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Engineering Scaffolds (engineering + scaffold)
Kinds of Engineering Scaffolds Selected AbstractsDifferent Calcium Phosphate Granules for 3-D Printing of Bone Tissue Engineering Scaffolds,ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS, Issue 5 2009Hermann Seitz The 3-D printing technique was used for the fabrication of HA, TCP and BCP ceramics and the influence of the granulate composition on the 3-D printed scaffolds was investigated. An optimal composition for 3-D printing granulates was found. Thus, individual implants can be manufactured via 3-D printing from different CaP phase compositions to tailor their degradation behavior and osteoconductivity for enhanced bone healing. [source] Carbon Nanotube Coatings on Bioglass-Based Tissue Engineering ScaffoldsADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 15 2007R. Boccaccini Abstract The coating of highly porous Bioglass® based 3D scaffolds with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNT) was investigated. Foam like Bioglass® scaffolds were fabricated by the replica technique and electrophoretic deposition was used to deposit homogeneous layers of CNT throughout the scaffold pore structure. The optimal experimental conditions were determined to be: applied voltage 15,V and deposition time 20 minutes, utilizing a concentrated aqueous suspension of CNT with addition of a surfactant and iodine. The scaffold pore structure remained invariant after the CNT coating, as assessed by SEM. The incorporation of CNTs induced a nanostructured internal surface of the pores which is thought to be beneficial for osteoblast cell attachment and proliferation. Bioactivity of the scaffolds was assessed by immersion studies in simulated body fluid (SBF) for periods of up to 2 weeks and the subsequent determination of hydroxyapatite (HA) formation. The presence of CNTs can enhance the bioactive behaviour of the scaffolds since CNTs can serve as template for the ordered formation of a nanostructured HA layers, which does not occur on uncoated Bioglass® surfaces. [source] Tissue Engineering: Advanced Material Strategies for Tissue Engineering Scaffolds (Adv. Mater.ADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 32-33 200932-33/2009) The inside cover shows a scanning electron microscopy image of an accordion-like honeycomb scaffold for myocardial tissue engineering that was explicitly designed to match the structural and mechanical properties of native heart. Further details can be found in the article on p. 3410 by Lisa Freed, George Engelmayr, and co-workers. [source] Advanced Material Strategies for Tissue Engineering ScaffoldsADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 32-33 2009Lisa E. Freed Abstract Tissue engineering seeks to restore the function of diseased or damaged tissues through the use of cells and biomaterial scaffolds. It is now apparent that the next generation of functional tissue replacements will require advanced material strategies to achieve many of the important requirements for long-term success. Here, we provide representative examples of engineered skeletal and myocardial tissue constructs in which scaffolds were explicitly designed to match native tissue mechanical properties as well as to promote cell alignment. We discuss recent progress in microfluidic devices that can potentially serve as tissue engineering scaffolds, since mass transport via microvascular-like structures will be essential in the development of tissue engineered constructs on the length scale of native tissues. Given the rapid evolution of the field of tissue engineering, it is important to consider the use of advanced materials in light of the emerging role of genetics, growth factors, bioreactors, and other technologies. [source] Biomorphic Silicon Carbide Coated with an Electrodeposition of Nanostructured Hydroxyapatite/Collagen as Biomimetic Bone Filler and Scaffold,ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS, Issue 8 2010M. Lelli Abstract The paper describes the method of preparation and chemical/physical characterization of a new biomaterial to be used as a bone substitute and bone-tissue engineering scaffold, which synergistically joins a porous bio-inspired morphology and the mechanical properties of biomorphic silicon carbide (BioSiC) with the surface bioactivity of a nanostructured hydroxyapatite/collagen biomimetic coating. FT-IR spectroscopy and XRD techniques are utilized to determine the chemical coating's composition. The morphology and size of the inorganic and protein components are investigated by TEM. The characteristic morphology of BioSiC channels and pores, which differ as a function of the transversal or longitudinal cross-section and with etching time, are investigated by SEM. Natural wood transformed into BioSiC acts as a cathode in an electrochemically assisted process that produces on its surface a biomimetic coating of hydroxyapatite nanocrystals and reconstituted type I collagen fibrils, producing an innovative apatite/collagen biomimetic porous bone filler and scaffold for tissue engineering. [source] Interaction of Osteoblasts with Macroporous Scaffolds Made of PLLA/PCL Blends Modified with Collagen and Hydroxyapatite,ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS, Issue 8 2009Halil Murat Aydin To mimic natural bone, a tissue engineering scaffold was developed that combines inorganic and organic components of natural bone, its pore diameter, and its interconnected structure. Collagen was coated onto a PLLA/PCL scaffold and hydroxyapatite particles were delivered throughout the polymer matrix much more easily than with other techniques thanks to the porosity-forming method of combining two porogens, namely, salt leaching and supercritical CO2 extraction. Compared with other coating techniques, this procedure can be performed readily and homogeneous 3D hydroxyapatite coating was achieved. [source] Matrix Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation (MAPLE) of Poly(D,L lactide) (PDLLA) on Three Dimensional Bioglass® StructuresADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS, Issue 8 2009Valeria Califano Matrix assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE) was used to coat Bioglass-based tissue engineering scaffolds with poly(D,L lactide). The polymer penetrated to some extent from the surface producing a graded porous composite material. This structure can be beneficial for application in osteochondral tissue engineering, where composite scaffolds are required exhibiting two distinct regions, one for cartilage integration (biopolymer) and the other one for bone contact (bioactive glass). [source] Advanced Material Strategies for Tissue Engineering ScaffoldsADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 32-33 2009Lisa E. Freed Abstract Tissue engineering seeks to restore the function of diseased or damaged tissues through the use of cells and biomaterial scaffolds. It is now apparent that the next generation of functional tissue replacements will require advanced material strategies to achieve many of the important requirements for long-term success. Here, we provide representative examples of engineered skeletal and myocardial tissue constructs in which scaffolds were explicitly designed to match native tissue mechanical properties as well as to promote cell alignment. We discuss recent progress in microfluidic devices that can potentially serve as tissue engineering scaffolds, since mass transport via microvascular-like structures will be essential in the development of tissue engineered constructs on the length scale of native tissues. Given the rapid evolution of the field of tissue engineering, it is important to consider the use of advanced materials in light of the emerging role of genetics, growth factors, bioreactors, and other technologies. [source] Solvent/non-solvent sintering: A novel route to create porous microsphere scaffolds for tissue regenerationJOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH, Issue 2 2008Justin L. Brown Abstract Solvent/non-solvent sintering creates porous polymeric microsphere scaffolds suitable for tissue engineering purposes with control over the resulting porosity, average pore diameter, and mechanical properties. Five different biodegradable biocompatible polyphosphazenes exhibiting glass transition temperatures from ,8 to 41°C and poly (lactide- co -glycolide), (PLAGA) a degradable polymer used in a number of biomedical settings, were examined to study the versatility of the process and benchmark the process to heat sintering. Parameters such as: solvent/non-solvent sintering solution composition and submersion time effect the sintering process. PLAGA microsphere scaffolds fabricated with solvent/non-solvent sintering exhibited an interconnected porosity and pore size of 31.9% and 179.1 ,m, respectively which was analogous to that of conventional heat sintered PLAGA microsphere scaffolds. Biodegradable polyphosphazene microsphere scaffolds exhibited a maximum interconnected porosity of 37.6% and a maximum compressive modulus of 94.3 MPa. Solvent/non-solvent sintering is an effective strategy for sintering polymeric microspheres, with a broad spectrum of glass transition temperatures, under ambient conditions making it an excellent fabrication route for developing tissue engineering scaffolds and drug delivery vehicles. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2008 [source] Mesenchymal stem cell function on hybrid organic/inorganic microparticles in vitroJOURNAL OF TISSUE ENGINEERING AND REGENERATIVE MEDICINE, Issue 5 2010A. Champa Jayasuriya Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) function on novel type hybrid organic/inorganic microparticles (MPs) for application to bone regeneration. The MPs were based on chitosan (CS) and consisted of inorganic components, such as dibasic calcium phosphate (CaHPO4) or calcium carbonate (CaCO3). The MPs were crosslinked using tripolyphosphate. Four types of hybrid MPs were fabricated: CS; CS,10% CaHPO4; CS,20% CaHPO4; and CS,10% CaCO3. The MSCs were attached to all the types of MPs at day 1 and started to spread and proliferate further by days 2 and 7, as analysed by fluorescence microcopy. Cell proliferation was measured at days 7, 14, 21 and 28 by counting the cells attached on the MPs. The number of proliferated cells increased significantly for all types of MPs as time increased. MSC differentiation was analysed using osteoblast (OB) phenotype markers, including alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP), collagen I (COLLI) and osteocalcin (OCN) at days 7, 14, 21 and 28, using quantitative real-time PCR. The normalized mRNA expression of ALP for all MPs was observed only at day 7. The normalized mRNA expression of COLLI and OCN was significantly increased for all types of hybrid MPs at each time point compared to the control samples. Collectively, our results proved that hybrid organic/inorganic MPs were non-cytotoxic and supported MSC attachment, spreading, proliferation and differentiation into the OB phenotype. These hybrid MPs have great potential for application as bone-void fillers or bone tissue engineering scaffolds in bone regeneration. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] ,Smart' delivery systems for biomolecular therapeuticsORTHODONTICS & CRANIOFACIAL RESEARCH, Issue 3 2005PS Stayton Structured Abstract Authors ,, Stayton PS, El-Sayed MEH, Murthy N, Bulmus V, Lackey C, Cheung C, Hoffman AS Objective ,, There is a strong need for drug delivery systems that can deliver biological signals from biomaterials and tissue engineering scaffolds, and a particular need for new delivery systems that can efficiently deliver biomolecules to intracellular targets. Viruses and pathogens have evolved potent molecular machinery that sense the lowered pH gradient of the endosomal compartment and become activated to destabilize the endosomal membrane, thereby enhancing protein or DNA transport to the cytoplasmic compartment. A key feature of many of these biological delivery systems is that they are reversible, so that the delivery systems are not directly toxic. These delivery systems have the ability to change their structural and functional properties and thus display remarkable ,smart' material properties. The objective of this presentation is to review the initial development of smart polymeric carriers that mimic these biological delivery systems and combine similar pH-sensitive, membrane-destabilizing activity for the delivery of therapeutic biomolecules. Design ,, We have developed new ,smart' polymeric carriers to more effectively deliver and broaden the available types of biomolecular therapeutics. The polymers are hydrophilic and stealth-like at physiological pH, but become membrane-destabilizing after uptake into the endosomal compartment where they enhance the release of therapeutic cargo into the cytoplasm. They can be designed to provide a range of pH profiles and membrane-destabilizing activities, allowing their molecular properties to be matched to specific drugs and loading ranges. A versatile set of linker chemistries is available to provide degradable conjugation sites for proteins, nucleic acids, and/or targeting moieties. Results ,, The physical properties of several pH-responsive polymers were examined. The activity and pH profile can be manipulated by controlling the length of hydrophobic alkyl segments. The delivery of poly(propyl acrylic acid) (PPAA)-containing lipoplexes significantly enhanced wound healing through the interconnected effects of altered extracellular matrix organization and greater vascularization. PPAA has also been shown to enhance cytoplasmic delivery of a model protein therapeutic. Polymeric carriers displaying pH-sensitive, membrane-destabilizing activity were also examined. The pH profile is controlled by the choice of the alkylacrylic acid monomer and by the ratio of the carboxylate-containing alkylacrylic acid monomer to alkylacrylate monomer. The membrane destabilizing activity is controlled by the lengths of the alkyl segment on the alkylacrylic acid monomer and the alkylacrylate monomer, as well as by their ratio in the final polymer chains. Conclusion ,, The molecular mechanisms that proteins use to sense and destabilize provide interesting paradigms for the development of new polymeric delivery systems that mimic biological strategies for promoting the intracellular delivery of biomolecular drugs. The key feature of these polymers is their ability to directly enhance the intracellular delivery of proteins and DNA, by destabilizing biological membranes in response to vesicular compartment pH changes. The ability to deliver a wide variety of protein and nucleic acid drugs to intracellular compartments from tissue engineering and regenerative scaffolds could greatly enhance control of important processes such as inflammation, angiogenesis, and biomineralization. [source] Controlled release of neurotrophin-3 from fibrin-based tissue engineering scaffolds enhances neural fiber sprouting following subacute spinal cord injury,BIOTECHNOLOGY & BIOENGINEERING, Issue 6 2009Philip J. Johnson Abstract This study investigated whether delayed treatment of spinal cord injury with controlled release of neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) from fibrin scaffolds can stimulate enhanced neural fiber sprouting. Long Evans rats received a T9 dorsal hemisection spinal cord injury. Two weeks later, the injury site was re-exposed, and either a fibrin scaffold alone, a fibrin scaffold containing a heparin-based delivery system with different concentrations of NT-3 (500 and 1,000,ng/mL), or a fibrin scaffold containing 1,000,ng/mL of NT-3 (no delivery system) was implanted into the injury site. The injured spinal cords were evaluated for morphological differences using markers for neurons, astrocytes, and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans 2 weeks after treatment. The addition of 500,ng/mL of NT-3 with the delivery system resulted in an increase in neural fiber density compared to fibrin alone. These results demonstrate that the controlled release of NT-3 from fibrin scaffolds can enhance neural fiber sprouting even when treatment is delayed 2 weeks following injury. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009; 104: 1207,1214. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Time-lapsed imaging for in-process evaluation of supercritical fluid processing of tissue engineering scaffoldsBIOTECHNOLOGY PROGRESS, Issue 4 2009Melissa L. Mather Abstract This article demonstrates the application of time-lapsed imaging and image processing to inform the supercritical processing of tissue scaffolds that are integral to many regenerative therapies. The methodology presented provides online quantitative evaluation of the complex process of scaffold formation in supercritical environments. The capabilities of the developed system are demonstrated through comparison of scaffolds formed from polymers with different molecular weight and with different venting times. Visual monitoring of scaffold fabrication enabled key events in the supercritical processing of the scaffolds to be identified including the onset of polymer plasticization, supercritical points and foam formation. Image processing of images acquired during the foaming process enabled quantitative tracking of the growing scaffold boundary that provided new insight into the nature of scaffold foaming. Further, this quantitative approach assisted in the comparison of different scaffold fabrication protocols. Observed differences in scaffold formation were found to persist, post-fabrication as evidenced by micro x-ray computed tomography (, x-ray CT) images. It is concluded that time-lapsed imaging in combination with image processing is a convenient and powerful tool to provide insight into the scaffold fabrication process. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2009 [source] | ||||||||||||||||