Enamel Matrix Derivative (enamel + matrix_derivative)

Distribution by Scientific Domains


Selected Abstracts


Enamel matrix derivative and titanium implants

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 4 2003
An experimental pilot study in the rabbit
Aim: The aim of present study was to evaluate if an enamel matrix derivative (Emdogain®) may enhance bone formation and osseointegration of titanium implants, using a well-documented rabbit model. Material and methods: Thirty-six threaded commercially pure titanium (cp.ti.) implants were inserted in six New Zealand white rabbits. One implant was placed in each femur and two in each tibia. Prior to implant insertion approximately 0.5 mL of Emdogain (EMD) (test) or the vehicle gel (PGA: propylene glycol alginate) (control) was injected into the surgically prepared implant site. The follow-up time was 6 weeks. Biomechanical evaluations by resonance frequency analysis (RFA) and removal torque measurements (RTQ) were performed. Histomorphometrical quantifications were made on ground sections by measurements of the percentage of bone-to-metal contact, bone area inside the threads as well as outside the threads (mirror image). Bone lengths along the implant surface were also measured and used for shear strength calculations. Results: The results demonstrated no beneficial effects from the EMD treatment on bone formation around titanium implants in any of the tested parameters. Significant differences were demonstrated with removal torque test and shear force calculations for the control implants. No other parameter demonstrated a statistically significant difference. Conclusion: The results of the present study may indicate that EMD does not contribute to bone formation around titanium implants. This observation may indicate that the bone formation that occurs after EMD treatment in periodontal defects is the result of functional adaptation. However, further research is required to evaluate the effect of EMD treatment on bone formation. Zusammenfassung Schmelzmatrixprotein und Titanimplantate. Eine experimentelle Pilotstudie beim Kaninchen Zielsetzung: Untersuchung im gut dokumentierten Kaninchenmodell, ob Schmelzmatrixprotein (Emdogain®) die Knochenbildung und Osseointegration von Titanimplantaten verbessert. Material und Methoden: 36 kommerziell erhältliche Schraubenimplantate aus reinem Titan (cp.ti.) wurden bei 6 weißen Neuseeländischen Kaninchen inseriert. Ein Implantat wurde in jeden Femur und 2 in jede Tibia gesetzt. Vor Implantatinsertion wurden etwa 0,5 ml Emdogain (EMD) (Test) oder das Trägergel (PGA: Propylenglykolalginat) (Kontrolle) in die chirurgisch vorbereitete Insertionsstelle gespritzt. Die Nachuntersuchungszeit betrug 6 Wochen. Die biomechanischen Untersuchungen umfassten eine Resonanzfrequenzanalyse (RFA) und die Messung des Drehmoments, das zur Entfernung der Implantate nötig war (RTQ). Folgende histomorphometrische Messungen wurden auf Schliffpräparaten durchgeführt: Messung des prozentualen Knochen-zu-Metall-Kontaktes, Knochenbereich innerhalb und außerhalb der Schraubengewinde (Spiegelbild). Die Knochenlänge entlang der Implantate wurde ausgemessen und für Scherkraftberechnungen genutzt. Ergebnisse: Es konnten für keinen der untersuchten Parameter günstige Auswirkungen der Anwendung von EMD auf die Knochenbildung um Titanimplantate beobachtet werden. Signifikante Unterschiede konnten für RTQ und Scherkraftberechnungen für die Kontrollimplantate gezeigt werden. Für keinen anderen Parameter konnten statistisch signifikante Unterschiede gefunden werden. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie zeigen, dass der Einsatz von EMD nicht zur Knochenbildung um Titanimplantate beiträgt. Diese Beobachtung kann darauf hinweisen, dass die Knochenbildung, die nach Gabe von EMD in parodontalen Defekten stattfindet, das Ergebnis funktioneller Adaptation ist. Allerdings sind weitere Untersuchungen erforderlich, um die Auswirkung von EMD auf die Knochenbildung zu verstehen. Résumé Dérivés de la matrice amellaire et implants en titane. Une étude pilote expérimentale sur le lapin. But: Le but de cette étude était d'évaluer si un dérivé de la matrice amellaire (Emdogain®) pouvait augmenter la formation osseuse et l'ostéo-intégration d'implants en titane en utilisant un modèle éprouvé de lapin. Matériel et méthodes: 36 implants en titane commercialement purs (cp.ti.) ont été vissés chez 6 lapins blancs de Nouvelle Zélande. 1 implant fut placé dans chaque fémur et 2 dans chaque tibia. Préalablement à l'insertion, environ 0.5 mL d' Emdogain (EMD) (test) ou du gel vecteur (PGA: propylene glycol alginate) (control) fut injecté dans le site implantaire préparé chirurgicalement. Le suivi était réalisé sur 6 semaines. Des évaluations biomécaniques par analyse de la fréquence de résonance (RFA) et des mesures de torque de retrait (RTQ) furent utilisées. Les quantifications histo-morphométriques furent réalisées sur des coupes en mesurant le pourcentage de contact os-métal, les surfaces osseuses à l'intérieur ainsi qu'à l'extérieur des spires (Image miroir). Les longueurs d'os le long des surfaces implantaires furent aussi mesurées et utilisées pour calculer les forces de cisaillement. Résultats: Les résultats n'ont montré aucun effet bénéfique du traitement à l'EMD sur la formation osseuse autour des implants en titane pour aucun des paramètres test. De significatives différences furent trouvées avec le test de torque et les calculs de force de cisaillement pour les implants contrôles. Aucun autre paramètre ne montrait de différences statistiquement significatives. Conclusion: Les résultats de cette étude pourrait indiquer que l'EMD ne contribue pas à la formation osseuse autour des implants en titane. Cette observation peut indiquer que la formation osseuse qui survient après traitement à l'EMD dans les lésions parodontales serait le résultat d'une adaptation fonctionnelle. Cependant, de futures recherches sont nécessaires pour évaluer l'effet du traitement à l'EMD sur la formation osseuse. [source]


Effects of porcine 25 kDa amelogenin and its proteolytic derivatives on bone sialoprotein expression

JOURNAL OF PERIODONTAL RESEARCH, Issue 5 2010
Y. Nakayama
Nakayama Y, Yang L, Mezawa M, Araki S, Li Z, Wang Z, Sasaki Y, Takai H, Nakao S, Fukae M, Ogata Y. Effects of porcine 25 kDa amelogenin and its proteolytic derivatives on bone sialoprotein expression. J Periodont Res 2010; 45: 602,611. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Background and Objective:, Amelogenins are hydrophobic proteins that are the major component of developing enamel. Enamel matrix derivative has been used for periodontal regeneration. Bone sialoprotein is an early phenotypic marker of osteoblast differentiation. In this study, we examined the ability of porcine amelogenins to regulate bone sialoprotein transcription. Material and Methods:, To determine the molecular basis of the transcriptional regulation of the bone sialoprotein gene by amelogenins, we conducted northern hybridization, transient transfection analyses and gel mobility shift assays using the osteoblast-like ROS 17/2.8 cells. Results:, Amelogenins (100 ng/mL) up-regulated bone sialoprotein mRNA at 3 h, with maximal mRNA expression occurring at 12 h (25 and 20 kDa) and 6 h (13 and 6 kDa). Amelogenins (100 ng/mL, 12 h) increased luciferase activities in pLUC3 (nucleotides ,116 to +60), and 6 kDa amelogenin up-regulated pLUC4 (nucleotides ,425 to +60) activity. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor inhibited amelogenin-induced luciferase activities, whereas the protein kinase A inhibitor abolished 25 kDa amelogenin-induced bone sialoprotein transcription. The effects of amelogenins were abrogated by 2-bp mutations in the fibroblast growth factor 2 response element (FRE). Gel-shift assays with radiolabeled FRE, homeodomain-protein binding site (HOX) and transforming growth factor-beta1 activation element (TAE) double-strand oligonucleotides revealed increased binding of nuclear proteins from amelogenin-stimulated ROS 17/2.8 cells at 3 h (25 and 13 kDa) and 6 h (20 and 6 kDa). Conclusion:, These results demonstrate that porcine 25 kDa amelogenin and its proteolytic derivatives stimulate bone sialoprotein transcription by targeting FRE, HOX and TAE in the bone sialoprotein gene promoter, and that full-length amelogenin and amelogenin cleavage products are able to regulate bone sialoprotein transcription via different signaling pathways. [source]


Enamel matrix derivative enhances tissue formation around scaffolds used for tissue engineering of ligaments

JOURNAL OF TISSUE ENGINEERING AND REGENERATIVE MEDICINE, Issue 2 2010
Michael P. Messenger
Abstract The following in vitro translational study investigated whether enamel matrix derivative (EMD), an approved biomimetic treatment for periodontal disease (Emdogain®) and hard-to-heal wounds (Xelma®), enhanced synovial cell colonization and protein synthesis around a scaffold used clinically for in situ tissue engineering of the torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Synovial cells were enzymatically extracted from bovine synovium and dynamically seeded onto polyethylene terephthalate (PET) scaffolds. The cells were cultured in low-serum medium (0.5% FBS) for 4 weeks with either a single administration of EMD at the start of the 4 week period or multiple administrations of EMD at regular intervals throughout the 4 weeks. Samples were harvested and evaluated using the Hoechst DNA assay, BCA protein assay, cresolphthalein complexone calcium assay, SDS,PAGE, ELISA and electron microscopy. A significant increase in cell number (DNA) (p < 0.01), protein content (p < 0.01) and TGF,1 synthesis (p < 0.01) was observed with multiple administrations of EMD. Additionally, SDS,PAGE showed an increase in high molecular weight proteins, characteristic of the fibril-forming collagens. Electron microscopy supported these findings, showing that scaffolds treated with multiple administrations of EMD were heavily coated with cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) that enveloped the fibres. Multiple administrations of EMD to synovial cell-seeded scaffolds enhanced the formation of tissue in vitro. Additionally, it was shown that EMD enhanced TGF,1 synthesis of synovial cells, suggesting a potential mode of action for EMD's capacity to stimulate tissue regeneration. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]


Enamel matrix derivative (Emdogain®) for periodontal tissue regeneration in intrabony defects

AUSTRALIAN DENTAL JOURNAL, Issue 1 2010
M Esposito
Background:, Periodontitis is a chronic infective disease of the gums caused by bacteria present in dental plaque. This condition induces the breakdown of the tooth supporting apparatus until teeth are lost. Surgery may be indicated to arrest disease progression and regenerate lost tissues. Several surgical techniques have been developed to regenerate periodontal tissues including guided tissue regeneration (GTR), bone grafting (BG) and the use of enamel matrix derivative (EMD). EMD is an extract of enamel matrix and contains amelogenins of various molecular weights. Amelogenins are involved in the formation of enamel and periodontal attachment formation during tooth development. Objectives:, To test whether EMD is effective, and to compare EMD versus GTR, and various BG procedures for the treatment of intrabony defects. Search strategy:, We searched the Cochrane Oral Health Group Trials Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE and EMBASE. Several journals were handsearched. No language restrictions were applied. Authors of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) identified, personal contacts and the manufacturer were contacted to identify unpublished trials. Most recent search: February 2009. Selection criteria:, RCTs on patients affected by periodontitis having intrabony defects of at least 3 mm treated with EMD compared with open flap debridement, GTR and various BG procedures with at least 1 year follow-up. The outcome measures considered were: tooth loss, changes in probing attachment levels (PAL), pocket depths (PPD), gingival recessions (REC), bone levels from the bottom of the defects on intraoral radiographs, aesthetics and adverse events. The following time-points were to be evaluated: 1, 5 and 10 years. Data collection and analysis:, Screening of eligible studies, assessment of the methodological quality of the trials and data extraction were conducted in duplicate and independently by two authors. Results were expressed as random-effects models using mean differences for continuous outcomes and risk ratios (RR) for dichotomous outcomes with 95% confidence intervals (CI). It was decided not to investigate heterogeneity, but a sensitivity analysis for the risk of bias of the trials was performed. Main results:, Thirteen trials were included out of 35 potentially eligible trials. No included trial presented data after 5 years of follow-up, therefore all data refer to the 1-year time point. A meta-analysis including nine trials showed that EMD treated sites displayed statistically significant PAL improvements (mean difference 1.1 mm, 95% CI 0.61 to 1.55) and PPD reduction (0.9 mm, 95% CI 0.44 to 1.31) when compared to placebo or control treated sites, though a high degree of heterogeneity was found. Significantly more sites had <2 mm PAL gain in the control group, with RR 0.53 (95% CI 0.34 to 0.82). Approximately nine patients needed to be treated (NNT) to have one patient gaining 2 mm or more PAL over the control group, based on a prevalence in the control group of 25%. No differences in tooth loss or aesthetic appearance as judged by the patients were observed. When evaluating only trials at a low risk of bias in a sensitivity analysis (four trials), the effect size for PAL was 0.62 mm (95% CI 0.28 to 0.96), which was less than 1.1 mm for the overall result. Comparing EMD with GTR (five trials), GTR showed statistically significant more postoperative complications (three trials, RR 0.12, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.85) and more REC (0.4 mm 95% CI 0.15 to 0.66). The only trial comparing EMD with a bioactive ceramic filler found statistically significant more REC (-1.60 mm, 95% CI ,2.74 to ,0.46) at the EMG treated sites. Authors' conclusions:, One year after its application, EMD significantly improved PAL levels (1.1 mm) and PPD reduction (0.9 mm) when compared to a placebo or control, however, the high degree of heterogeneity observed among trials suggests that results have to be interpreted with great caution. In addition, a sensitivity analysis indicated that the overall treatment effect might be overestimated. The actual clinical advantages of using EMD are unknown. With the exception of significantly more postoperative complications in the GTR group, there was no evidence of clinically important differences between GTR and EMD. Bone substitutes may be associated with less REC than EMD. Plain language summary:, Enamel matrix derivative (Emdogain®) for periodontal tissue regeneration in intrabony defects. Emdogain might have some advantages over other methods of regenerating the tissue supporting teeth lost by gum disease, such as less postoperative complications, but has not been shown to save more compromised teeth or that patients noticed any aesthetic improvement 1 year after its application. Bacteria in plaque can cause gum disease (periodontitis) that breaks down tissue supporting teeth. Surgical cleaning tries to stop the disease to save loose teeth. Bone grafting, guided tissue regeneration and enamel matrix derivatives (such as Emdogain) aim to regenerate support tissues. Emdogain contains proteins (derived from developing pig teeth) believed to regenerate tooth attachment. The review found that adjunctive application of Emdogain regenerates about 1 mm more tissue than surgical cleaning alone, although it is unclear to which extent such improvement is noticeable since patients did not find any difference in the aesthetic results. Emdogain showed similar clinical results to guided tissue regeneration, but is simpler to use and determines less complications. Bone substitutes may induce less gum retraction than Emdogain. No serious adverse reactions to Emdogain were reported in trials. [source]


Treatment of class III multiple gingival recessions: a randomized-clinical trial

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 1 2010
Sofia Aroca
Abstract Background: The aim of this controlled randomized split-mouth study was to evaluate whether a modified tunnel/connective tissue graft (CTG) technique , enamel matrix derivative (EMD) combination will improve the treatment of multiple class III recession when compared with the same technique alone. Materials and Methods: Twenty healthy subjects with a mean age of 31.7 years, were enrolled for the trial in a university periodontal clinic. Patients with at least three adjacent gingival recessions on both sides of the mouth were treated with a modified tunnel/CTG technique. On the test side, an EMD was used in addition. Clinical parameters were measured at baseline, 28 days, 3, 6 and 12 months after the surgery. Results are presented at the subject level. Results: The mean root coverage from baseline to 1 year post-surgery was 82% for the test group and 83% for the control group. Complete root coverage was achieved at 1 year in eight (38%) of the 20 surgeries (experimental and control group). Conclusions: One-year results indicate that the modified tunnel/CTG technique is predictable for the treatment of multiple class III recession-type defects. The addition of EMD does not enhance the mean clinical outcomes. [source]


Biological mediators and periodontal regeneration: a review of enamel matrix proteins at the cellular and molecular levels

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 2008
Dieter D. Bosshardt
Abstract Background: Despite a large body of clinical and histological data demonstrating beneficial effects of enamel matrix proteins (EMPs) for regenerative periodontal therapy, it is less clear how the available biological data can explain the mechanisms underlying the supportive effects of EMPs. Objective: To analyse all available biological data of EMPs at the cellular and molecular levels that are relevant in the context of periodontal wound healing and tissue formation. Methods: A stringent systematic approach was applied using the key words "enamel matrix proteins" OR "enamel matrix derivative" OR "emdogain" OR "amelogenin". The literature search was performed separately for epithelial cells, gingival fibroblasts, periodontal ligament cells, cementoblasts, osteogenic/chondrogenic/bone marrow cells, wound healing, and bacteria. Results: A total of 103 papers met the inclusion criteria. EMPs affect many different cell types. Overall, the available data show that EMPs have effects on: (1) cell attachment, spreading, and chemotaxis; (2) cell proliferation and survival; (3) expression of transcription factors; (4) expression of growth factors, cytokines, extracellular matrix constituents, and other macromolecules; and (5) expression of molecules involved in the regulation of bone remodelling. Conclusion: All together, the data analysis provides strong evidence for EMPs to support wound healing and new periodontal tissue formation. [source]


Enamel matrix derivative exhibits angiogenic effect in vitro and in a murine model

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 8 2003
Kuo Yuan
Abstract Objectives: Angiogenesis is one of the most critical events in the wound healing process. Any increase in angiogenesis could result in more rapid and complete healing. A recent study found that enamel matrix derivative (EMD) could accelerate early periodontal wound healing. We wanted to clarify whether EMD caused an angiogenic effect and, thus, possibly enhanced wound healing. Methods: We performed in vitro proliferation and chemotaxis assays on human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) cultures, and a tissue culture assay using blood vessel fragments in fibrin gel. Collagen membranes soaked with EMD were implanted subcutaneously in mice to test the in vivo angiogenic effect. Results: While there were no significant differences between the negative control and EMD groups in the proliferation assay, EMD treatment did exhibit a significantly greater dose-dependent chemotactic effect on HUVEC than control group treatments. The tissue culture in fibrin gel showed new blood vessel outgrowths in the EMD groups, but none in the negative control group. In the animal studies, significantly more endothelial cells were detected in the EMD group of mice. Conclusions: Our findings show that EMD does exhibit some angiogenic effects. However, the underlying molecules and mechanisms are still unidentified. We discuss several possibilities. Zusammenfassung Ziele: Die Angiogenese gehört zu den kritischsten Ereignissen bei der Wundheilung. Eine Erhöhung der Angiogenese könnte zu einer rascheren und kompletteren Wundheilung führen. Kürzlich zeigte eine Studie, dass Schmelzmatrixderivate (EMD) die frühe parodontale Wundheilung beschleunigen könnte. Wir wollten klären, ob EMD einen angiogenetischen Effekt verursacht und dies möglicherweise die Wundheilung verbessert. Methoden: Wir führten in vitro Proliferations- und Chemotaxis-Assays an menschlichen Umbilicalvenen-Endothelzellen (HUVEC)Kulturen durch und studierten eine Gewebekultur unter Nutzung von Blutgefäßfragmenten in Fibringel. Kollagenmembranen mit EMD getränkt wurden subkutan in Mäuse implantiert, um den angiogenetischen Effekt in vivo zu testen. Ergebnisse: Während es keine signifikanten Differenzen zwischen den negativen Kontrollen und den EMD Gruppen in dem Proliferationsassay gab, zeigte die EMD Behandlung einen signifikant größeren, dosisabhängigen chemotaktischen Effekt auf HUVEC verglichen mit den Kontrollen. Die Gewebekultur im Fibringel zeigte neue Blutgefäßbildungen in den EMD-Gruppen, aber keine bei den Negativkontrollen. Bei den Tierstudien wurden signifikant mehr Endothelzellen in den EMD Mäusegruppen entdeckt. Schlussfolgerungen: Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass EMD einige angiogenetische Effekte zeigt. Jedoch sind die zugrunde liegenden Moleküle und die Mechanismen noch nicht geklärt. Wir diskutieren verschiedene Möglichkeiten. Résumé Objectifs: L'Angiogenèse est un des plus critiques éléments lors du processus de cicatrisation. La moindre augmentation de l'angiogenèse peut entraîner une cicatrisation plus rapide et plus complète. Une récente étude a montré que les dérivés de la matrice amellaire (EMD) pouvait accélérer plus tôt la cicatrisation parodontale. Nous voulions clarifier la possible responsabilité de l'EMD dans l'angiogenèse et si oui, l'amélioration de la cicatrisation. Méthodes: Nous avons réalisé in vitro la prolifération et un essai de chimiotactisme sur des cultures de cellules endothéliales de la veine ombilicale humaine (HUVEC), et un essai de culture tissulaire en utilisant des fragments de vaisseaux sanguins dans un gel de fibrine. Des membranes de collagène gorgées d'EMD furent implantées en sous-cutanée chez des souris pour tester l'effet angiogénique in vivo. Résultats: Bien qu'il n'y eut pas de différences significatives entre le contrôle négatif et le groupe EMD pour le test de prolifération, le traitement par EMD présentait un effet chimiotactique dose- dépendant significativement plus élevé sur les HUVEC. La culture tissulaire sur gel de fibrine présentait une surcroissance de nouveaux vaisseaux sanguins pour le groupe EMD, mais pas dans le groupe contrôle. Plus de cellules endothéliales furent en outre détectées lors de l'étude animale, pour le groupe de souris traitées par EMD. Conclusions: Nos données montrent que l'EMD présente quelques effets angiogéniques. Cependant, les molécules et les mécanismes responsables ne sont toujours pas identifiés. Nous discutons quelques possibilités. [source]


Evaluation of enamel matrix derivative as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal therapy

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 8 2003
Mauricio A. Gutierrez
Abstract Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the adjunctive use of enamel matrix derivative (EMD) on periodontal healing following nonsurgical periodontal therapy (scaling and root planing , SRP). Material and methods: The study was performed as an intraindividual, longitudinal trial of 3 months duration with a double-blinded, split-mouth, controlled, and randomized design. Twenty-two patients with moderate to severe chronic periodontitis were enrolled in the study. In each patient, two sites with pocket depths 5 mm and with radiographic angular bone defects >3 mm were selected. Baseline examination included measurement of probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment levels (CAL). The presence or absence of plaque and bleeding on probing at selected sites was also recorded. Following initial examination, full-mouth SRP was performed. Study sites were then treated with 24% EDTA for 2 min, followed by thorough irrigation with sterile saline. The sites were then randomized. The experimental site received subgingival application of enamel matrix derivative (Emdogain®, BIORA AB, Malmo, Sweden). The control site received no additional treatment. At 3 months, all sites were re-examined. The response to therapy in experimental and control sites was evaluated, using change in probing depth and CAL as the primary outcome variables. Statistical analysis (paired t -tests) was used to compare response to treatment in control versus experimental sites. Results: Statistically significant changes in PPD and CAL were seen in both treatment groups from baseline to 3 months. The mean PPD reduction was 2.3±0.5 mm for control sites and 2.0±0.3 mm for experimental sites. The mean CAL gain was 1.8±0.4 mm for control sites, and 1.4±0.3 mm for experimental sites. Statistical analysis, however, revealed no significant difference in PPD reduction or CAL gain between experimental and control groups (p>0.4). In addition, no difference was found between treatment groups in bleeding or plaque indices at 3 months. Conclusion: The findings from the present study do not support the use of EMD during routine, nonsurgical debridement of periodontal pockets as measured 3 months post SRP. Zusammenfassung Ziel: Das Ziel dieser Studie war die Evaluation eines adjunktiven Gebrauchs von Schmelzmatrixderivaten (EMD) auf die parodontale Heilung nach nicht chirurgischer parodontaler Therapie (Wurzelreinigung und ,glättung, scaling und root planing , SRP). Material und Methoden: Die Studie wurde als eine intraindividuelle, für 3 Monate longitudinale Studie mit einem doppelt blinden, split-mouth, kontrolliertem und randomisiertem Protokoll durchgeführt. 22 Patienten mit moderater bis schwerer chronischer Parodontitis wurden in die Studie einbezogen. Bei jedem Patient wurden zwei Flächen mit Sondierungstiefen5 mm und mit radiographisch feststellbaren angulären Knochendefekten>3 mm ausgesucht. Die Basisuntersuchung umfasste die Messung der Sondierungstiefen (PPD) und des klinischen Stützgewebeniveaus (CAL). Die An- oder Abwesenheit von Plaque und Provokationsblutung an den ausgesuchten Flächen wurden auch dokumentiert. Nach der anfänglichen Untersuchung wurde eine alle Zähne betreffende SRP durchgeführt. Die Studienflächen wurden dann mit 24% EDTA für zwei Minuten behandelt, gefolgt von einer sorgsamen Spülung mit steriler Kochsalzlösung. Die Flächen wurden dann randomisiert. Die experimentellen Flächen erhielten eine subgingivale Applikation von Schmelzmatrixderivaten (Emdogain®, BIORA AB, Malmö, Schweden). Die Kontrollflächen erhielten keine zusätzliche Behandlung. Zum dritten Monat wurden alle Flächen reexaminiert. Die Antwort auf die Therapie bei den experimentellen und Kontrollflächen wurden evaluiert in Hinsicht der Veränderung der Sondierungstiefe und CAL als die primären Ergebnisvariablen. Statistische Analysen (gepaarter t -Test) wurden für den Vergleich der Behandlung zwischen experimentellen und Kontrollflächen genutzt. Ergebnisse: Statistisch signifikante Veränderungen bei der PPD und dem CAL wurden in beiden Behandlungsgruppen zwischen Basis und 3 Monaten beobachtet. Die mittlere PPD Reduktion betrug 2.3±0.5 mm für die Kontrollflächen und 2.0±0.3 mm für die experimentellen Flächen. Der mittlere CAL Gewinn betrug 1.8±0.4 mm für die Kontrollflächen und 1.4±0.3 mm für die experimentellen Flächen. Die statistischen Analysen erbrachten jedoch keine signifikanten Differenzen für PPD Reduktion und CAL Gewinn zwischen den experimentellen und Kontrollgruppen (p>0.4). Es wurden auch keine Differenzen zwischen den Gruppen hinsichtlich Provokationsblutung und Plaqueindex zum dritten Monat beobachtet. Schlussfolgerung: Die Ergebnisse von der vorliegenden Studie unterstützen nicht die Anwendung von EMD während der routinemäßigen nicht chirurgischen Reinigung der parodontalen Taschen, wie die Messungen drei Monate nach SRP. Résumé Objectif: Le but de cette étude fut d'évaluer l'utilisation des dérivés de la matrice amellaire (EMD) sur la cicatrisation parodontale après un traitement parodontal non chirurgical (détartrage et surfaçage radiculaire). Matériel et méthodes: L'étude fut conçue en essai longitudinal intra-individuel d'une durée de 3 mois randomisée, contrôlée en double aveugle et en bouche croisée. 22 patients atteints de parodontites chroniques modérées ou sévères furent enrôlés. Pour chaque patient, 2 sites avec des profondeurs de poches5 mm et des lésions osseuses angulaires radiographiques>3 mm furent sélectionnés. L'examen initial comportait la mesure des profondeurs de poche au sondage (PPD) et les niveaux cliniques d'attache (CAL). La présence ou l'absence de plaque et de saignement au sondage sur les sites sélectionnés furent aussi enregistrées. Après l'examen initial, un détartrage et un surfaçage complet étaient réalisés. Les sites étudiés étaient alors traités par de l'EDTA à 24% pendant 2 minutes, puis fortement rinçés avec du serum physiologique. Les sites étaient alors répartis aléatoirement. Le site expérimental recevait une application sous gingivale d'EMD (Emdogain®, BIORA AB, Malmo, Sweden). Le site contrôle ne recevait pas de traitement supplémentaire. A 3 mois, les sites étaient réévalués. La réponse au traitement était évaluée par les modifications de profondeur de poches et de niveau d'attache comme variables primaires. L'analyse statistique (Test t apparié) permit de comparer la réponse au traitement. Résultats: Des modifications statistiquement significatives de PPD et de CAL ont été observées dans les deux groupes de traitement. La réduction de PPD moyenne était de 2.3±0.5 mm pour les sites contrôles et de 2.0±0.3 mm pour les sites expérimentaux. Le gain de CAL moyen était respectivement de 1.8±0.4 mm et de 1.4±0.3 mm.L'analyse statistique, cependant, ne révélait pas de différences significatives entre les deux groupes (p>0.4). De plus, aucune différence n'apparaissait entre les groupes pour le saignement et les indices de plaque au troisième mois. Conclusion: Les données de cette étude n'étayent pas l'utilisation routinière d' EMD lors du débridement non chirurgical des poches parodontales lorsqu'on en mesure les résultats 3 mois après détartrage et surfaçage radiculaire. [source]


Comparison of infrabony defects treated with enamel matrix derivative versus guided tissue regeneration with a nonresorbable membrane

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 5 2003
A multicenter controlled clinical trial
Abstract Aim: The purpose of the present multicenter clinical trial was to compare the efficacy of two different procedures in the treatment of infrabony defects: guided tissue regeneration (GTR) with nonresorbable membranes and enamel matrix derivative (EMD). Material and methods: Six centers participated in this study. Ninety-eight patients with an interproximal infrabony defect were selected. All patients were treated with an initial phase of scaling and root planing, and at the study's baseline the selected defects presented a value of probing depth (PD) ,6 mm with an infrabony component ,4 mm. Forty-nine patients were treated with GTR procedures (using ePTFE membranes (Gore-Tex W.L. Gore and Associates, Flagstaff, AZ, USA)) and forty-nine with EMDs (Emdogain® (Û Biora AB Malm, Sweden)). The efficacy of each treatment modality was investigated through covariance analysis. Results: The patients were reevaluated at one year postop. Probing attachment level (PAL) gain and PD reduction were analyzed. In the Emdogain® group the PAL before surgery (PAL 0) and the PD before surgery (PD 0) were respectively 9.9±1.4 and 8.5±1.6 mm. The PAL gain and the PD reduction at 1 year postsurgery were respectively 4.1±1.8 and 5.3±1.9 mm. The group of patients treated with membranes showed that PAL 0 and PD 0 were respectively 8.9±1.9 and 8.1±1.9. The PAL gain was 4.3±1.9 mm and the PD reduction was 5.6±1.5 mm. The mean PAL gain expressed by percentage (PAL gain/PAL 0) for the group treated with EMD was 41%, while it was 48% for the group treated with GTR. Results from our analysis suggest that there is no statistically significant difference between GTR and EMD treatments in terms of PAL gain, PD reduction and recession variation. Applying the regression model to a group of patients with a PAL 0 ,8 mm, we observed a better clinical outcome in terms of PAL gain (difference of 0.3 mm) in patients treated with the GTR procedure compared to those treated with EMD. Covariance analysis showed a strong correlation in both groups of patients between PAL gain and full mouth bleeding score, and between PAL gain and defect morphology and depth. Zusammenfassung Ziel: Der Zweck der vorliegenden klinischen Multicenterstudie war der Vergleich der Effektivität von zwei unterschiedlichen Prozeduren in der Behandlung von intraalveolären Defekten: gesteuerte Geweberegeneration (GTR) mit nicht resorbierbaren Membranen und Schmelz-Matrix-Derivaten (EMD). Material und Methoden: Sechs Zentren nahmen an der Studie teil. 98 Patienten mit approximalen intraalveolären Defekten wurden ausgesucht. Alle Patienten wurden in der initialen Phase mit Wurzelreinigung und ,glättung behandelt, und zur Basis der Studie zeigten die ausgewählten Defekte Sondierungstiefen von 6 mm mit einem intraalveolären Anteil von 4 mm. 49 Patienten wurden mit dem GTR Verfahren (unter Nutzung einer e-PTFE Membran1) und 49 Patienten mit den Schmelz-Matrix-Derivaten (Emdogain®2) behandelt. Die Effektivität von jeder Behandlungsvariante wurde mit der Kovarianzanalyse untersucht. Ergebnisse: Die Patienten wurden 1 Jahr nach der Operation reevaluiert. Die Veränderungen des Stützgewebeniveaus (PAL) und die Reduktion der Sondierungstiefen (PD) wurden analysiert. In der Emdogain® Gruppe betrugen die PAL (PAL 0) und die PD (PD 0) vor der Chirurgie 9,9±1,4 mm und 8,5±1,6 mm. Der PAL Gewinn und die PD Verringerung nach einem Jahr postoperativ waren 4,1±1,8 mm und 5,3±1,9 mm. Die Gruppe der Patienten, die mit Membranen behandelt worden waren, zeigten Werte von PAL 0 und PD 0 von 8,9±1,9 mm und 8,1±1,9 mm. Der PAL Gewinn betrug 4,3±1,9 mm und die PD Reduktion 5,6±1,5 mm. Der mittlere PAL Gewinn in Prozent (PAL Gewinn/PAL 0) für die EMD-Gruppe war 41%, während er für die GTR-Gruppe 48 % betrug. Die Ergebnisse unserer Analyse zeigen, dass keine statistisch signifikante Differenz zischen GTR und EMD Behandlungen in Bezug auf PAL Gewinn, PD Reduktion und REC Veränderung bestand. Unter Nutzung der Regressionsanalyse für eine Gruppe mit PAL 0 ,8 mm beobachteten wir ein besseres klinisches Ergebnis bezüglich des PAL Gewinns (Differenz 0,3 mm) bei GTR-Patienten verglichen mit EMD-Patienten. Die Kovarianzanalyse zeigte eine starke Korrelation in beiden Patientengruppen zwischen PAL Gewinn und dem vollständigen Blutungsindex (FMBS) sowie zwischen PAL Gewinn und Morphologie und Tiefe des Defektes. Résumé Le but de cet essai clinique multicentrique a été de comparer l'efficacité de deux processus différents dans le traitement des lésions intraosseuses : la régénération tissulaire guidée (GTR) avec des membranes non-résorbables et les dérivés de la matrice amélaire (EMD). Six centres ont participéà cette étude. Nonante-huit patients avec une lésion intraosseuse interproximale ont été sélectionnés. Tous ont été traités par une phase initiale de détartrage et surfaçage, et au début de l'étude les lésons sélectionnées avaient une profondeur de poche de 6 mm (PD) avec un composant infraosseux ,4 mm. Quarante-neuf patients ont été traités par GTR en utilisant une membrane en téflon et 49 par EMD (Emdogain®2). L'efficacité de chaque traitement a étéétudiée par l'analyse de co-variance. Les patients ont été réévalués un an après l'opération. Le gain du niveau d'attache au sondage (PAL) et la réduction de PD ont été analysés. Dans le groupe EMD, le PAL et le PD présents avant la chirurgie, (PAL 0) et (PD 0), étaient respectivement de 9,9±1,4 mm et de 8,5±1,6 mm. Le gain PAL et la réduction de PD après une année étaient respectivement de 4,1±1,8 mm et 5,3±1,9 mm. Le groupe de patients traités avec les membranes accusaient un PAL 0 et un PD 0 qui étaient respectivement de 8,9±1,9 mm et de 8,1±1,9 mm. Le gain PAL était de 4,3±1,9 mm après une année tandis que la réduction PD était de 5,6±1,5 mm. Le gain PAL moyen exprimé en pourcentage (gain PAL/PAL 0) pour le groupe traité avec EMD était de 41% tandis qu'il était de 48 % dans le groupe traité par GTR. Les résultats de cette analyse suggèrent qu'il n'y a aucune différence statistique entre les traitements GTR et EMD en terme de gain PAL, de réduction PD et dans le changement de récession. Lors de l'utilisation du modèle de régression sur un groupe de patients avec un PAL 0 ,8 mm, une guérison clinique supérieure était observée dans le gain PAL (différence de 0,3 mm) chez les patients traités avec GTR comparés à ceux traités par EMD. L'analyse de co-variance montrait une relation importante dans les deux groupes de patients entre le gain PAL et le score de saignement de l'ensemble de la bouche, et entre le gain PAL et la morphologie de la lésion et sa profondeur. [source]


Enamel matrix derivative and titanium implants

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 4 2003
An experimental pilot study in the rabbit
Aim: The aim of present study was to evaluate if an enamel matrix derivative (Emdogain®) may enhance bone formation and osseointegration of titanium implants, using a well-documented rabbit model. Material and methods: Thirty-six threaded commercially pure titanium (cp.ti.) implants were inserted in six New Zealand white rabbits. One implant was placed in each femur and two in each tibia. Prior to implant insertion approximately 0.5 mL of Emdogain (EMD) (test) or the vehicle gel (PGA: propylene glycol alginate) (control) was injected into the surgically prepared implant site. The follow-up time was 6 weeks. Biomechanical evaluations by resonance frequency analysis (RFA) and removal torque measurements (RTQ) were performed. Histomorphometrical quantifications were made on ground sections by measurements of the percentage of bone-to-metal contact, bone area inside the threads as well as outside the threads (mirror image). Bone lengths along the implant surface were also measured and used for shear strength calculations. Results: The results demonstrated no beneficial effects from the EMD treatment on bone formation around titanium implants in any of the tested parameters. Significant differences were demonstrated with removal torque test and shear force calculations for the control implants. No other parameter demonstrated a statistically significant difference. Conclusion: The results of the present study may indicate that EMD does not contribute to bone formation around titanium implants. This observation may indicate that the bone formation that occurs after EMD treatment in periodontal defects is the result of functional adaptation. However, further research is required to evaluate the effect of EMD treatment on bone formation. Zusammenfassung Schmelzmatrixprotein und Titanimplantate. Eine experimentelle Pilotstudie beim Kaninchen Zielsetzung: Untersuchung im gut dokumentierten Kaninchenmodell, ob Schmelzmatrixprotein (Emdogain®) die Knochenbildung und Osseointegration von Titanimplantaten verbessert. Material und Methoden: 36 kommerziell erhältliche Schraubenimplantate aus reinem Titan (cp.ti.) wurden bei 6 weißen Neuseeländischen Kaninchen inseriert. Ein Implantat wurde in jeden Femur und 2 in jede Tibia gesetzt. Vor Implantatinsertion wurden etwa 0,5 ml Emdogain (EMD) (Test) oder das Trägergel (PGA: Propylenglykolalginat) (Kontrolle) in die chirurgisch vorbereitete Insertionsstelle gespritzt. Die Nachuntersuchungszeit betrug 6 Wochen. Die biomechanischen Untersuchungen umfassten eine Resonanzfrequenzanalyse (RFA) und die Messung des Drehmoments, das zur Entfernung der Implantate nötig war (RTQ). Folgende histomorphometrische Messungen wurden auf Schliffpräparaten durchgeführt: Messung des prozentualen Knochen-zu-Metall-Kontaktes, Knochenbereich innerhalb und außerhalb der Schraubengewinde (Spiegelbild). Die Knochenlänge entlang der Implantate wurde ausgemessen und für Scherkraftberechnungen genutzt. Ergebnisse: Es konnten für keinen der untersuchten Parameter günstige Auswirkungen der Anwendung von EMD auf die Knochenbildung um Titanimplantate beobachtet werden. Signifikante Unterschiede konnten für RTQ und Scherkraftberechnungen für die Kontrollimplantate gezeigt werden. Für keinen anderen Parameter konnten statistisch signifikante Unterschiede gefunden werden. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie zeigen, dass der Einsatz von EMD nicht zur Knochenbildung um Titanimplantate beiträgt. Diese Beobachtung kann darauf hinweisen, dass die Knochenbildung, die nach Gabe von EMD in parodontalen Defekten stattfindet, das Ergebnis funktioneller Adaptation ist. Allerdings sind weitere Untersuchungen erforderlich, um die Auswirkung von EMD auf die Knochenbildung zu verstehen. Résumé Dérivés de la matrice amellaire et implants en titane. Une étude pilote expérimentale sur le lapin. But: Le but de cette étude était d'évaluer si un dérivé de la matrice amellaire (Emdogain®) pouvait augmenter la formation osseuse et l'ostéo-intégration d'implants en titane en utilisant un modèle éprouvé de lapin. Matériel et méthodes: 36 implants en titane commercialement purs (cp.ti.) ont été vissés chez 6 lapins blancs de Nouvelle Zélande. 1 implant fut placé dans chaque fémur et 2 dans chaque tibia. Préalablement à l'insertion, environ 0.5 mL d' Emdogain (EMD) (test) ou du gel vecteur (PGA: propylene glycol alginate) (control) fut injecté dans le site implantaire préparé chirurgicalement. Le suivi était réalisé sur 6 semaines. Des évaluations biomécaniques par analyse de la fréquence de résonance (RFA) et des mesures de torque de retrait (RTQ) furent utilisées. Les quantifications histo-morphométriques furent réalisées sur des coupes en mesurant le pourcentage de contact os-métal, les surfaces osseuses à l'intérieur ainsi qu'à l'extérieur des spires (Image miroir). Les longueurs d'os le long des surfaces implantaires furent aussi mesurées et utilisées pour calculer les forces de cisaillement. Résultats: Les résultats n'ont montré aucun effet bénéfique du traitement à l'EMD sur la formation osseuse autour des implants en titane pour aucun des paramètres test. De significatives différences furent trouvées avec le test de torque et les calculs de force de cisaillement pour les implants contrôles. Aucun autre paramètre ne montrait de différences statistiquement significatives. Conclusion: Les résultats de cette étude pourrait indiquer que l'EMD ne contribue pas à la formation osseuse autour des implants en titane. Cette observation peut indiquer que la formation osseuse qui survient après traitement à l'EMD dans les lésions parodontales serait le résultat d'une adaptation fonctionnelle. Cependant, de futures recherches sont nécessaires pour évaluer l'effet du traitement à l'EMD sur la formation osseuse. [source]


Some effects of enamel matrix proteins on wound healing in the dento-gingival region

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 1 2002
Jan L. Wennström
Abstract Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate by clinical means the effect of enamel matrix proteins on the healing of a soft tissue wound produced by periodontal pocket instrumentation. Material and methods: The study was performed as an intra-individual, longitudinal trial of 3 weeks duration with a double-masked, split-mouth, placebo-controlled and randomized design. The patient material was comprised of 28 subjects with moderately advanced, chronic periodontitis. Each patient presented with 3 sites in each of 2 jaw quadrants with a probing pocket depth (PPD) of 5 mm and bleeding following pocket probing (BoP). Baseline examination, including assessments of plaque, gingival inflammation, PPD, BoP and root dentin sensitivity, was carried out one week after oral hygiene instruction and careful self-performed plaque control. All experimental sites were scaled and root planed, and the soft tissue wall of the pocket was curetted to remove the pocket epithelium and adjacent granulation tissue. The site was carefully irrigated with saline. When the bleeding from the pocket had ceased, a 24% EDTA gel was applied in the site and retained for 2 min. This was followed by careful irrigation with saline. Left and right jaw quadrants were then randomized to subgingival application of enamel matrix derivative (Emdogain®) or vehicle-control. All sites were re-examined after 1, 2 and 3 weeks. In addition, a visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to score the degree of post-treatment discomfort. The primary endpoints of treatment success were defined as (i) pocket closure (PPD 4 mm), (ii) no bleeding following pocket probing, (iii) no sign of gingival inflammation (GI score =0) and (iv) low degree of post-treatment discomfort (VAS 20). Statistical analyzes of intra-individual differences between the test and control treatments were performed by the use of Wilcoxon signed rank test. For comparison of the proportions of sites reaching the defined endpoints of treatment success, a site-based analysis was performed using 2×2 tables and the Fisher exact test. Results: The endpoint "GI score =0" was reached at 16% of the sites subjected to application of Emdogain® at 1 week and at 2% of the control sites (p=0.001). At 2 weeks, the corresponding figures were 25% versus 12% (p=0.028). Absence of BoP was at 1 week 57% for the Emdogain® treated sites compared to 35% for the control sites (p=0.003). At 2 weeks, this endpoint was reached in 73% and 59% of the test and control sites, respectively (p=0.051). In terms of the endpoint defined for probing pocket depth, PPD 4 mm, no differences between test and control sites were found. At 1 week, the proportion of patients reporting a VAS score 20 was significantly higher for the Emdogain® treated quadrants than for controls (p=0.002). Conclusion: The results indicated that Emdogain® topically applied in instrumented pockets enhance the early healing of periodontal soft tissue wounds. Zusammenfassung Zielsetzung: Klinische Untersuchung der Wirkung von Schmelzmatrixprotein (SMP) auf die Heilung der durch subgingivale Instrumentierung verursachten Wunde. Material und Methoden: Das Studiendesign entsprach einer randomisierten longitudinalen plazebokontrollierten doppelt verblindeten Halbseitenstudie, an der 28 Patienten mit mäßig fortgeschrittener chronischer Parodontitis teilnahmen. Jeder Patient wies an 3 Stellen zweier Quadranten Sondierungstiefen (ST) 5 mm und Bluten auf Sondieren (BOP) auf. Eine Woche nach Durchführung von Mundhygieneinstruktionen und gründlicher individueller Mundhygiene erfolgte die Basisuntersuchung: Plaque, gingivale Entzündung, ST, BOP und Zahnhalsüberempfindlichkeit. Alle Testzähne wurden subgingival instrumentiert (Scaling und Wurzelglättung), es wurde eine Weichgewebskürettage durchgeführt und mit Kochsalzlösung (NaCl) gespült. Nach dem Stillstand der Taschenblutung wurde ein 24%iges EDTA-Gel subgingival appliziert und für 2 min belassen. Nach gründlicher NaCl-Spülung erfolgte eine randomisierte Zuweisung der subgingivalen Instillation von SMP-Gel (Test) oder nur Trägergel (Plazebokontrolle) zum rechten bzw. linken Quadranten. Nachuntersuchungen erfolgten nach 1, 2 und 3 Wochen. Dabei wurden zusätzlich die postoperativen Beschwerden mit einer visuellen Analogskala (VAS) erfasst. Als Hauptzielkriterien des Behandlungserfolges wurden definiert: (1) Verschluß der parodontalen Tasche (ST 4 mm), (2) kein BOP, (3) keine Zeichen gingivaler Entzündung (GI=0) und (4) nur geringgradige postoperative Beschwerden (VAS 20). Der Vergleich zwischen Test und Kontrolle erfolgte mit dem Wilcoxon-Test bzw. mit 4-Felder-Tafeln und dem Fisher-Exakt-Test. Ergebnisse: Das Erfolgskriterium "GI=0" war nach 1 Woche bei 16% der Test- und und bei 2% der Kontrollstellen erfüllt (p=0.001). Nach 2 Wochen lagen die Proportionen für Test und Kontrolle bei 25% bzw. 12% (p=0.028). Kein BOP war nach 1 Woche bei 57% der Test- und bei 35% der Kontrollstellen zu beobachten (p=0.003), nach 2 Wochen lagen die Werte bei 73% bzw. 59% (p=0.051). Hinsichtlich des Kriteriums ST 4 mm konnten keine Unterschiede zwischen Test und Kontrolle gefunden werden. 1 Woche nach Instrumentierung war der Anteil der Patienten in der Testgruppe, die eine VAS 20 angaben, höher als in der Kontrollgruppe (p=0.002). 3 Wochen nach Therapie wiesen beide Gruppen hinsichtlich keines der Erfolgskriterien mehr statistisch signifikante Unterschiede auf. Schlussfolgerungen: Die topische subgingivale Applikation von SMP in instrumentierte parodontale Taschen könnte die frühe Wundheilung des Weichgewebes begünstigen. Résumé But: Le but de l'étude présente a été d'évaluer cliniquement l'effet des protéines de la matrice amélaire (Emdogain®) sur la guérison des tissus mous produits par l'instrumentation de la poche parodontale. Matériaux et méthodes: Cette étude a été effectuée en tant qu'essai longitudinal intra-individuel de 3 semaines avec un modèle en double aveugle, par bouche divisée, au hasard et contrôlé par placebo. 28 sujets avec parodontite chronique modérement avancée ont participéà cette étude. Chaque patient présentait 3 sites dans 2 quadrants avec une profondeur au sondage (PPD) 5 mm et un saignement au sondage (BoP). L'examen initial comprenant la prise des indices de plaque, d'inflammation gingivale, de PPD, de BoP et de la sensibilité dentinaire a été effectué une semaine après l'instruction en hygiène buccale et le contrôle de plaque dentaire réalisé par la personne elle-même. Tous les sites expérimentaux ont été détartrés et surfacés, et la paroi de tissu mou de la poche a été curetée pour enlever l'épithélium de la poche et le tissu de granulation adjacent. Ce site a été irrigué avec du sérum physiologique. Lorsque le saignement de la poche avait cessé, un gel d'EDTA 24% a été appliqué dans le site et est resté in situ pendant 2 min. Ensuite une nouvelle irrigation avec du sérum physiologique a été prodiguée. Les quadrants gauches et droits étaient ensuite distribués au hasard pour l'application sous-gingivale du dérivé de la matrice amélaire (Emdogain®) ou en tant que véhicule contrôle. Tous les sites ont été ré-éxaminés aprés 1, 2 et 3 semaines. De plus une échelle analogue de vision (VAS) a été utilisée pour mesurer le degré d'inconfort post-traitement. Les points principaux du succès du traitement étaient définis comme suit (1) fermeture de la poche (PPD 4 mm), (2) absence de saignement au sondage, (3) aucun signe d'inflammation gingivale (GI=0) et (4) un faible degré d'inconfort post-traitement (VS20). Les analyses statistiques des différences intra-individuelles entre les traitements tests et contrôles ont été effectuées à l'aide du test par Wilcoxon Signed Rank. Pour la comparaison des proportions de sites atteignant le succès souhaité, une analyse basée sur les sites a été effectuée en utilisant des tables 2×2 et le test exact de Fisher. Résultats: Le but GI=0 a été atteint dans 16% des sites avec Emdogain® après 1 semaine seulement et dans 2% des sites contrôles (p=0.001). A 2 semaines, les figures correspondantes étaient 25% versus 12% (p=0.028). L'absence de BoP a 1 semaine atteignait 57% des sites traités par Emdogain® contre 35% pour les contrôles (p=0.003). A 2 semaines, ce but était atteint dans respectivement 73% et 59% des sites tests et contrôles (p=0.051). En terme de PPD4 mm, aucune différence n'a été trouvée entre les sites. A 1 semaine, la proportion de patients qui avaient un VAS 20 était significativement plus importante dans le groupe traité par Emdogain® que chez les contrôle (p=0.002). Conclusions: Les résultats ont indiqué que l'Emdogain® placé localement dans des poches nettoyées peut augmenter la guérison précoce des tissus mous parodontaux. [source]


Effect of an enamel matrix protein derivative (Emdogain®) on ex vivo dental plaque vitality

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 11 2001
Anton Sculean
Abstract Background: A common clinical observation following surgical periodontal therapy with an enamel matrix derivative (Emdogain®) is the improved healing of the soft tissues and the limited inflammation of the operated areas. These clinical observations are empirical and difficult to explain. One of the factors influencing the early wound healing might be a potential antimicrobial effect of Emdogain®. Aim: To investigate the effect of Emdogain® on the vitality of ex vivo supragingival dental plaque and to compare this effect to that of a standard 0.2% chlorhexidine solution. Materials and Methods: 24 patients suffering from adult periodontitis were included in the study. At the beginning of the experiment, all participants were given a professional tooth cleaning. For the following 4 days, they had to refrain from any kind of oral hygiene measures. At day 5, from each of the volunteers, a voluminous plaque biofilm sample was taken with a sterile curette from the vestibular surfaces of the 1st lower molars and divided into 5 equal parts. Each part was mounted with 5 ,l of the following solutions: (1) NaCl, (2) enamel matrix derivative dissolved in water (EMD), (3) enamel matrix derivative dissolved in the vehicle (Emdogain®), (4) vehicle (propylene glycol alginate, PGA), (5) 0.2% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX). After a reaction time of 2 min the test solutions were sucked off, and subsequently the biofilm was stained with a fluorescence dye. The vitality of the plaque flora after the treatments was evaluated under the fluorescence microscope (VF%). Results: Plaque samples treated with NaCl showed a mean vitality of 76.8±8%. The EMD, Emdogain®, PGA and CHX showed VF values of 54.4±9.2, 21.4±10.6%, 19.6±11.6% and 32.3±11.8%, respectively. Emdogain®, PGA and CHX showed statistically highly significant reductions (p<0.0001) in terms of bacteria vitality when compared to water (negative control) and EMD. Both Emdogain® and PGA were found to be statistically significantly different compared to CHX (p<0.001) (positive control). Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that Emdogain® might have an antibacterial effect on the vitality of the ex vivo supragingival dental plaque flora. Zusammenfassung Hintergrund: Eine allgemeine klinische Beobachtung nach parodontalchirurgischer Therapie mit einem Schmelzmatrixderivat (Emdogain®) ist die verbesserte Heilung des Weichgewebes und die begrenzte Entzündung des operierten Gebietes: Diese klinischen Beobachtungen sind empirisch und schwierig zu erklären. Ein Faktor, der die frühe Wundheilung beeinflusst, könnte ein potentieller antimikrobieller Effekt von Emdogain® sein. Ziel: Untersuchung des Effektes von Emdogain® auf die Vitalität von ex vivo supragingivaler dentaler Plaque und Vergleich dieses Effektes zu demjenigen einer Standard 0.2%igen Chlorhexidinlösung. Material und Methoden: 24 Patienten, die an einer Erwachsenen-Parodontitis litten, wurden in diese Studie aufgenommen. Zu Beginn der Studie wurde bei allen Teilnehmern eine professionelle Zahnreinigung durchgeführt. An den folgenden 4 Tagen wurden keine oralen Hygienemaßnahmen erlaubt. Am Tag 5 wurde von jedem Teilnehmer eine voluminöse Plaquebiofilmprobe mit einer sterilen Kürette von der vestibulären Oberfläche des ersten unteren Molaren genommen und in 5 gleiche Teile aufgeteilt. Jeder Teil wurde mit 5 ,l der folgenden Lösungen gemischt: (1) NaCl, (2) Schmelzmatrixderivat in Wasser gelöst (EMD), (3) Schmelzmatrixderivat in einem Vehikel gelöst (Emdogain®), (4) Vehikel (Propylenglycolalginat, PGA), (5) 0.2%iges Chlorhexidindiglukonat (CHX). Nach einer Reaktionszeit von 2 Minuten wurden die Testlösungen aufgesaugt und folgend der Biofilm mit Fluoreszenzfarbstoff gefärbt. Die Vitalität der Plaqueflora nach den Behandlungen wurde unter dem Vitalfluoreszenzmikroskop (VF%) evaluiert. Ergebnisse: Die Plaqueproben, die mit NaCl behandelt wurden, zeigten eine mittlere Vitalität von 76.8±8%. Das EMD, Emdogain®, PGA und CHX zeigten VF Werte von 54.4±9.2%, 21.4±10.6%, 19.6±11.6% und 32.3±11.8%. Emdogain®, PGA und CHX zeigten statistisch signifikant höhere Reduktionen (p<0.0001) in Beziehung zur bakteriellen Vitalität, wenn zu Wasser (negative Kontrolle) und EMD verglichen wurde. Sowohl Emdogain® und PGA waren statistisch signifikant unterschiedlich zu CHX (p<0.0001) (positive Kontrolle). Schlussfolgerung: Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie zeigten, dass Emdogain® einen antibakteriellen Effekt auf die Vitalität von supragingivaler dentaler ex vivo Plaqueflora haben könnte. Résumé Origine: Une observation clinique courante durant un traitement parodontal chirurgical à l'aide de protéines de la matrice améllaire (Emdogain®) est une meilleure guérison des tissus mous et une inflammation moindre. Ces observations cliniques sont empiriques et difficiles à expliquer. Un des facteurs influençant la guérison précoce peut être un effet antimicrobien de l'EMD. But: Le but de cette étude a été d'évaluer l'effet de l'Emdogain® sur la vitalité de la plaque dentaire sus-gingivale ex vivo et de comparer cet effet avec une solution de chlorhexidine 2%. Matériaux et Méthodes: 24 patients souffrant de parodontite de l'adulte ont été inclus dans cette étude. Au début de l'expérience, tous les participants ont recu un nettoyage dentaire professionnel. Pendant les 4 journées suivantes, ils ont dû arrêté toute hygiène buccale. Au jour 5, une quantité de plaque dentaire volumineuse a étééchantillonné des surfaces vestibulaires des premières molaires inférieures de chaque volontaire à l'aide d'une curette stérile et divisée en 5 parts égales. Chaque partie a été montée avec 5 ,l des solutions suivantes: (1) NaCl, (2) EMD: dérivé de la matrice améllaire dissout dans l'eau (3) Emdogain®: dérivé de la matrice améllaire dissout dans son véhicule, (4) PGA: le véhicule propylène glycol alginate, (5) CHX: chlorhexidine 0.2%. Après un temps de réaction de 2 min, les solutions tests ont été aspirées et le biofilm dentaire a été imprégné d'un colorant de fluorescence. La vitalité de la flore de la plaque dentaire après ces traitements a étéévaluée sous microscopie à fluorescence (VF%). Résultats: Les échantillons de plaque traités avec NaCl possèdaient une vitalité moyenne de 76.8±8%. L'EMD, Emdogain®, PGA, et CHX avaient des valeurs VF respectives de 54.4±9.2%, 21.4±10.6%, 19.6±11.6% et 32.3±11.8%. Emdogain®, PGA, et CHX réduisaient la vitalité bactérienne de manière très hautement significative (p<0.0001) lorsque ces solutions étaient comparées aux contrôle négatif NaCl et à EMD. Tant Emdogain® que PGa étaient différents comparés au contrôle positif CHX (p<0.001). Conclusions: Les résultats de cette étude indiquent que Emdogain® pourrait avoir un effet antibactérien sur la vitalité de la flore se trouvant dant la plaque dentaire sus-gingivale ex vivo. [source]


Autocrine growth factors in human periodontal ligament cells cultured on enamel matrix derivative

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 2 2001
Staale P. Lyngstadaas
Abstract Objective: Enamel extracellular matrix proteins in the form of the enamel matrix derivative EMDOGAIN® (EMD) have been successfully employed to mimic natural cementogenesis to restore fully functional periodontal ligament, cementum and alveolar bone in patients with severe periodontitis. When applied to denuded root surfaces EMD forms a matrix that locally facilitates regenerative responses in the adjacent periodontal tissues. The cellular mechanism(s), e.g. autocrine growth factors, extracellular matrix synthesis and cell growth, underlying PDL regeneration with EMD is however poorly investigated. Material and Methods: Human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells were cultured on EMD and monitored for cellular attachment rate, proliferation, DNA replication and metabolism. Furthermore, intracellular cyclic-AMP levels and autocrine production of selected growth factors were monitored by immunological assays. Controls included PDL and epithelial cells in parallel cultures. Results: PDL cell attachment rate, growth and metabolism were all significantly increased when EMD was present in cultures. Also, cells exposed to EMD showed increased intracellular cAMP signalling and autocrine production of TGF-,1, IL-6 and PDGF AB when compared to controls. Epithelial cells increased cAMP and PDGF AB secretion when EMD was present, but proliferation and growth were inhibited. Conclusion: Cultured PDL cells exposed to EMD increase attachment rate, growth rate and metabolism, and subsequently release several growth factors into the medium. The cellular interaction with EMD generates an intracellular cAMP signal, after which cells secrete TGF-,1, IL-6 and PDGF AB. Epithelial cell growth however, is inhibited by the same signal. This suggest that EMD favours mesenchymal cell growth over epithelium, and that autocrine growth factors released by PDL cells exposed to EMD contribute to periodontal healing and regeneration in a process mimicking natural root development. [source]


Is coronally positioned flap procedure adjunct with enamel matrix derivative or root conditioning a relevant predictor for achieving root coverage?

JOURNAL OF PERIODONTAL RESEARCH, Issue 5 2007
A systemic review
Background and Objective:, This study is a systemic review of coronally positioned flap, coronally positioned flap + chemical root surface conditioning, or coronally positioned flap + enamel matrix derivative (EMD) for the treatment of Miller class I and II gingival recession. Material and Methods:, All studies available through the Medline database by the end of October 2005 were used. Each study provided mean clinical attachment level, keratinized tissue, probing pocket depth, gingival recession depth and root coverage percentage before and after treatment with coronally positioned flap alone, coronally positioned flap + chemical root surface conditioning , or coronally positioned flap + EMD. Effectiveness was evaluated by comparing the weighted mean average in gingival recession depth, probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level, keratinized tissue and root coverage percentage achieved with the three treatments. Results:, Seven studies for the coronally positioned flap + EMD group, four studies for the coronally positioned flap + chemical root surface conditioning group, and seven studies for the coronally positioned flap group were retrieved for this weighted mean analysis. The results of clinical attachment level, gingival recession depth, and root coverage percentage in the coronally positioned flap + EMD group were statistically significantly better than the changes in the coronally positioned flap and coronally positioned flap + chemical root surface conditioning group at 6 and 12 mo (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference at the 6-mo comparison among clinical attachment level, keratinized tissue, probing pocket depth, and gingival recession depth, except in the root coverage percentage for coronally positioned flap and coronally positioned flap + chemical root surface conditioning groups. Conclusion:, The results suggest that root coverage by the coronally positioned flap and coronally positioned flap + chemical root surface conditioning procedures were unpredictable but became more predictable when the coronally positioned flap procedure was improved by the modification of adding EMD. [source]


Enamel matrix derivative enhances tissue formation around scaffolds used for tissue engineering of ligaments

JOURNAL OF TISSUE ENGINEERING AND REGENERATIVE MEDICINE, Issue 2 2010
Michael P. Messenger
Abstract The following in vitro translational study investigated whether enamel matrix derivative (EMD), an approved biomimetic treatment for periodontal disease (Emdogain®) and hard-to-heal wounds (Xelma®), enhanced synovial cell colonization and protein synthesis around a scaffold used clinically for in situ tissue engineering of the torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Synovial cells were enzymatically extracted from bovine synovium and dynamically seeded onto polyethylene terephthalate (PET) scaffolds. The cells were cultured in low-serum medium (0.5% FBS) for 4 weeks with either a single administration of EMD at the start of the 4 week period or multiple administrations of EMD at regular intervals throughout the 4 weeks. Samples were harvested and evaluated using the Hoechst DNA assay, BCA protein assay, cresolphthalein complexone calcium assay, SDS,PAGE, ELISA and electron microscopy. A significant increase in cell number (DNA) (p < 0.01), protein content (p < 0.01) and TGF,1 synthesis (p < 0.01) was observed with multiple administrations of EMD. Additionally, SDS,PAGE showed an increase in high molecular weight proteins, characteristic of the fibril-forming collagens. Electron microscopy supported these findings, showing that scaffolds treated with multiple administrations of EMD were heavily coated with cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) that enveloped the fibres. Multiple administrations of EMD to synovial cell-seeded scaffolds enhanced the formation of tissue in vitro. Additionally, it was shown that EMD enhanced TGF,1 synthesis of synovial cells, suggesting a potential mode of action for EMD's capacity to stimulate tissue regeneration. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]


Enamel matrix proteins; old molecules for new applications

ORTHODONTICS & CRANIOFACIAL RESEARCH, Issue 3 2009
SP Lyngstadaas
Structured Abstract Authors,,, Lyngstadaas SP, Wohlfahrt JC, Brookes SJ, Paine ML, Snead ML, Reseland JE Emdogain® (enamel matrix derivative, EMD) is well recognized in periodontology, where it is used as a local adjunct to periodontal surgery to stimulate regeneration of periodontal tissues lost to periodontal disease. The biological effect of EMD is through stimulation of local growth factor secretion and cytokine expression in the treated tissues, inducing a regenerative process that mimics odontogenesis. The major (>95%) component of EMD is Amelogenins (Amel). No other active components have so far been isolated from EMD, and several studies have shown that purified amelogenins can induce the same effect as the complete EMD. Amelogenins comprise a family of highly conserved extracellular matrix proteins derived from one gene. Amelogenin structure and function is evolutionary well conserved, suggesting a profound role in biomineralization and hard tissue formation. A special feature of amelogenins is that under physiological conditions the proteins self-assembles into nanospheres that constitute an extracellular matrix. In the body, this matrix is slowly digested by specific extracellular proteolytic enzymes (matrix metalloproteinase) in a controlled process, releasing bioactive peptides to the surrounding tissues for weeks after application. Based on clinical and experimental observations in periodontology indicating that amelogenins can have a significant positive influence on wound healing, bone formation and root resorption, several new applications for amelogenins have been suggested. New experiments now confirm that amelogenins have potential for being used also in the fields of endodontics, bone regeneration, implantology, traumatology, and wound care. [source]


Enamel matrix derivative (Emdogain®) for periodontal tissue regeneration in intrabony defects

AUSTRALIAN DENTAL JOURNAL, Issue 1 2010
M Esposito
Background:, Periodontitis is a chronic infective disease of the gums caused by bacteria present in dental plaque. This condition induces the breakdown of the tooth supporting apparatus until teeth are lost. Surgery may be indicated to arrest disease progression and regenerate lost tissues. Several surgical techniques have been developed to regenerate periodontal tissues including guided tissue regeneration (GTR), bone grafting (BG) and the use of enamel matrix derivative (EMD). EMD is an extract of enamel matrix and contains amelogenins of various molecular weights. Amelogenins are involved in the formation of enamel and periodontal attachment formation during tooth development. Objectives:, To test whether EMD is effective, and to compare EMD versus GTR, and various BG procedures for the treatment of intrabony defects. Search strategy:, We searched the Cochrane Oral Health Group Trials Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE and EMBASE. Several journals were handsearched. No language restrictions were applied. Authors of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) identified, personal contacts and the manufacturer were contacted to identify unpublished trials. Most recent search: February 2009. Selection criteria:, RCTs on patients affected by periodontitis having intrabony defects of at least 3 mm treated with EMD compared with open flap debridement, GTR and various BG procedures with at least 1 year follow-up. The outcome measures considered were: tooth loss, changes in probing attachment levels (PAL), pocket depths (PPD), gingival recessions (REC), bone levels from the bottom of the defects on intraoral radiographs, aesthetics and adverse events. The following time-points were to be evaluated: 1, 5 and 10 years. Data collection and analysis:, Screening of eligible studies, assessment of the methodological quality of the trials and data extraction were conducted in duplicate and independently by two authors. Results were expressed as random-effects models using mean differences for continuous outcomes and risk ratios (RR) for dichotomous outcomes with 95% confidence intervals (CI). It was decided not to investigate heterogeneity, but a sensitivity analysis for the risk of bias of the trials was performed. Main results:, Thirteen trials were included out of 35 potentially eligible trials. No included trial presented data after 5 years of follow-up, therefore all data refer to the 1-year time point. A meta-analysis including nine trials showed that EMD treated sites displayed statistically significant PAL improvements (mean difference 1.1 mm, 95% CI 0.61 to 1.55) and PPD reduction (0.9 mm, 95% CI 0.44 to 1.31) when compared to placebo or control treated sites, though a high degree of heterogeneity was found. Significantly more sites had <2 mm PAL gain in the control group, with RR 0.53 (95% CI 0.34 to 0.82). Approximately nine patients needed to be treated (NNT) to have one patient gaining 2 mm or more PAL over the control group, based on a prevalence in the control group of 25%. No differences in tooth loss or aesthetic appearance as judged by the patients were observed. When evaluating only trials at a low risk of bias in a sensitivity analysis (four trials), the effect size for PAL was 0.62 mm (95% CI 0.28 to 0.96), which was less than 1.1 mm for the overall result. Comparing EMD with GTR (five trials), GTR showed statistically significant more postoperative complications (three trials, RR 0.12, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.85) and more REC (0.4 mm 95% CI 0.15 to 0.66). The only trial comparing EMD with a bioactive ceramic filler found statistically significant more REC (-1.60 mm, 95% CI ,2.74 to ,0.46) at the EMG treated sites. Authors' conclusions:, One year after its application, EMD significantly improved PAL levels (1.1 mm) and PPD reduction (0.9 mm) when compared to a placebo or control, however, the high degree of heterogeneity observed among trials suggests that results have to be interpreted with great caution. In addition, a sensitivity analysis indicated that the overall treatment effect might be overestimated. The actual clinical advantages of using EMD are unknown. With the exception of significantly more postoperative complications in the GTR group, there was no evidence of clinically important differences between GTR and EMD. Bone substitutes may be associated with less REC than EMD. Plain language summary:, Enamel matrix derivative (Emdogain®) for periodontal tissue regeneration in intrabony defects. Emdogain might have some advantages over other methods of regenerating the tissue supporting teeth lost by gum disease, such as less postoperative complications, but has not been shown to save more compromised teeth or that patients noticed any aesthetic improvement 1 year after its application. Bacteria in plaque can cause gum disease (periodontitis) that breaks down tissue supporting teeth. Surgical cleaning tries to stop the disease to save loose teeth. Bone grafting, guided tissue regeneration and enamel matrix derivatives (such as Emdogain) aim to regenerate support tissues. Emdogain contains proteins (derived from developing pig teeth) believed to regenerate tooth attachment. The review found that adjunctive application of Emdogain regenerates about 1 mm more tissue than surgical cleaning alone, although it is unclear to which extent such improvement is noticeable since patients did not find any difference in the aesthetic results. Emdogain showed similar clinical results to guided tissue regeneration, but is simpler to use and determines less complications. Bone substitutes may induce less gum retraction than Emdogain. No serious adverse reactions to Emdogain were reported in trials. [source]


The effect of enamel matrix proteins and deproteinized bovine bone mineral on heterotopic bone formation

CLINICAL ORAL IMPLANTS RESEARCH, Issue 4 2006
Nikolaos Donos
Abstract Aim: To evaluate the osteoinductive potential of deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) and an enamel matrix derivative (EMD) in the muscle of rats. Material and methods: Sixteen rats were used in this study. The animals were divided in three groups. Group A: a pouch was created in one of the pectoralis profundis muscles of the thorax of the rats and DBBM particles (Bio-Oss®) were placed into the pouch. Healing: 60 days. Group B: a small pouch was created on both pectoralis profundis muscles at each side of the thorax midline. In one side, a mixture of EMD (Emdogain®) mixed with DBBM was placed into one of the pouches, whereas in the contralateral side of the thorax the pouch was implanted with DBBM mixed with the propylene glycol alginate (PGA , carrier for enamel matrix proteins of EMD). Healing: 60 days. Group C: the same procedure as group B, but with a healing period of 120 days. Qualitative histological analysis of the results was performed. Results: At 60 days, the histological appearance of the DBBM particles implanted alone was similar to that of the particles implanted together with EMD or PGA at both 60 and 120 days. The DBBM particles were encapsulated into a connective tissue stroma and an inflammatory infiltrate. At 120 days, the DBBM particles implanted together with EMD or PGA exhibited the presence of resorption lacunae in some cases. Intramuscular bone formation was not encountered in any group. Conclusion: The implantation of DBBM particles alone, combined with EMD or its carrier (PGA) failed to exhibit extraskeletal, bone-inductive properties. [source]


Bone formation by enamel matrix proteins and xenografts: an experimental study in the rat ramus

CLINICAL ORAL IMPLANTS RESEARCH, Issue 2 2005
Nikolaos Donos
Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the use of enamel matrix proteins with or without the use of deproteinized bovine bone influences bone formation when used as an adjunct to guided bone regeneration (GBR). Twenty rats, divided into four groups of five animals each, were used in this study. Group A1: A hemispherical PTFE capsule was placed empty on the lateral aspect of the mandibular ramus (GBR). At the contralateral side of the jaw, the capsule was filled with an enamel matrix derivative (EMD) before its placement. The healing period was 60 days. Group A2: The animals were treated in the same manner as in Group A1 but with a healing period of 120 days. Group B1: The animals were treated in the same manner as in Group A1 with the difference that deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) particles were packed in the capsule. At the contralateral side of the jaw, the capsule was filled with a mixture of EMD and DBBM. The healing period was 60 days. Group B2: The same treatment as in B1 but with a healing period of 120 days. The histological analysis revealed that in Groups A1 and A2 newly formed bone was covering a significant part of the empty capsules (GBR). The use of EMD in the capsule did not offer any added benefit to the use of the capsule alone in terms of new bone formation. At Groups B1 and B2, the presence of DBBM and/or EMD did not positively affect the amount of new bone formation. It can be suggested that neither the application of EMD nor the use of DBBM or the combination of EMD and DBBM results in enhanced amounts of bone formation in comparison with the GBR procedure alone. Résumé Le but de cette étude a été d'évaluer si l'utilisation des protéines de la matrice amélaire avec ou sans l'utilisation d'os bovin déprotéiné influençait la formation osseuse lorsqu'il était utilisé comme complément à la régénération osseuse guidée (GBR). Vingt rats divisés en groupe de cinq ont servi lors de cette étude. Le groupe A1 : une caspule hémisphérique en téflon a été placée vide sur la face latérale de la branche montante mandibulaire (GBR). Du côté contralatéral de la mandibule, une capsule remplie de dérivés de la matrice amélaire (EMD) a été saturée avant son placement. La période de guérison a été de 60 J. Le groupe A2 : les animaux ont été traités de la même manière que dans le groupe A1 mais avec une période de guérison de 120 J. Le groupe B1 : les animaux ont été traités de la même manière que dans le groupe A1 avec la différence que les particules d'os déprotéiné (DBBM) ont été placées dans la capsule. Dans le côté contralatéral de la mandibule, les capsules ont été remplies avec un mélange d'EMD-DBBM. La période de guérison était de 60 J. Le groupe B2 : le même traitement que B1 mais avec une période de guérison de 120 J. L'analyse histologique a révélé que dans les groupes A1 et A2 de l'os néoformé recouvrait une partie significative des capsules (GBR). L'utilisation de EMD dans la capsule n'ajoutait aucune amélioration à l'utilisation de la capsule seule en tant que néoformation osseuse. Dans les groupes B1 et B2, la présence de DBBM et de EMD ou des deux ne changeait pas de manière positive la quantité de nouvel os formé. Ni l'application de EMD ni l'utilisation de DBBM ou d'une combinaison EMD-DBBM ne résulte en une augmentation des quantités de formation osseuse comparée au processus de GBR utilisé seul. Zusammenfassung Das Ziel dieser Studie war, auszuwerten, ob Schmelzmatrixproteine mit oder ohne Verwendung von deproteiniertem bovinem Knochen die Knochenbildung beeinflussen, wenn sie als Zusatz bei der gesteuerten Knochenregeneration (GBR) verwendet werden. Zwanzig Ratten, aufgeteilt in 4 Gruppen mit je 5 Tieren, wurden für die Studie verwendet. Gruppe A1: Eine halbkugelförmige PTFE-Kapsel wurde leer auf die laterale Fläche des Unterkiefer Ramus platziert. Auf der gegenüberliegenden Seite wurde die Kapsel vor der Platzierung mit Schmelzmatrixproteinderivat (EMD) gefüllt. Die Heilungszeit betrug 60 Tage. Gruppe A2: Die Tiere wurden auf die gleiche Art behandelt wie in Gruppe A1, aber die Heilungszeit betrug 120 Tage. Gruppe B1: Die Tiere wurden behandelt wie in Gruppe A1 mit dem Unterschied, dass deproteinierte bovine Knochenpartikel (DBBM) in die Kapsel gepackt wurden. Auf der gegenüberliegenden Seite des Kiefers wurde die Kapsel mit einem Gemisch aus EMD und DBBM gefüllt. Die Heilungszeit betrug 60 Tage. Gruppe B2: Es wurden die selben Behandlungen wie in Gruppe B1 durchgeführt, aber die Heilungszeit betrug 120 Tage. Die histologische Analyse zeigte, dass in den Gruppe A1 und A2 neugebildeter Knochen einen signifikanten Anteil der leeren Kapseln bedeckte (GBR). Der Einsatz von EMD in der Kapsel ergab gegenüber der leeren Kapsel keinen zusätzlichen Nutzen bezüglich Bildung von neuem Knochen. Bei den Gruppen B1 und B2 hatte der Einsatz von DBBM und/oder EMD keinen positiven Effekt auf die Menge an neu gebildetem Knochen. Es kann angenommen werden, dass weder die Applikation von EMD noch die Verwendung von DBBM oder einer Kombination EMD und DBBM im Vergleich zum GBR Verfahren allein zu einer geseigerten Knochenbildung führt. Resumen La intención de este estudio fue evaluar si el uso de proteína de la matriz del esmalte con o sin el uso de hueso bovino desproteinizado influye en la formación de hueso cuando se usa junto a regeneración ósea guiada (GBR). En este estudio se usaron veinte Ratas divididas en 4 grupos de 5 animales cada uno. Grupo A1: Se colocó una capsula hemiesférica vacía en el aspecto lateral de la rama mandibular (GBR). En el lado contralateral de la mandíbula, la capsula se rellenó con un derivado de la matriz del esmalte (EMD) antes de su colocación. El periodo de cicatrización fue de 60 días. Grupo A2: Los animales se trataron de la misma manera que en el grupo A1 pero con un periodo de cicatrización de 120 días. Grupo B1: Los animales se trataron en el mismo modo que en el grupo A1 con la diferencia que las cápsulas se rellenaron de partículas de hueso bovino desproteinizado (DBBM). En el lado contralateral de la mandíbula, la cápsula se rellenó con una mezcla de EMD y DBBM. El periodo de cicatrización fue de 60 días. Grupo B2: El mismo tratamiento que en B1 pero con 120 días de cicatrización. El análisis histológico reveló que en los grupos A1 y A2 un hueso neoformado cubría una parte significativa de las cápsulas vacías (GBR). El uso de EMD en la cápsula no ofreció ningún beneficio adicional al uso de la cápsula por si sola en términos de formación de nuevo hueso. En los grupos B1 y B2, la presencia de DBBM y/o EDM no afectó positivamente a la cantidad de hueso neoformado. Se puede sugerir que ni la aplicación de EMD o el uso de DBBM o la combinación de EMD y DBBM resultaron en cantidades mejoradas de formación de hueso en comparación con el procedimiento de GBR por si solo. [source]


Effect of GBR in combination with deproteinized bovine bone mineral and/or enamel matrix proteins on the healing of critical-size defects

CLINICAL ORAL IMPLANTS RESEARCH, Issue 1 2004
Nikolaos Donos
Abstract Objectives: To evaluate the effect of guided bone regeneration (GBR) in combination with or without deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) and/or an enamel matrix derivative (EMD) on the healing of critical-size calvarial defects. Material and methods: Forty rats were used. In all animals, a standardized critical-size calvarial defect was created surgically. The animals were randomly allocated into 4 groups of 10 animals each. Group A: One calvarial defect was left untreated, while the galeal and the cerebral aspect of the contralateral defect were covered with a bioresorbable membrane (GBR). Group B: One calvarial defect was filled with EMD, while the contralateral defect was treated with GBR and EMD. Group C: One defect was filled with DBBM, while the contralateral defect was treated with combination of GBR and DBBM. Group D: One defect was filled with DBBM combined with EMD, while the contralateral defect was treated with combination of GBR, DBBM and EMD. The healing period was 4 months. Five specimens from each group were macerated and the length, the width and the vertical dimension (thickness) of the remaining defect were evaluated by a stereomicroscope. The remaining specimens in each group were analyzed histologically. Results: The defects of the macerated specimens that were left untreated or were treated only by EMD, DBBM and combination of EMD and DBBM did not present predictably complete healing of the defects. All the defects where GBR was applied alone or combined with DBBM and/or EMD presented always complete healing (P<0.05). The combined use of GBR with EMD and/or DBBM did not offer any significant advantage above GBR alone in terms of healing of the length and the width of the defect. However, the vertical dimension of the defect was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the GBR-treated specimens of Groups C and D. The histological analysis supported these findings. Conclusion: The predictability of bone formation in critical-size defects depends mainly on the presence or absence of barrier membranes (GBR). The combined use with deproteinized bovine bone mineral and/or enamel matrix proteins did not significantly enhance the potential for complete healing provided by the GBR procedure. Résumé Le but de cette étude a été d'évaluer l'effet de l'association de la ROG avec ou sans minéral osseux bovin déprotéiné (DBBM) et/ou un dérivé de la matrice amélaire (EMD) sur la guérison de lésions crâniennes. Cette étude a eu recours à quarante rats. Chez tous les animaux, une lésion crânienne standardisée de grandeur critique a été créée chirurgicalement. Les animaux ont été répartis au hasard en quatre groupes de dix. Groupe A : une lésion crânienne fût laissée sans traitement, tandis que les deux côtés de la lésion latérale étaient recouvertes par une membrane biorésorbable (ROG), groupe B : une lésion crânienne remplie avec EMD tandis que la lésion contralatérale était traitée avec GBR et EMD, groupe C : une lésion remplie avec DBBM et la lésion contralatérale traitée par GBR et DBBM, Groupe D : une lésion remplie avec DBBM combinée avec EMD tandis que la lésion contralatérale a été traitée par une combinaison de ROG, DBBM et EMD. La période de guérison était de quatre mois. Cinq spécimens de chaque groupe ont été macérés et la longueur, la largeur et l'épaisseur de la lésion restante ont étéévaluées au stéréomicroscope. Les autres spécimens de chaque groupe ont été analysés histologiquement. Les lésions des spécimens macérés laissées sans traitement ou qui avaient été traitées seulement par EMD, DBBM et une combinaison de EMD et DBBM ne produisaient pas de manière prévisible une guérison complète des lésions. Toutes les lésions où la ROG était appliquée seule ou en association avec DBBM et /ou EMD présentaient toujours une guérison complète (p<0,05). L'utilisation conjointe de la ROG avec EMD et/ou DBBM n'offrait aucun avantage significatif sur la ROG seule en termes de guérison de la longueur et de la largeur de la lésion. Cependant la dimension verticale était significativement plus importante (p<0,05) dans les spécimens traités ROG des groupes C et D. L'analyse histologique a étayé ces découvertes. La prévision d'une formation osseuse dans les lésions de taille critique dépend essentiellement de la présence ou de l'absence de membranes barrières (ROG). L'utilisation combinée du minéral osseux bovin déprotéiné et /ou des protéínes de la matrice amélaire n'augmentait pas de manière significative le potentiel d'une guérison complète apportée par le processus ROG. Zusammenfassung Ziele: Die Untersuchung des Effekts der GBR in Kombination mit oder ohne deproteiniertem bovinem Knochenmineral (DBBM) und/oder einem Schmelzmatrix Derivat (EMD) auf die Heilung von Defekten mit kritischer Grösse. Material & Methoden: Es wurden 40 Ratten verwendet. Bei allen Tieren wurde auf der Calvaria chirurgisch ein standardisierter Defekt mit einer kritischen Grösse kreiert. Die Ratten wurden zufällig in 4 Gruppen mit je 10 Tieren aufgeteilt. Gruppe A: Ein Calvariadefekt wurde unbehandelt belassen, während der kontralaterale Defekt sowohl auf der cerebralen als auch auf der galealen Seite mit einer bioresorbierbaren Membran abgedeckt wurde (GBR). Gruppe B: Ein Calvariadefekt wurde mit EMD gefüllt, während der kontralaterale Defekt mit GBR und EMD behandelt wurde. Gruppe C: Ein Defekt wurde mit DBBM gefüllt, während der kontralaterale Defekt mit einer Kombination von GBR und DBBM behandelt wurde. Gruppe D: Ein Defekt wurde mit einer Kombination aus DBBM und EMD gefüllt, während der kontralaterale Defekt mit einer Kombination von GBR, DBBM und EMD behandelt wurde. Die Heilungszeit betrug 4 Monate. Fünf Präparate von jeder Gruppe wurden mazeriert und es wurden die Länge, die Breite und vertikale Dimension (Dicke) des verbleibenden Defekts unter dem Stereomikroskop ausgewertet. Die übrigen Präparate jeder Gruppe wurden histologisch analysiert. Resultate: Die Defekte der mazerierten Präparate, welche unbehandelt belassen oder nur mit EMD,DBBM und einer Kombination von EMD und DBBM behandelt worden waren, zeigten keine voraussagbare komplette Heilung der Defekte. Alle Defekte, bei denen GBR allein oder in Kombination mit DBBM und/oder EMD appliziert worden war, zeigten immer eine komplette Heilung (P>0.05). Die Kombination von GBR mit EMD und/oder DBBM bot gegenüber der GBR allein keine signifikanten Vorteile bezüglich Ausheilung der Länge und Breite der Defekte. Jedoch war die vertikale Dimension der Defekte bei den GBR behandelten Präparaten der Gruppen C und D signifikant grösser (P>0.05). Die histologische Analyse unterstützte diese Befunde. Schlussfolgerung: Die Voraussagbarkeit der Knochenbildung in Defekten mit kritischer Grösse hängt hauptsächlich von der Präsenz oder Absenz von Barrieremembranen (GBR) ab. Die kombinierte Verwendung von deproteiniertem bovinem Knochenmineral und/oder Schmelzmatrix Proteinen verbesserte das Potential für eine komplette Defektausheilung durch das GBR Verfahren nicht signifikant. Resumen Objetivos: Evaluar el efecto de GBR en combinación con o sin mineral óseo bovino desproteinizado (DBBM) y/o derivado de la matriz del esmalte (EMD) en la cicatrización de defectos de tamaño crítico en el calvario. Material y Métodos: Se usaron cuarenta ratas. En todos los animales se creó quirúrgicamente un defecto estándar de tamaño crítico en el calvario. Los animales se alojaron aleatoriamente en 4 grupos de 10 animales. Grupo A: Un defecto del calvario se dejó sin tratar, mientras que los aspectos galeales y cerebrales del defecto contralateral se cubrieron con una membrana biorreabsorbible (GBR). Grupo B: Un defecto del calvario se rellenó con EMD, mientras que el defecto contralateral se trató con GBR y EMD. Grupo C: Un defecto se rellenó con DBBM, mientras el defecto contralateral se trató con una combinación de GBR y DBBM. Grupo D: UN defecto se rellenó con DBBM combinado con EMD, mientras que el defecto contralateral se trató con una combinación de GBR, DBBM y EMD. El periodo de cicatrización fue de 4 meses. Cinco especímenes de cada grupo se maceraron, y se evaluó la longitud, la anchura y la dimensión vertical (grosor) del defecto remanente por estereomicroscopía. Los especímenes restantes de cada grupo se analizaron histológicamente. Resultados: Los defectos de los especímenes macerados que se dejaron sin tratar o se trataron solo con EMD, DBBM y una combinación de EMD y DBBM no presentaron una cicatrización completa predecible de los defectos. Todos los defectos en los que se aplicó GBR sola o combinada con DBBM y/o EMD siempre presentó cicatrización completa (p<0.05). El uso combinado de GBR con EMD y/o DBBM no ofreció ninguna ventaja significativa sobre GBR solo en términos de cicatrización de la longitud y la anchura del defecto. De todos modos, la dimensión vertical del defecto fue significativamente mayor (p<0.05) in los grupos tratados con GBR de los grupos C y D. Los análisis histológicos apoyaron estos hallazgos. Conclusión: La predictibilidad de la formación de hueso en defectos de tamaño crítico depende principalmente de la presencia o ausencia de membranas de barrera (GBR). El uso combinado con mineral óseo bovino desproteinizado y/o proteínas de la matriz del esmalte no realzaron significativamente el potencial para la cicatrización completa suministrado por el procedimiento de GBR. [source]


Efficacy of enamel matrix derivatives (Emdogain®) in treatment of replanted teeth , a systematic review based on animal studies

DENTAL TRAUMATOLOGY, Issue 5 2008
Annette Wiegand
A review of the published literature [search term: (Emdogain OR enamel matrix derivative OR enamel matrix protein] AND [avulsion OR replantation OR autotransplantation)] was conducted by two independent investigators according to defined selection criteria. For data extraction of the identified animal studies, the following histomorphometric findings were considered: (i) healed PDL, (ii) surface resorption, (iii) inflammatory resorption and (iv) replacement resorption. The heterogenity of data collection and the small amount of identified publications did not allow for statistical analysis. Four controlled trials (CT) conducted in animals, but no randomized controlled trials (RCT) or clinical controlled trials (CCT) could be received from the systematic search. From the selected studies, two CT gave evidence of EMD treatment to be effective in inducing healing of replanted teeth, while one CT found no differences between EMD treated teeth and controls. Finally, one CT compared EMD and sodium fluoride application, but revealed no differences between the treatments. The data of controlled trials available are limited and conflicting. No firm conclusion regarding the efficacy of EMD application on healing of replanted or autotransplanted permanent teeth can be drawn because of lack of RCT and CCT. [source]


Enamel matrix derivative (Emdogain®) for periodontal tissue regeneration in intrabony defects

AUSTRALIAN DENTAL JOURNAL, Issue 1 2010
M Esposito
Background:, Periodontitis is a chronic infective disease of the gums caused by bacteria present in dental plaque. This condition induces the breakdown of the tooth supporting apparatus until teeth are lost. Surgery may be indicated to arrest disease progression and regenerate lost tissues. Several surgical techniques have been developed to regenerate periodontal tissues including guided tissue regeneration (GTR), bone grafting (BG) and the use of enamel matrix derivative (EMD). EMD is an extract of enamel matrix and contains amelogenins of various molecular weights. Amelogenins are involved in the formation of enamel and periodontal attachment formation during tooth development. Objectives:, To test whether EMD is effective, and to compare EMD versus GTR, and various BG procedures for the treatment of intrabony defects. Search strategy:, We searched the Cochrane Oral Health Group Trials Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE and EMBASE. Several journals were handsearched. No language restrictions were applied. Authors of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) identified, personal contacts and the manufacturer were contacted to identify unpublished trials. Most recent search: February 2009. Selection criteria:, RCTs on patients affected by periodontitis having intrabony defects of at least 3 mm treated with EMD compared with open flap debridement, GTR and various BG procedures with at least 1 year follow-up. The outcome measures considered were: tooth loss, changes in probing attachment levels (PAL), pocket depths (PPD), gingival recessions (REC), bone levels from the bottom of the defects on intraoral radiographs, aesthetics and adverse events. The following time-points were to be evaluated: 1, 5 and 10 years. Data collection and analysis:, Screening of eligible studies, assessment of the methodological quality of the trials and data extraction were conducted in duplicate and independently by two authors. Results were expressed as random-effects models using mean differences for continuous outcomes and risk ratios (RR) for dichotomous outcomes with 95% confidence intervals (CI). It was decided not to investigate heterogeneity, but a sensitivity analysis for the risk of bias of the trials was performed. Main results:, Thirteen trials were included out of 35 potentially eligible trials. No included trial presented data after 5 years of follow-up, therefore all data refer to the 1-year time point. A meta-analysis including nine trials showed that EMD treated sites displayed statistically significant PAL improvements (mean difference 1.1 mm, 95% CI 0.61 to 1.55) and PPD reduction (0.9 mm, 95% CI 0.44 to 1.31) when compared to placebo or control treated sites, though a high degree of heterogeneity was found. Significantly more sites had <2 mm PAL gain in the control group, with RR 0.53 (95% CI 0.34 to 0.82). Approximately nine patients needed to be treated (NNT) to have one patient gaining 2 mm or more PAL over the control group, based on a prevalence in the control group of 25%. No differences in tooth loss or aesthetic appearance as judged by the patients were observed. When evaluating only trials at a low risk of bias in a sensitivity analysis (four trials), the effect size for PAL was 0.62 mm (95% CI 0.28 to 0.96), which was less than 1.1 mm for the overall result. Comparing EMD with GTR (five trials), GTR showed statistically significant more postoperative complications (three trials, RR 0.12, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.85) and more REC (0.4 mm 95% CI 0.15 to 0.66). The only trial comparing EMD with a bioactive ceramic filler found statistically significant more REC (-1.60 mm, 95% CI ,2.74 to ,0.46) at the EMG treated sites. Authors' conclusions:, One year after its application, EMD significantly improved PAL levels (1.1 mm) and PPD reduction (0.9 mm) when compared to a placebo or control, however, the high degree of heterogeneity observed among trials suggests that results have to be interpreted with great caution. In addition, a sensitivity analysis indicated that the overall treatment effect might be overestimated. The actual clinical advantages of using EMD are unknown. With the exception of significantly more postoperative complications in the GTR group, there was no evidence of clinically important differences between GTR and EMD. Bone substitutes may be associated with less REC than EMD. Plain language summary:, Enamel matrix derivative (Emdogain®) for periodontal tissue regeneration in intrabony defects. Emdogain might have some advantages over other methods of regenerating the tissue supporting teeth lost by gum disease, such as less postoperative complications, but has not been shown to save more compromised teeth or that patients noticed any aesthetic improvement 1 year after its application. Bacteria in plaque can cause gum disease (periodontitis) that breaks down tissue supporting teeth. Surgical cleaning tries to stop the disease to save loose teeth. Bone grafting, guided tissue regeneration and enamel matrix derivatives (such as Emdogain) aim to regenerate support tissues. Emdogain contains proteins (derived from developing pig teeth) believed to regenerate tooth attachment. The review found that adjunctive application of Emdogain regenerates about 1 mm more tissue than surgical cleaning alone, although it is unclear to which extent such improvement is noticeable since patients did not find any difference in the aesthetic results. Emdogain showed similar clinical results to guided tissue regeneration, but is simpler to use and determines less complications. Bone substitutes may induce less gum retraction than Emdogain. No serious adverse reactions to Emdogain were reported in trials. [source]