargement. This annex is reproduced below. As is evident from the catalog of factors and their likely complex interactions, making quantitative forecasts of future migration flows, envisaged primarily as originating from countries to be newly admitted to the EU and destined for the countries of the current EU15, is exceedingly difficult. This is reflected in disparities among the existing studies that have made such forecasts. Yet there appears to be a fair degree of agreement that major increases in migration are unlikely, suggesting that the overall effect on the EU15 labor market should be limited. Typical forecasts (detailed in the Information note cited above) anticipate that in the initial year after admission, taken to be 2003, total migration from the eight prime candidate countries (the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania: the "CC8") might amount to around 200,000 persons, roughly one-third of which would be labor migration. According to these forecasts, the annual flow will gradually diminish in subsequent years. After 10 to 15 years the stock of CC8 migrants in the EU15 might be on the order of 1.8 to 2.7 million. The longer-run migration potential from the candidate countries would be on the order of 1 percent of the present EU population, currently some 375 million. (The combined current population of the CC8 is 74 million.) Such predictions are in line with the relatively minor migratory movements that followed earlier admissions to the EU of countries with then markedly lower per capita incomes, such as Spain and Portugal. The geographic impact of migration ensuing from enlargement would, however, be highly uneven, with Germany and Austria absorbing a disproportionately large share. Accordingly, and reflecting a prevailing expectation in these two countries that enlargement would have some short-run disruptive effects on labor markets, some of the policy options discussed envisage a period of transition following enlargement,perhaps five to seven years,during which migration would remain subject to agreed-upon restrictions. [source]


    Proteomic profiling of KATP channel-deficient hypertensive heart maps risk for maladaptive cardiomyopathic outcome

    PROTEINS: STRUCTURE, FUNCTION AND BIOINFORMATICS, Issue 5 2009
    Jelena Zlatkovic
    Abstract KCNJ11 null mutants, lacking Kir6.2 ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels, exhibit a marked susceptibility towards hypertension (HTN)-induced heart failure. To gain insight into the molecular alterations induced by knockout of this metabolic sensor under hemodynamic stress, wild-type (WT) and Kir6.2 knockout (Kir6.2-KO) cardiac proteomes were profiled by comparative 2-DE and Orbitrap MS. Despite equivalent systemic HTN produced by chronic hyperaldosteronism, 114 unique proteins were altered in Kir6.2-KO compared to WT hearts. Bioinformatic analysis linked the primary biological function of the KATP channel-dependent protein cohort to energetic metabolism (64% of proteins), followed by signaling infrastructure (36%) including oxidoreductases, stress-related chaperones, processes supporting protein degradation, transcription and translation, and cytostructure. Mapped protein,protein relationships authenticated the primary impact on metabolic pathways, delineating the KATP channel-dependent subproteome within a nonstochastic network. Iterative systems interrogation of the proteomic web prioritized heart-specific adverse effects, i.e., "Cardiac Damage", "Cardiac Enlargement", and "Cardiac Fibrosis", exposing a predisposition for the development of cardiomyopathic traits in the hypertensive Kir6.2-KO. Validating this maladaptive forecast, phenotyping documented an aggravated myocardial contractile performance, a massive interstitial fibrosis and an exaggerated left ventricular size, all prognostic indices of poor outcome. Thus, Kir6.2 ablation engenders unfavorable proteomic remodeling in hypertensive hearts, providing a composite molecular substrate for pathologic stress-associated cardiovascular disease. [source]


    MRI Appearance of Pseudoangiomatous Stromal Hyperplasia Causing Asymmetric Breast Enlargement

    THE BREAST JOURNAL, Issue 2 2007
    Henry Baskin MD
    No abstract is available for this article. [source]


    Sprouting capacity of lumbar motoneurons in normal and hemisected spinal cords of the rat

    THE JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY, Issue 15 2010
    T. Gordon
    Nerve sprouting to reinnervate partially denervated muscles is important in several disease and injury states. To examine the effectiveness of sprouting of active and inactive motor units (MUs) and the basis for a limit to sprouting, one of three rat lumbar spinal roots was cut under normal conditions and when the spinal cord was hemisected at T12. Muscle and MU isometric contractile forces were recorded and muscle fibres in glycogen-depleted single muscle units enumerated 23 to 380 days after surgery. Enlargement of intact MUs by sprouting was effective in compensating for up to 80% loss of innervation. For injuries that removed >70,80% of the intact MUs, muscle contractile force and weight dropped sharply. For partial denervation of <70%, all MUs increased contractile force by the same factor in both normally active muscles and muscles whose activity was reduced by T12 hemisection. Direct measurements of MU size by counting glycogen-depleted muscle fibres in physiologically and histochemically defined muscle units, provided direct evidence for a limit in MU size, whether or not the activity of the muscles was reduced by spinal cord hemisection. Analysis of spatial distribution of muscle fibres within the outer boundaries of the muscle unit demonstrated a progressive increase in fibres within the territory to the limit of sprouting when most of the muscle unit fibres were adjacent to each other. We conclude that the upper limit of MU enlargement may be explained by the reinnervation of denervated muscle fibres by axon sprouts within the spatial territory of the muscle unit, formerly distributed in a mosaic pattern. [source]


    Enlargement of calcium oxalate stones to clinically significant size in an in-vitro stone generator

    BJU INTERNATIONAL, Issue 9 2002
    K. Ananth
    Objective ,To develop and validate an in vitro method suitable for the quantitative investigation of the growth of calcium oxalate stones through to a clinically significant size. Materials and methods ,Small fragments of calcium oxalate calculi were suspended in a mixed suspension/mixed product removal crystalliser supplied with artificial urine supersaturated with calcium oxalate. The fragments were weighed at regular intervals until they reached ,,500 mg. The results were plotted as weight against time and fitted to equations corresponding to constant increase in diameter, surface area-controlled and constant-deposition growth patterns. The choice of the most appropriate model was based on the squared regression coefficient (r2). Results ,Eight fragments (2,6 mm in diameter) were grown to ,,10 mm in diameter over periods from 137 to 369 h. Seven of the growth curves were best-fitted (r2 , 0.988) by the equation w = kt(3/2) + c, where w is the weight, k is a growth constant, t is the time and c is a constant approximating to the initial weight. This corresponds to a surface area-dependent mechanism. Conclusions ,The growth of these small fragments to a clinically significant size accelerated throughout the experimental period in a way which was consistent with a surface area-dependent mechanism. We have developed a resilient model suitable for studying the kinetics of calcium oxalate stone growth in vitro. [source]


    Welfare Implications of EU Enlargement under the CAP

    CANADIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, Issue 4 2008
    Troy G. Schmitz
    The qualitative impacts of European Union (EU) enlargement on intervention prices, variable import levies, and export restitution payments for cereal under the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) are analyzed using a partial equilibrium framework for EU cereal crops. The welfare implications are developed for both a net exporter and net importer. Consumer surplus, producer surplus, government revenue, and total welfare are compared and contrasted for the EU and the new entrant, both before and after enlargement. Dans le présent article, les répercussions qualitatives de l'élargissement de l'UE sur les prix d'intervention, les prélèvements variables à l'importation et les paiements de restitution à l'exportation des céréales dans le cadre de la Politique agricole commune (PAC) sont analysés à l'aide d'un modèle d'équilibre partiel pour les cultures céréalières de l'UE. Les répercussions sur le bien,être sont élaborées dans le cas d'un exportateur net et d'un importateur net. Le surplus des consommateurs, le surplus des producteurs, les recettes publiques et le bien,être total sont comparés pour l'UE et le nouveau venu, et ce, avant et après l'élargissement de l'UE. [source]


    European Enlargement and Agro-Food Trade

    CANADIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, Issue 4 2008
    tefan Bojnec
    This paper investigates the level, composition, and differences in the dynamics of revealed comparative advantage and trade specialization patterns of the 12 new member states (NMS-12) as part of the enlarged European Union 27 countries (EU-27). The NMS-12 are classified into four country groups: the Baltic States, the CEFTA-5, and the Mediterranean and the Balkan regions. The empirical analysis employs a regression framework, a duration analysis, Markov transition probability matrices, and mobility indices. Trade increases with the EU enlargement and so does revealed comparative advantage in agro-food products. There are catching-up difficulties, as indicated by revealed comparative advantage, in higher added-value processed products. Le présent article examine le degré, la composition et les différences de la dynamique des avantages comparatifs révélés ainsi que les caractéristiques de la spécialisation du commerce des douze nouveaux pays membres (NPM-12) de l'Union européenne élargie (UE,27). Les 12 nouveaux pays membres sont divisés en quatre groupes: les États baltiques, les cinq pays membres de l'ALECE, la région de la Méditerranée et la région des Balkans. L'analyse empirique utilise un modèle de régression, une analyse de durée, des matrices de probabilités des transitions (Markov) et des indices de mobilité. Les échanges augmentent avec l'élargissement de l'UE tout comme les avantages comparatifs révélés des produits agroalimentaires. On observe des difficultés de rattrapage, comme l'indique l'avantage comparatif révélé, dans le cas des produits transformés à forte valeur ajoutée. [source]


    A Direct Retro-Reformatsky Fragmentation: Formal Ring Enlargement of Cyclic Ketones for Novel and Practical Synthesis of Heterocyclic Enamines.

    CHEMINFORM, Issue 26 2004
    Mei-Xin Zhao
    Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text. [source]