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Energy Utilization (energy + utilization)
Terms modified by Energy Utilization Selected AbstractsRegulation of Light Energy Utilization and Distribution of Photosynthesis in Five Subtropical Woody PlantsJOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2007Nan Liu Abstract The adaptations and responses of photosynthesis to long- and short-term growth light gradient treatments were investigated in five subtropical forest plants, namely Pinus massoniana Lamb., Schima superba Gardn. et Champ., Castanopsis fissa (Champ. ex Benth.) Rehd. et Wils., Acmena acuminatissima (BI.) Merr et Perry, and Cryptocarya concinna Hance. With diurnal changes in sunlight and air temperature, the de-epoxidation state and lutein content in the five woody plants under three light intensities first increased and then decreased during the day. However, maximal photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm; where Fm is the maximum fluorescence yield and Fv is variable fluorescence) and the photochemical quantum yields of photosystem (PS) II (,PSII) of the species examined changed in the opposite manner, with those in plants grown under 100% natural light changing the most. After long-term treatment (21 months), anti-oxidant capacity (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH·)-scavenging capacity) and utilization of excitation energy showed differences in modulation by different light intensities. It was shown that A. acuminatissima and C. concinna, as dominant species in the late succession stage of a subtropical forest in Dinghu mountain, South China, were better able to adapt to different light environments. However, P. massoniana, the pioneer species of this forest, exhibited less adaptation to low light intensity and was definitely eliminated by the forest succession process. [source] Carbohydrate utilization by juvenile silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus (Mitchell).AQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 2 2003Abstract The ability of juvenile silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus) to utilize dietary raw wheat meal, raw wheat starch, gelatinized wheat starch and dextrin as energy sources to spare protein for growth was quantified. Energy utilization and protein sparing were assessed by comparing the weight gain, energy retention efficiency, protein retention and body composition of silver perch that had been fed a series of diets in which the basal diet (low carbohydrate) was systematically replaced with graded levels of each carbohydrate ingredient or an inert diluent, diatomaceous earth. The protein content decreased as the carbohydrate content increased, giving four different protein to energy ratios for each of the four carbohydrate sources (except for the 60% inclusion level, at which only three carbohydrate sources were tested). Silver perch were efficient at utilizing carbohydrate for energy to spare protein. Silver perch fed diets containing up to 30% wheat meal, raw wheat starch, gelatinized wheat starch or dextrin exhibited similar growth, protein retention and energy retention efficiency to the fish fed the basal diet. Weight gain of silver perch fed diets containing wheat meal or carbohydrates at 45% inclusion content had significantly reduced weight gain when compared with fish fed the basal diet. However, protein retention and energy retention efficiency were similar or better. Whole-body protein levels of silver perch remained constant regardless of carbohydrate sources, and there was no evidence of increasing whole-body lipid concentrations for fish fed diets with up to 60% dietary carbohydrate. Silver perch were more efficient at utilizing processed starch (either gelatinized starch or dextrin) than wheat meal or raw wheat starch. [source] Regional industrial recycling network in energy supply,the case of Joensuu city, FinlandCORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, Issue 3 2002Jouni Korhonen Industrial recycling networks offer an example of the practical application of some of the industrial ecology (IE) principles. In the industrial ecosystem and eco-industrial park approaches the material cycles and energy cascades in a natural ecosystem serve as the metaphoric vision for a local/regional industrial system in which waste material and waste (residual) energy are utilized through cooperation between the actors in the system. In this paper, a local/regional recycling network scenario is presented with the energy supply system of the city of Joensuu in Finland. The conditions of success include the co-production of heat and electricity (heat and power, CHP), waste energy utilization for industrial steam and renewable flow use as fuel. Some difficulties in the industrial ecosystem-type development of the system are discussed. Methodological suggestions for industrial ecosystem and eco-industrial park case studies are considered and the experience from this Finnish case is discussed in terms of wider application of IE in local/regional economic energy systems. For future research on the theme, it is suggested that regional industrial ecology may benefit from regional economics theory and, vice versa, regional economics theory may find a new area of application in regional industrial ecology. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment. [source] Energy requirements of spasticityDEVELOPMENTAL MEDICINE & CHILD NEUROLOGY, Issue 4 2001Cheryl Hemingway MBCh B Direct measurement of energy expended by spasticity in children with severe spastic quadriparesis is difficult. Insertion of an intrathecal baclofen pump in a 13-year-old boy with severe spasticity and profound mental retardation* resulted in an estimated 30 to 40% decrease in his spasticity. As he had been on a carefully calculated ketogenic diet and fed by gastrostomy, his precise caloric intake was known. Decrease in spasticity, on the same caloric intake, led to marked weight gain. Reduction of 100 calories intake resulted in new weight stability. It was possible therefore, to estimate indirectly energy used by his spasticity. This 100 calories, representing 34% of calories above his resting energy requirement, corresponded to an independently estimated 30 to 40% of caloric expenditure of his spasticity. It was concluded that when calculation of calories is critical, energy utilization by spasticity must be taken into consideration. [source] Fatty acid metabolism assessed by 125I-iodophenyl 9-methylpentadecanoic acid (9MPA) and expression of fatty acid utilization enzymes in volume-overloaded heartsEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION, Issue 3 2004T. Miyamoto Abstract Background, The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) , is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily and regulates gene expression of fatty acid utilization enzymes. In cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure by pressure-overload, myocardial energy utilization reverts to the fetal pattern, and metabolic substrate switches from fatty acid to glucose. However, myocardial metabolism in volume-overloaded hearts has not been rigorously studied. The aim of the present study was to examine fatty acid metabolism and protein expressions of PPAR, and fatty acid oxidation enzymes in volume-overloaded rabbit hearts. Methods, Volume-overload was induced by carotid-jugular shunt formation. Sham-operated rabbits were used as control. Chronic volume-overload increased left ventricular weight and ventricular cavity size, and relative wall thickness was decreased, indicating eccentric cardiac hypertrophy. 125I-iodophenyl 9-methylpentadecanoic acid (9MPA) was intravenously administered, and animals were sacrificed at 5 min after injection. The 9MPA was rapidly metabolized to iodophenyl-3-methylnonanoic acid (3MNA) by ,-oxidation. Lipid extraction from the myocardium was performed by the Folch method, and radioactivity distribution of metabolites was assayed by thin-layer chromatography. The protein was extracted from the left ventricular myocardium, and levels of PPAR, and fatty acid oxidation enzymes were examined by Western blotting. Results, Myocardial distribution of 9MPA tended to be more heterogeneous in shunt than in sham rabbits (P = 0·06). In volume-overloaded hearts by shunt, the conversion from 9MPA to 3MNA by ,-oxidation was faster than the sham-control hearts (P < 0·05). However, protein levels of PPAR, and fatty acid utilization enzymes were unchanged in shunt rabbits compared with sham rabbits. Conclusions, These data suggest that myocardial fatty acid metabolism is enhanced in eccentric cardiac hypertrophy by volume-overload without changes in protein expressions of PPAR, and fatty acid utilization enzymes. Our data may provide a novel insight into the subcellular mechanisms for the pathological process of cardiac remodelling in response to mechanical stimuli. [source] Hourly and daily clearness index and diffuse fraction at a tropical station, Ile-Ife, NigeriaINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY, Issue 8 2009E. C. Okogbue Abstract Dataset consisting of hourly global and diffuse solar radiation measured over the period February 1992 and December 2002 have been utilized to investigate the diurnal and seasonal variations of hourly and daily clearness index together with the diffuse fraction at a tropical station Ile-Ife (7.5°N, 4.57°E), Nigeria. Statistical analysis (the frequency and cumulative frequency distribution of the hourly and daily clearness index) and subsequent characterization of the sky conditions over the station based on these were also done, and their implications for solar energy utilization in the area discussed. Daytime (11:00,15:00 LST) monthly mean hourly diffuse fraction, M,d (explained in a separate ,List of Symbols' provided, along with other symbols used in this article), have values, which are most of the time less than 0.52, 0.54 and 0.60 respectively for January, February and March in the dry season. However, during the months of July and August (which are typical of the wet season), the values range between 0.61 and 0.85 (being generally greater than 0.65) with the corresponding values of the monthly mean hourly clearness index, M,T, ranging between 0.23 and 0.45. Statistical analysis of hourly and daily clearness index showed that the local sky conditions at the station were almost devoid of clear skies and overcast skies (clear skies and overcast skies occurred for only about 3.5% and 4.8% of the time respectively). The sky conditions were rather predominantly cloudy (cloudy skies occurred for about 88% of the time) all the year round. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society [source] Geothermal energy utilization in TurkeyINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESEARCH, Issue 9 2001G. G. Gunerhan Abstract This paper investigates the status of geothermal development in Turkey as of the end of 1999. Turkey is one of the countries with significant potential in geothermal energy. Resource assessments have been made many times by the Mineral Research and Exploration Directorate (MTA) of Turkey. The main uses of geothermal energy are mostly moderate- and low-temperature applications such as space heating and domestic hot water supply, greenhouse heating, swimming and balneology, industrial processes, heat pumps and electricity generation. The data accumulated since 1962 show that the estimated geothermal power and direct use potential are about 4500 MWe and 31 500 MWt, respectively. The direct use capacity in thermal applications is in total 640 MWt representing only 2 per cent of its total potential. Since 1990, space heating and greenhouse developments have exhibited a significant progress. The total area of greenhouses heated by geothermal energy reached up to about 31 ha with a heating capacity of 69.61 MWt. A geothermal power plant with a capacity of 20.4 MWe and a CO2 factory with a capacity of 40000 ton yr,1 have been operated in the Denizli-Kizildere field since 1984 and 1986, respectively. Ground source heat pumps have been used in residential buildings for heating and cooling for approximately 2 years. Present applications have shown that geothermal energy in Turkey is clean and much cheaper compared to the other energy sources like fossil fuels and therefore is a promising alternative. As the projects are recognized by the public, the progress will continue. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Application of a chemical heat pump to a cogeneration systemINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESEARCH, Issue 2 2001Yukitaka Kato Abstract The feasibility of a proposed system that combines a magnesium oxide/water chemical heat pump and a diesel engine as a cogeneration system is discussed based on experimental results. The combined system is intended to utilize the waste heat discharge from the engine by means of the chemical heat pump and to level the heat supply load of the engine, allowing enhanced energy utilization. The thermal performance of the chemical heat pump in the cogeneration system is estimated based on the results of a packed-bed experiment. The estimation indicates that by storing the waste heat from the engine during low demand periods, the cogeneration system can produce more than several times the standard thermal output of the diesel engine during peak demand periods. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Ambient temperature influences aging in an annual fish (Nothobranchius rachovii)AGING CELL, Issue 6 2009Chin-Yuan Hsu Summary Extending lifespan by lowering ambient temperature in the habitat has been shown in a variety of organisms. Its mechanism, however, remains elusive. In this study, we examined the survivorship and the aging process of the annual fish (Nothobranchius rachovii) reared under high (30 °C), moderate (25 °C) and low (20 °C) ambient temperatures. The results showed that low ambient temperatures prolong survivorship, whereas high ambient temperatures shorten survivorship. At low ambient temperature, expression of senescence-associated ,-galactosidase, lipofuscin, reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, mitochondrial density and ADP/ATP ratio were reduced compared with those reared at high and moderate temperatures, whereas catalase activity, Mn-superoxide dismutase activities, mitochondrial membrane potential and the levels of ATP, ADP, Sirt1 and Forkhead box O expression were elevated. The expression levels of Hsp70 and CIRP showed no significant difference under any of the ambient temperatures tested. We concluded that cellular metabolism, energy utilization and gene expression are altered at lower ambient temperature, which is associated with the extension of lifespan of the annual fish. [source] Does the capacity for energy utilization affect the survival of post-smolt Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., during natural outbreaks of infectious pancreatic necrosis?JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES, Issue 7 2007K-A Rørvik Abstract If osmotic stress and reduced seawater tolerance are predisposing factors for infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) outbreaks in farmed Atlantic salmon, increased survival by enhancing access to energy would be expected. The aim of the present study was, therefore, to increase energy access in 1-year old Atlantic salmon after sea transfer by increasing the level of dietary fat, by exchanging some of the dietary oil with more easily oxidized medium chain triacylglycerols, or by dietary supplementation of potentially energy enhancing additives such as clofibrate and tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA). A natural outbreak of IPN occurred 8 weeks after sea transfer, and a significant dietary effect explaining 76% of the variation in mortality was observed. Relative percentage survival for the fish fed TTA in sea water was 70% when compared with the unsupplemented control, reducing mortality from 7.8 to 2.3%. Muscle fat content and plasma chloride were related to IPN mortality, suggesting that reduced hypoosmoregulatory capacity might be a predisposing factor to the onset of an IPN outbreak. Based on the observation of a threefold increase in white muscle mitochondrial fatty acid oxidizing activity by TTA, it is suggested that TTA has resulted in a re-allocation of dietary fatty acids from storage to energy producing oxidation. [source] Mammalian Sperm Energy Resources Management and Survival during Conservation in RefrigerationREPRODUCTION IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS, Issue 2006JE Rodriguez-Gil Contents The present review has as its main aim to present an overview regarding the mechanisms utilized by mammalian sperm to manage its intracellular energy levels. This management will strongly influence the sperm's ability to maintain its overall function during its entire life span. Thus, the precise knowledge of these mechanisms will be of the utmost interest to optimize the systems utilized to conserve mammalian sperm for a medium-to-long time-lapse. Briefly, utilization of hexoses as energy substrates by mammalian sperm is very finely regulated from the very first step of its metabolization. Furthermore, the equilibrium among the separate, monosaccharide metabolization pathways in mammalian sperm depends on many factors. This prevents the possibility to draw a general vision of sperm energy utilization, which explains the results of all mammalian species in all points of the sperm life-cycle. To complicate the matter further, there are separate energy phenotypes among mammalian spermatozoa. The precise knowledge of these phenotypes is of the greatest importance in order to optimize the design of new extenders for sperm conservation in refrigerated conditions. Moreover, sugars can act on sperm not only as passive metabolic substrates, but also as direct function activators through mechanisms like specific changes in the tyrosine phosphorylation status of distinct proteins. Finally, mammalian sperm utilizes non-glucidic substrates like citrate and lactate to obtain energy in a regular form. This utilization is also finely regulated and of importance to maintain overall sperm function. This implies that the exact proportion of glucidic and non-glucidic energy substrates could be very important to optimize the survival ability of these cells in conservation. [source] Energy Efficiency of Two-Phase Mixing in a Modified Bubble ColumnTHE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, Issue 3 2007Subrata Kumar Majumder Abstract Energy efficiency for gas liquid mixing in a modified downflow bubble column reactor has been analyzed in this paper. Efficiencies of the different parts of the bubble column have been assessed on the basis of energy dissipation. Prediction of the energy dissipation coefficient as well as energy utilization efficiency due to gas-liquid mixing as a function of different physical, geometric and dynamic variables of the system has been done by correlation method. The distribution of energy utilization in the different zones of the column has also been analyzed. Experiments were carried out with air-water and air-aqueous solutions of carboxy methyl cellulose with different concentrations. Dans cet article on a analysé l'efficacité énergétique pour le mélange gaz-liquide dans un réacteur à colonne à bulles à écoulement descendant modifié. Les efficacités des différentes régions de la colonne à bulles ont été évaluées sur la base de la dissipation d'énergie. On a utilisé une méthode de corrélation pour prédire le coefficient de dissipation d'énergie ainsi que l'efficacité d'utilisation de l'énergie due au mélange gaz-liquide en fonction des différentes variables physiques, géométriques et dynamiques du système. La distribution de l'utilisation de l'énergie dans les différentes régions de la colonne a également été analysée. Des expériences ont été menées avec des solutions air-eau et air-solutions aqueuses de carboxyméthylcellulose à différentes concentrations. [source] Apparent digestibility of selected feed ingredients in diets for juvenile hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus×Oreochromis aureusAQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 9 2010Xiao-Hui Dong Abstract The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter, crude protein, crude lipid, ash, phosphorus, gross energy and amino acids of 10 selected ingredients for juvenile hybrid tilapia (7.05 ± 0.09 g) were determined using 0.5% Cr2O3 as an inert indicator. The feed ingredients tested in this study were corn gluten meal (CGM), corn byproduct, corn germ meal (CG), soybean meal (SBM), fermented soybean meal (FSM), soy protein concentrate (SPC), soy protein isolate, malt sprouts (MS), fish meal (FM) and earthworm meal (EM). The test diets were prepared by incorporation of 30% test ingredients into the reference diet. Reference and test diets were fed to the fish and the faecal samples were collected using a faecal collection column attached to the fish-rearing tanks. The ADCs for dry matter, crude protein, crude lipid, ash, phosphorus and gross energy were 41.7,98.9%, 90.6,99.6%, 73.1,98.8%, 34.1,98.6%, 49.5,99.6% and 45.4,99.7% respectively. Soy protein isolate, FM and EM had higher dry matter, crude protein and gross energy ADCs. Corn byproduct and EM had higher crude lipid ADCs, and CG and EM had higher phosphorus ADCs. Corn germ meal had the highest ash ADC, while CGM had the highest value for gross energy. The lowest dry matter, crude protein, lipid and gross energy ADCs occurred in MS, while the lowest ash and phosphorus ADCs occurred in SPC. The amino acid ADCs ranged from 83.3% to 100%, exhibiting a positive correlation with crude protein digestibility for a given test ingredient. The feed ingredient digestibility of this study may provide useful information about nutrient and energy utilization to facilitate formulation of least-cost practical diets for hybrid tilapia. [source] Dietary non-protein energy sources: growth, digestive enzyme activities and nutrient utilization by the catfish jundiá, Rhamdia quelenAQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 3 2010Giovanni Vitti Moro Abstract A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different dietary carbohydrate to lipid (CHO:L) ratios on growth, digestive enzyme activities and nutrient utilization by jundiáRhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard) an omnivorous catfish native to Latin America. Groups of 40 fingerlings were stocked in 24 tanks and fed eight isonitrogenous (41% crude protein) and isoenergetic (13.5 kJ g,1) casein-based diets for 75 days. Diets had eight CHO:L ratios: 0.3:1, 1.0:1, 2.0:1, 3.4:1, 4.6:1, 5.3:1, 5.6:1 and 6.5:1, and were fed twice a day to apparent satiation. Increasing CHO:L ratio did not significantly affect growth performance. However, the highest apparent net protein utilization was observed in fish fed the 5.3:1 CHO:L diet. No differences were detected among fish on apparent net energy utilization. Whole body fat deposition decreased as dietary CHOL:L ratio increased (P<0.01). The highest fat deposition was observed in fish fed the lowest CHO:L ratio diet. Liver glycogen showed a quadratic response to the increase on dietary carbohydrate concentration, which may suggest that dietary CHO:L ratios above 3.4 can cause metabolic burden for jundiá. Therefore, despite jundiá omnivorous feeding habit, our findings indicate that dietary dextrin concentration above 15.70% (CHO:L=5.3) are not well utilized by jundiá. [source] Effect of dietary protein regime during the growing period on growth performance, feed utilization and whole-body chemical composition of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.)AQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 13 2009Mohsen Abdel-Tawwab Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of various dietary protein regimes on growth performance, feed utilization and whole-body chemical composition of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Twenty cages (1 m3 each) were randomly allocated to a four-replicate experiment to represent five treatments (T1,T5) where fish were randomly stocked at a rate of 50 fish (1.5,2.2 g) per cage. Fish in T1,T5 fed on a 45% crude protein (CP) diet for the first 4 weeks. In T1, T2 or T3 fish fed on 45%, 35% or 25% CP diets for the last 8 weeks respectively. In T4 fish fed 35% CP diet for the second 4 weeks followed by 25% CP diet for the last 4 weeks and in T5 fish fed 25% CP diet for the second 4 weeks followed by 35% CP diet for the last 4 weeks. Diets were offered to satiation and provided manually twice a day in the morning and in the afternoon, 6 days a week. The optimum fish growth and feed utilization were obtained at T1, T2 and T4. Protein efficient ratio and apparent protein utilization were lower at T1 and T2 than those of T3,T5. On the other hand, no significant changes in energy utilization were observed among the different treatments. There were no major changes in the carcass composition except in ash content, which was higher in T3 and T5 only. This study recommended that the dietary protein regime is an important management in tilapia culture, and the protein level could be reduced from 45% to 35% then to 25% on increasing the fish size. [source] A review of methods for Centropomus spp. (snooks) aquaculture and recommendations for the establishment of their culture in Latin AmericaAQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 7 2008Luis Alvarez-Lajonchère Abstract The positive features of Centropomids and Latids for cultivation are analysed and highlighted. The main life cycle characteristics as well as market prices and demands are presented. Good growth, highly efficient food conversion ratios and energy utilization allow very high biomass yields per unit volume in nursery and grow-out systems. They have shown notable tolerances to main environmental conditions, as well as considerable versatility in adapting to culture systems (cages, ponds and tanks), and culture intensity (extensive, semi-intensive, intensive and superintensive), especially in estuarine and coastal sites and ponds. These positive features provide them with a high culture potential. A general summary of their culture is presented, based on the commercial cultivation of the Asian sea bass or barramundi Lates calcarifer as well as the experimental and pilot-scale results from the main American species. The importance of hatchery fry production as an essential culture pre-requisite is emphasized, in addition to an analysis of the main difficulties and constraints for future development. [source] Nutritive value of partially dehulled and extruded sunflower meal for post-smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in sea waterAQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 13 2006Navneet Gill Abstract This study determined the digestibility of protein in partially dehulled sunflower meal (SFM) and then, as the main goal, the nutritive value of high-temperature extruded (,149°C) partially dehulled SFM (SFMEX) for post-smolt Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in sea water. The digestibility study was conducted using the settling column approach (,Guelph system') for faeces collection as described by Hajen, Higgs, Beames and Dosanjh. In the nutritive value study, triplicate groups of 50 salmon (mean weight ,116 g) in 4000-L outdoor fibreglass tanks supplied with 25,40 L min,1, filtered, oxygenated (dissolved oxygen, 7.0,8.5 mg L,1), 11,12°C sea water (salinity, 29,31 g L,1), were fed twice daily to satiation one of five steam-pelleted dry diets that contained 422 g of digestible protein (DP) kg,1 and ,16.4 MJ of digestible energy (DE) kg,1 on a dry weight basis for 84 days. Low-temperature-dried anchovy meal (LT-AM) comprised 68.2% of the basal diet protein whereas in four test diets, SFMEX progressively replaced up to 33.0% of the DP provided by LT-AM in the basal diet (SFMEX,271 g kg,1 of dry matter). Sunflower meal had 87.9% DP. Diet treatment did not significantly affect specific growth rate (1.39,1.45% day,1), feed efficiency (1.19,1.26), percentage of dietary protein retained (45.8,47.5), gross energy utilization (46.5,49.4%), per cent survival (96.0,99.3) or terminal whole body and muscle proximate compositions. We conclude that SFMEX can comprise ,271 g kg,1 of the dry diet or ,22.7% of the digestible dietary protein of post-smolt Atlantic salmon in seawater without any adverse effects on their performance. [source] | ||||||||||||||||