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Emotion Regulation (emotion + regulation)
Terms modified by Emotion Regulation Selected AbstractsEMOTION REGULATION AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN THE DEVELOPING CHILDPSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 2008Article first published online: 12 AUG 200 No abstract is available for this article. [source] Improving Emotion Regulation and Sibling Relationship Quality: The More Fun With Sisters and Brothers Program,FAMILY RELATIONS, Issue 5 2008Denise E. Kennedy Abstract: We examined the role of emotion regulation (ER) in improving sibling relationship quality (SRQ) by evaluating the More Fun With Sisters and Brothers Program where 4- to 8-year-old siblings from 95 families were taught emotional and social competencies. Parents reported on SRQ and ER, and sibling interactions were observed in homes. SRQ and ER improved for program participants (n = 55) in comparison to those in a wait list condition (n = 40). Children participating in the program needed less parental direction to control negative emotions and refrain from directing negative actions toward others following the program. Higher levels of ER were linked with more positive SRQ at posttest. Results highlight the value of strengthening children's emotion regulation processes as a mechanism for promoting prosocial sibling relationships. [source] The Effect of Excessive Crying on the Development of Emotion RegulationINFANCY, Issue 2 2002Cynthia A. Stifter The goal of this study was to examine the effect of excessive crying in early infancy on the development of emotion self-regulation. Cry diaries were used to categorize excessive criers and typical criers at 6 weeks of age. At 5 and 10 months of age, infants and mothers participated in procedures to elicit infant reactivity and regulation during a frustration task and maternal sensitivity and intrusiveness during a free-play session. Last, maternal ratings of temperament were obtained. Results revealed excessive criers to show higher levels of negative reactivity than typical criers. Excessive criers also demonstrated lower regulation, but this finding was only significant for male infants. Boys in the excessive criers group exhibited the lowest level of emotion self-regulation. Maternal behavior and ratings of temperament at 5 and 10 months failed to distinguish the 2 cry groups. The findings suggest that excessive crying may influence the developmental trajectory of the ability of boys to self-regulate emotion. The hypothesized processes involved in this outcome are discussed. [source] Infants' Behavioral Strategies for Emotion Regulation With Fathers and Mothers: Associations With Emotional Expressions and Attachment QualityINFANCY, Issue 2 2002Marissa L. Diener This study examined 12- and 13-month-old infants' behavioral strategies for emotion regulation, emotional expressions, regulatory styles, and attachment quality with fathers and mothers. Eighty-five infants participated in the Strange Situation procedure to assess attachment quality with mothers and fathers. Infants' behavioral strategies for emotion regulation were examined with each parent during a competing demands task. Emotion regulation styles were meaningfully related to infant-father attachment quality. Although expressions of distress and positive affect were not consistent across mothers and fathers, there was consistency in infant strategy use, emotion regulation style, and attachment quality with mothers and fathers. Furthermore, infants who were securely attached to both parents showed greater consistency in parent-oriented strategies than infants who were insecurely attached to one or both parents. Limitations of this study include the constrained laboratory setting, potential carryover effects, and a homogeneous, middle-class sample. [source] Emotion Regulation as a Mediator of the Relation Between Emotion Socialization and Deliberate Self-HarmAMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPSYCHIATRY, Issue 4 2009Kelly E. Buckholdt MS This study examined (a) whether retrospective reports of specific parent responses to sadness (i.e., reward, punishment, neglect, override, magnification) were related to deliberate self-harm (DSH) and (b) whether difficulties regulating emotions (i.e., difficulties monitoring, evaluating, and modifying emotions) mediated those relations. One hundred eighteen college students completed measures of parental emotion socialization, emotion regulation difficulties, and DSH. Parental reward and override of sadness were directly related to lower DSH scores. Parental punishment and neglect of sadness were related to higher DSH scores, and these associations were mediated by difficulties evaluating emotions. In other words, parental punishment and neglect of sadness may place individuals at risk for DSH by fostering negative evaluations of emotional experiences and the belief that nothing can be done to effectively manage emotions. [source] Girls, Aggression, and Emotion RegulationAMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPSYCHIATRY, Issue 2 2005Anne M. Conway PhD Many studies have demonstrated that boys are more aggressive than girls (see J. D. Coie & K. Dodge, 1997, for a review) and that emotion regulation difficulties are associated with problematic behaviors (N. Eisenberg & R. A. Fabes, 1999; M. Gilliom, D. S. Shaw, J. E. Beck, M. A. Schonberg, & J. L. Lukon, 2002). However, recent findings indicate that gender differences in aggressive behaviors disappear when assessments are broadened to include relational aggression,behaviors designed to harm the relationship goals of others by spreading rumors, gossiping, and eliciting peer rejection of others. Moreover, although difficulties regulating emotions have been reported for physically aggressive children, little research has examined these processes in relationally aggressive children. This article argues that investigation into the associations between emotion regulation and relational aggression is a critical direction for future research on the etiology and prevention of mental health problems in girls. [source] Maternal Socialization of Positive Affect: The Impact of Invalidation on Adolescent Emotion Regulation and Depressive SymptomatologyCHILD DEVELOPMENT, Issue 5 2008Marie B. H. Yap This study examined the relations among maternal socialization of positive affect (PA), adolescent emotion regulation (ER), and adolescent depressive symptoms. Two hundred early adolescents, 11,13 years old, provided self-reports of ER strategies and depressive symptomatology; their mothers provided self-reports of socialization responses to adolescent PA. One hundred and sixty-three mother,adolescent dyads participated in 2 interaction tasks. Adolescents whose mothers responded in an invalidating or "dampening" manner toward their PA displayed more emotionally dysregulated behaviors and reported using maladaptive ER strategies more frequently. Adolescents whose mothers dampened their PA more frequently during mother,adolescent interactions, and girls whose mothers reported invalidating their PA, reported more depressive symptoms. Adolescent use of maladaptive ER strategies mediated the association between maternal invalidation of PA and early adolescents' concurrent depressive symptoms. [source] Emotion Regulation as a Scientific Construct: Methodological Challenges and Directions for Child Development ResearchCHILD DEVELOPMENT, Issue 2 2004Pamela M. Cole Emotion regulation has emerged as a popular topic, but there is doubt about its viability as a scientific construct. This article identifies conceptual and methodological challenges in this area of study and describes exemplar studies that provide a substantive basis for inferring emotion regulation. On the basis of those studies, 4 methods are described that provide compelling evidence for emotion regulation: independent measurement of activated emotion and purported regulatory processes; analysis of temporal relations; measurement across contrasting conditions; and multiple, convergent measures. By offering this perspective, this article aims to engage thoughtful debate and critical analysis, with the goal of increasing methodological rigor and advancing an understanding of emotion regulation as a scientific construct. [source] Developmental Neuroscience Perspectives on Emotion RegulationCHILD DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES, Issue 3 2008H. Hill Goldsmith ABSTRACT,Because individual differences in emotion regulation are associated with risk for childhood behavioral problems, multidisciplinary investigation of the genetic and neural underpinnings of emotion regulation should be a research priority. This article summarizes research findings from 3 independent laboratories to demonstrate the ways in which a variety of developmental human neuroscience-based approaches can address critical conceptual issues in the emergence of emotion regulation. To do so, the authors present 3 perspectives on how developmental neurobiology constrains and enriches theories of emotion regulation. The 3 perspectives of (a) genetics, (b) brain structure and function, and (c) plasticity of development are illustrated with empirical results derived from both typical and atypical samples of children and adults. These perspectives are complementary and sometimes represent different levels of analysis of the same question. [source] Development of Emotion Regulation in Children of Bipolar Parents: Treatment ImplicationsCLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY: SCIENCE AND PRACTICE, Issue 3 2010Mary A. Fristad [Clin Psychol Sci Prac 17: 187,190, 2010] Muralidharan, Yoo, Ritschel, Simeonova, and Craighead (2010) propose that iatrogenic family environment and socioemotional cue processing deficits may interact to confer risk in offspring of adults with bipolar disorder (BD), the group at highest risk for developing early-onset BD. In this commentary, I review the relevant family environment and neurocognitive literature, then link the vulnerability areas noted in these bodies of literature to evidence-based interventions for youth with or at risk for BD. [source] Emotion and Emotion Regulation: A Map for Psychotherapy ResearchersCLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY: SCIENCE AND PRACTICE, Issue 4 2007Jonathan Rottenberg Never before has the pace of research on emotion and emotion regulation been as vigorous as it is today. This news is welcomed by researchers who study psychological therapies and who believe that emotion and emotion regulation processes are fundamental to normal and abnormal functioning. However, one unwelcome consequence of this otherwise happy state of affairs is that therapy researchers now face an array of bewildering decisions about what to measure and why. What is needed is a map that will help researchers make wise decisions in this domain. In this spirit, we locate Sloan and Kring's (2007) important review of available emotion and emotion regulation measures within the wider field of affective constructs and the broader problem space of psychotherapy research. Where appropriate, we illustrate our points with examples from our own work, and highlight the payoffs and challenges of integrating affective and clinical science. [source] Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitive, and social consequencesPSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 3 2002James J. Gross One of life's great challenges is successfully regulating emotions. Do some emotion regulation strategies have more to recommend them than others? According to Gross's (1998, Review of General Psychology, 2, 271,299) process model of emotion regulation, strategies that act early in the emotion-generative process should have a different profile of consequences than strategies that act later on. This review focuses on two commonly used strategies for down-regulating emotion. The first, reappraisal, comes early in the emotion-generative process. It consists of changing the way a situation is construed so as to decrease its emotional impact. The second, suppression, comes later in the emotion-generative process. It consists of inhibiting the outward signs of inner feelings. Experimental and individual-difference studies find reappraisal is often more effective than suppression. Reappraisal decreases emotion experience and behavioral expression, and has no impact on memory. By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory. Suppression also increases physiological responding for suppressors and their social partners. This review concludes with a consideration of five important directions for future research on emotion regulation processes. [source] Emotion Regulation as a Scientific Construct: Methodological Challenges and Directions for Child Development ResearchCHILD DEVELOPMENT, Issue 2 2004Pamela M. Cole Emotion regulation has emerged as a popular topic, but there is doubt about its viability as a scientific construct. This article identifies conceptual and methodological challenges in this area of study and describes exemplar studies that provide a substantive basis for inferring emotion regulation. On the basis of those studies, 4 methods are described that provide compelling evidence for emotion regulation: independent measurement of activated emotion and purported regulatory processes; analysis of temporal relations; measurement across contrasting conditions; and multiple, convergent measures. By offering this perspective, this article aims to engage thoughtful debate and critical analysis, with the goal of increasing methodological rigor and advancing an understanding of emotion regulation as a scientific construct. [source] Script-driven imagery of self-injurious behavior in patients with borderline personality disorder: a pilot FMRI studyACTA PSYCHIATRICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 1 2010A. Kraus Objective:, Self-injurious behavior (SIB) is one of the most distinctive features of borderline personality disorder (BPD) and related to impulsivity and emotional dysregulation. Method:, Female patients with BPD (n = 11) and healthy controls (n = 10) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while listening to a standardized script describing an act of self-injury. Experimental sections of the script were contrasted to the neutral baseline section and group-specific brain activities were compared. Results:, While imagining the reactions to a situation triggering SIB, patients with BPD showed significantly less activation in the orbitofrontal cortex compared with controls. Furthermore, only patients with BPD showed increased activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during this section and a decrease in the mid-cingulate while imagining the self-injurious act itself. Conclusion:, This pattern of activation preliminary suggests an association with diminished emotion regulation, impulse control as well as with response selection and reappraisal during the imagination of SIB. [source] Stability of resting frontal electroencephalogram (EEG) asymmetry and cardiac vagal tone in adolescent females exposed to child maltreatmentDEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOBIOLOGY, Issue 6 2009Vladimir Miskovic Abstract The experience of child maltreatment is a known risk factor for the development of psychopathology. Structural and functional modifications of neural systems implicated in stress and emotion regulation may provide one mechanism linking early adversity with later outcome. The authors examined two well-documented biological markers of stress vulnerability [resting frontal electroencephalogram (EEG) asymmetry and cardiac vagal tone] in a group of adolescent females exposed to child maltreatment (n,=,38; M age,=,14.47) and their age-matched non-maltreated (n,=,25; M age,=,14.00) peers. Maltreated females exhibited greater relative right frontal EEG activity and lower cardiac vagal tone than controls over a 6-month period. In addition, frontal EEG asymmetry and cardiac vagal tone remained stable in the maltreated group across the 6 months, suggesting that the neurobiological correlates of maltreatment may not simply reflect dynamic, short-term changes but more long lasting alterations. The present findings appear to be the first to demonstrate stability of two biologically based stress-vulnerability measures in a maltreated population. Findings are discussed in terms of plasticity within the neural circuits of emotion regulation during the early childhood period and alternative causal models of developmental psychopathology. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 51: 474,487, 2009 [source] Expected consequences of anger-related behavioursEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY, Issue 2 2006Hermina Van Coillie Abstract In a study with 140 participants (66 men, 74 women), we investigated behaviour outcome expectancies (cognitive, affective and relational) regarding a broad group of anger-related behaviours (e.g. hit someone, run away). Results of a three-mode component analysis indicated that behaviour outcome expectancies vary considerably, depending on the behaviour (aggressive versus nonaggressive ones), the consequence (consequences related to the self versus consequences for the anger) and the individual. The findings are discussed in the context of catharsis theory, emotion regulation and functionalistic accounts of emotion-related behaviour. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Improving Emotion Regulation and Sibling Relationship Quality: The More Fun With Sisters and Brothers Program,FAMILY RELATIONS, Issue 5 2008Denise E. Kennedy Abstract: We examined the role of emotion regulation (ER) in improving sibling relationship quality (SRQ) by evaluating the More Fun With Sisters and Brothers Program where 4- to 8-year-old siblings from 95 families were taught emotional and social competencies. Parents reported on SRQ and ER, and sibling interactions were observed in homes. SRQ and ER improved for program participants (n = 55) in comparison to those in a wait list condition (n = 40). Children participating in the program needed less parental direction to control negative emotions and refrain from directing negative actions toward others following the program. Higher levels of ER were linked with more positive SRQ at posttest. Results highlight the value of strengthening children's emotion regulation processes as a mechanism for promoting prosocial sibling relationships. [source] Families, Urban Neighborhood Youth Centers, and Peers as Contexts for DevelopmentFAMILY RELATIONS, Issue 4 2007Stephen A. Anderson Abstract: Three social contexts,family, neighborhood youth centers, and peer relationships,were examined in relation to several measures of adjustment among 1,406 mostly minority, inner-city adolescents. Family and center involvement were directly related to 3 of the 4 adjustment measures (i.e., achievement orientation, emotion regulation, attitudes toward school). Peer connections interacted with family and center involvement to also predict these variables. Substance use, the fourth adjustment measure, was related only to family involvement. Significant 3-way interactions suggested that within urban settings, favorable attitudes toward school may best be achieved when family, neighborhood youth center, and peer involvement are all strong. The combined effects of these 3 contexts appear to be greater among younger adolescents. Implications for promoting urban youth development programs are discussed. [source] Attachment style, affective loss and gray matter volume: A voxel-based morphometry studyHUMAN BRAIN MAPPING, Issue 10 2010Stefania Benetti Abstract Early patterns of infant attachment have been shown to be an important influence on adult social behavior. Animal studies suggest that patterns of early attachment influence brain development, contributing to permanent alterations in neural structure; however, there are no previous studies investigating whether differences in attachment style are associated with differences in brain structure in humans. In this study, we used Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to examine for the first time the association between attachment style, affective loss (for example, death of a loved one) and gray matter volume in a healthy sample of adults (n = 32). Attachment style was assessed on two dimensions (anxious and avoidant) using the ECR-Revised questionnaire. High attachment-related anxiety was associated with decreased gray matter in the anterior temporal pole and increased gray matter in the left lateral orbital gyrus. A greater number of affective losses was associated with increased gray matter volume in the cerebellum; in this region, however, the impact of affective losses was significantly moderated by the level of attachment-related avoidance. These findings indicate that differences in attachment style are associated with differences in the neural structure of regions implicated in emotion regulation. It is hypothesized that early attachment experience may contribute to structural brain differences associated with attachment style in adulthood; furthermore, these findings point to a neuronal mechanism through which attachment style may mediate individual differences in responses to affective loss. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Infants' Behavioral Strategies for Emotion Regulation With Fathers and Mothers: Associations With Emotional Expressions and Attachment QualityINFANCY, Issue 2 2002Marissa L. Diener This study examined 12- and 13-month-old infants' behavioral strategies for emotion regulation, emotional expressions, regulatory styles, and attachment quality with fathers and mothers. Eighty-five infants participated in the Strange Situation procedure to assess attachment quality with mothers and fathers. Infants' behavioral strategies for emotion regulation were examined with each parent during a competing demands task. Emotion regulation styles were meaningfully related to infant-father attachment quality. Although expressions of distress and positive affect were not consistent across mothers and fathers, there was consistency in infant strategy use, emotion regulation style, and attachment quality with mothers and fathers. Furthermore, infants who were securely attached to both parents showed greater consistency in parent-oriented strategies than infants who were insecurely attached to one or both parents. Limitations of this study include the constrained laboratory setting, potential carryover effects, and a homogeneous, middle-class sample. [source] Predictors of middle childhood psychosomatic problems: An emotion regulation approachINFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT, Issue 5 2004Berit Hagekull Abstract Development of the psychosomatic problems picky eating and headache and stomachache complaints in middle childhood was investigated from an emotion regulation perspective. The role of negative emotionality and family emotion regulatory factors (attachment to mother and parental perceived control) was studied. The sample (N=87) was a predominantly middleclass, community sample. The study was longitudinal, based on data from several data collections between child age 11 months and 9 years. The results showed that headache and stomachache complaints were mainly predicted by early negative emotionality, and picky eating by the family factors. More negative emotionality, insecure attachment and less perceived control were related to more psychosomatic problems in linear and interaction models. The findings were interpreted as showing that by considering emotion regulation, a fruitful perspective for understanding the development of psychosomatic problems could be elaborated. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Effects of parental supportiveness on toddlers' emotion regulation over the first three years of life in a low-income African American sample,INFANT MENTAL HEALTH JOURNAL, Issue 5 2009Erika London Bocknek The purpose of this study was to examine how parental supportiveness and child gender are related to toddlers' emotion regulation over time among low-income African American mothers and their children (n = 803). Data for the current study were collected as part of the Early Head Start Research and Evaluation Project. Using latent growth curve modeling, results indicated that parental supportiveness predicted toddlers' emotion regulation skills, on average (intercepts), and rates of growth of parental supportiveness predicted the rates of growth in emotion regulation over time (slope), beyond the effects of initial parental risk status, child gender, Early Head Start treatment effects, and infant emotionality. However, parental supportiveness over time did not differentially predict toddler emotion regulation over time for boys as compared to girls. Results suggest that parental supportiveness may represent a subtle form of emotion socialization by providing a context in which toddlers may be better able to utilize their mothers as effective resources in managing emotions. Practitioners should emphasize with the parents the role of parent,child interactions as a context for development. The lack of gender differences suggests that differential parenting towards boys and girls, evident in research with older children, may not yet be present in toddlerhood. Recognizing similarities in parenting across racial groups early on as well as being sensitive to differences that may emerge later will position practitioners to provide support within a culturally sensitive framework. [source] Measures of effortful regulation for young childrenINFANT MENTAL HEALTH JOURNAL, Issue 6 2007Tracy L. Spinrad Emotion-related regulation is a topic of increasing interest among researchers, yet there is little agreement on ways to measure emotion regulation in young children. In this paper, we first consider important conceptual distinctions in regard to the different types of emotion-related regulation and control. Next, we describe a number of ways researchers have assessed children's regulation. We also present data from the Toddler Emotional Development project, in which laboratory-based measures of effortful regulation were used. In this section, we highlight the measures that show promise (and those that did not work well). Future directions for research on the measurement of effortful regulation are presented [source] Dental behaviour management problems: the role of child personal characteristicsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PAEDIATRIC DENTISTRY, Issue 4 2010ANNIKA GUSTAFSSON International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2010; 20: 242,253 Aim., This study aimed to investigate the role of dental fear (DF) and other personal characteristics in relation to dental behaviour management problems (DBMP). Design., A study group of 230 patients (7.5,19 years old; 118 girls), referred because of DBMP, was compared to a reference group of 248 same-aged patients (142 girls) in ordinary dental care. Patients and their parents independently filled in questionnaires including measures of fear and anxiety, behavioural symptoms, temperamental reactivity, and emotion regulation. Results., Study group patients referred because of DBMP differed from the reference group in all investigated aspects of personal characteristics. In the multivariate analyses, DF was the only variable with consistent discriminatory capacity through all age and gender subgroups. Aspects of anxiety, temperament, and behavioural symptoms contributed, but differently for different subgroups and at different levels of dental fear. Conclusions., Among older children and adolescents, DF deserves to be re-established as the single most important discriminating variable for DBMP at clearly lower scores than commonly used. Further research should focus on the different patterns of DBMP development, considering various personal characteristics that may trigger, maintain, or exacerbate young patients' vulnerability to DF and DBMP. [source] Early childhood temperament in Pediatric bipolar disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorderJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 4 2008Amy E. West Abstract Recent theories suggest that children with pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD) may exhibit more difficult temperaments premorbidly, including traits such as behavioral disinhibition and difficulty with emotion regulation. We investigated temperament characteristics retrospectively during infancy and toddlerhood in subjects with PBD (n=25), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; n=25), and healthy controls (n=25). Children with PBD were reported to experience increased difficult temperament in both infancy and toddlerhood compared to children with ADHD. Several characteristics of difficult temperament were associated with residual symptoms of mania and depression. Difficult premorbid temperament characteristics may be a specific indicator of a bipolar diathesis, or might signal underlying dysfunction in affective processes that significantly increase risk for a mood disorder. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 64:1,20, 2008. [source] Self-injury: A research review for the practitionerJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 11 2007E. David Klonsky Non-suicidal self-injury is the intentional destruction of body tissue without suicidal intent and for purposes not socially sanctioned. In this practice-friendly review, the authors summarize the empirical research on who self-injures, why people self-injure, and what treatments have demonstrated effectiveness. Self-injury is more common in adolescents and young adults as compared to adults. Common forms include cutting, severe scratching, burning, and banging or hitting; most individuals who self-injure have used more than one method. Although diagnostically heterogeneous, self-injurers typically exhibit two prominent characteristics: negative emotionality and self-derogation. Self-injury is most often performed to temporarily alleviate intense negative emotions, but may also serve to express self-directed anger or disgust, influence or seek help from others, end periods of dissociation or depersonalization, and help resist suicidal thoughts. Psychotherapies that emphasize emotion regulation, functional assessment, and problem solving appear to be most effective in treating self-injury. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 63: 1045,1056, 2007. [source] Social-cognitive mediators of the relation of environmental and emotion regulation factors to children's aggressionAGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR, Issue 5 2004Dara R. Musher-Eizenman Abstract Tested a theoretical model in which social cognitions about aggression partially mediated the relation of environmental and emotion regulation factors to children's aggressive behavior. An ethnically diverse sample of 778 children (57% girls) in grades 4,6 from both urban and suburban schools participated. Measures included exposure to aggression (seeing/hearing about aggression, victimization), emotion regulation (impulsivity, anger control), social cognitions about aggression (self-evaluation, self-efficacy, retaliation approval, aggressive fantasizing, caring about consequences), and aggressive behavior. Results supported the hypothesis that social cognitions mediate the relations of exposure to aggression and anger control to aggressive behavior. Also, social cognitions about direct and indirect aggression differentially predicted the respective behaviors with which they are associated. That is, social cognitions about direct aggression were mediators of direct aggressive behavior, whereas social cognitions about indirect aggression were mediators of indirect aggressive behavior. Finally, gender moderated the relations among the variables such that for girls, retaliation approval beliefs were a strong mediator, whereas for boys, self-evaluation was more important. Aggr. Behav. 30:389,408, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] An aggression machine v. determinants in reactive aggression revisitedAGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR, Issue 6 2001Petri Juujärvi Abstract The relations between reactive aggression, situational cues, and emotion regulation were examined by means of the Pulkkinen Aggression Machine (PAM) task. In the PAM, provocation and response were systematically varied under two conditions: the impulsive aggression condition and the controlled aggression condition. In the impulsive condition, no information about the attacker was provided, while in the controlled condition the attackers were specified in terms of sex, age, and physical strength. The task was administered to 109 children aged 8 to 13 years. Boys (n = 61) and girls (n = 48), as well as subgroups of Adjusted (n = 67) and Maladjusted (n = 26) children were compared. The results confirmed earlier findings showing that there is a strong relationship between attack and response intensity. However, this relationship was consistently modified by the effects of situation and personality-related variables. This meant that, while for the impulsive condition response intensity was closely tied to stimulus intensity, in the controlled condition this effect was modulated by the characteristics of the opponent: the more equal the opponent the stronger the retaliations displayed. The Maladjusted children reacted more intensively in the impulsive condition and to minor provocation in the controlled condition than the Adjusted children. This suggests that the intensity of the elicited aggression in the Maladjusted group was particularly dependent on contextual rather than internal control. Aggr. Behav. 27:430,445, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Attachment organization, emotion regulation, and expectations of support in a clinical sample of women with childhood abuse historiesJOURNAL OF TRAUMATIC STRESS, Issue 3 2008Marylene Cloitre Despite the consistent documentation of an association between compromised attachment and clinical disorders, there are few empirical studies exploring factors that may mediate this relationship. This study evaluated the potential roles of emotion regulation and social support expectations in linking adult attachment classification and psychiatric impairment in 109 women with a history of childhood abuse and a variety of diagnosed psychiatric disorders. Path analysis confirmed that insecure attachment was associated with psychiatric impairment through the pathways of poor emotion regulation capacities and diminished expectations of support. Results suggest the relevance of attachment theory in understanding the myriad psychiatric outcomes associated with childhood maltreatment and in particular, the focal roles that emotion regulation and interpersonal expectations may play. [source] Adaptive coping under conditions of extreme stress: Multilevel influences on the determinants of resilience in maltreated childrenNEW DIRECTIONS FOR CHILD & ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT, Issue 124 2009Dante Cicchetti The study of resilience in maltreated children reveals the possibility of coping processes and resources on multiple levels of analysis as children strive to adapt under conditions of severe stress. In a maltreating context, aspects of self-organization, including self-esteem, self-reliance, emotion regulation, and adaptable yet reserved personalities, appear particularly important for more competent coping. Moreover, individual differences in biological processes ranging from gene by environment interactions to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to brain organization related to emotion also are shown to influence the resilience in maltreated youth, highlighting the multifaceted contributions to successful coping. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||