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Effective Programmes (effective + programme)
Selected AbstractsCessation in the use of tobacco , pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic routines in patientsTHE CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL, Issue 1 2008Petter Quist-Paulsen Abstract Introduction:, Approximately one-third of the adult population in industrial countries and 70% in several Asian countries are daily smokers. Tobacco is now regarded as the world's leading cause of death. Approximately two-thirds of lifelong smokers eventually die because of smoking. Smoking cessation is the most effective action to reduce mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and coronary heart disease. Objective:, The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of smoking cessation programmes in patients with smoking-related disorders. Methods:, Medline was searched for studies of interventions for smoking cessation in patients. Results:, In patients with cardiovascular diseases and COPD, smoking cessation programmes with behavioural support over several months significantly increase quit rates. The intensity of the programmes seems to be proportional to the effect. A long follow-up period is probably the most important element in the programmes. Even the most intensive programmes are very cost-effective in terms of cost per life-year gained. Effective programmes can be delivered by personnel without special education in smoking cessation using simple intervention principles. Conclusions:, In patients with smoking-related disorders, smoking cessation interventions with several months of follow-up are effective and easily applicable in clinical practice. Wider implementation of such programmes would be a cost-effective way of saving lives. Please cite this paper as: Quist-Paulsen P. Cessation in the use of tobacco , pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic routines in patients. The Clinical Respiratory Journal 2008; 2: 4,10. [source] Mixed method approaches to the investigation and mapping of buried Quaternary deposits: examples from southern EnglandARCHAEOLOGICAL PROSPECTION, Issue 2 2007Martin R. Bates Abstract The lower reaches of major river valleys usually present archaeologists with considerable problems where thick sequences of stratified alluvium bury archaeology. These situations are typical of the lower reaches of major river systems that are currently under intense pressure from urban development where the archaeological resource is consequently at risk. Here we demonstrate how mixed method approaches, utilizing a range of borehole methods, cone penetration testing and surface and subsurface geophysics coupled with microfossil assessment (Foraminifera/Ostracoda), can be used to model these deposits and predict locations and depths at which important archaeological remains may be located. The novelty of this approach is not in the application of individual techniques to the problem but in the combined methodology, which enables a structured and cost effective programme of works to be formulated and provides the best chance to understand the subsurface. Although this approach has been developed to facilitate the location of archaeological sites buried at depth within the route corridor of development projects it is also suitable for locating fossil-bearing sequences and mapping stratigraphical units in Quaternary science. We demonstrate the approach using two examples from southern England. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Drug prevention programmes for young people: where have we been and where should we be going?ADDICTION, Issue 10 2010Richard Midford ABSTRACT Aim Substance use by young people has long been a concern of western society, but opinion is mixed as to which prevention approach offers the greatest benefit, and whether indeed there is any benefit at all. This paper reviews the nature of prevention programmes, the research evidence that underpins these programmes and the prevention objectives against which effectiveness is measured. The aim of this is to create better understanding of the elements that maximize programme effectiveness, what can be achieved by prevention programmes and how programmes can be improved. Findings There is a range of prevention approaches for which there is evidence of effectiveness. Some are classroom-based; some focus upon parenting; some have substantial whole-of-school and community elements; and some target risk and protective factors in early childhood. All, however, are based substantially on the social influence model. In an attempt to improve practice lists of effective programmes have been developed, but there are concerns about the science behind selection. On balance, there is consistent evidence that social influence prevention programmes do have a small, positive effect on drug use, but this then raises the question as to whether harm, rather than use, would be the more worthwhile target for prevention. Prevention that seeks to reduce harm has been demonstrably effective, but has found little support in some jurisdictions. Conclusion Research has created a progressively better understanding of how to optimize programme effectiveness and what can be achieved realistically by even the most effective programmes. However, further research is required to identify which, if any, particular approach offers greater promise. The effectiveness of harm reduction should be compared with more traditional abstinence and the additional effects of whole of school, parent and community elements need to be measured more accurately. Contemporary social influence prevention programmes are flawed, but the approach is still the best way of influencing drug use behaviour in young people as a whole. Evidence-based refinement is the best option for greater benefit. [source] Primary prevention of eating disorders: characteristics of effective programmes and how to bring them to broader disseminationEUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW, Issue 3 2008Uwe Berger Abstract Objective Based upon the observation of advances in the primary prevention of eating disorders (ED), it is summarized that school-based programmes, focusing on risk factors for females with interactive elements, dissonance induction and booster sessions yield significant effects even under strong methodological conditions. However, beyond the presented research findings it remains often unclear, if and how programmes can be brought to a broader dissemination within a community, region or country. Method Introducing the programme PriMa (German school-based programme for the primary prevention of anorexia nervosa (AN) for girls up to the age of 12), we describe the process of programme evaluation (including 1.006 girls from 42 schools in Thuringia, Germany, who participated in a controlled study using a pre-post-design and a 3 months follow-up), programme implementation and development of follow-up programmes, including an intervention for boys and flanking secondary preventive actions (such as a telephone hotline). Results Using standardized measures, the girls in the intervention group of PriMa reported significant improvements in body self esteem, figure dissatisfaction, knowledge and eating attitudes. The teachers, who conducted the programme, felt well qualified and were evaluated significantly positive by their students. Based upon the PriMa evaluation, we established a comprehensive health promotion programme at 60 Thuringian schools within the last 3 years, which could function as a model of a fruitful cooperation between a governmental institution (Thuringian Ministry of Culture) and a research institution (University Hospital Jena). Conclusions Existing programmes have the potential for effective prevention of ED. To confirm these effects under ,real world conditions' within a given community will still be a great challenge that often requires methodological and organizational concessions and compromises. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association. [source] Significantly lower rate of smoking in female compared to male patients with lung adenocarcinomaEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CANCER CARE, Issue 3 2003Y. AKAZAWA To examine the relationship between smoking and lung adenocarcinoma in female patients, we performed a retrospective chart review for 470 patients with lung adenocarcinoma at our hospital. The proportions of non-smokers were higher in female patients than those of male patients. A significant difference in smoking history was found between female and male patients. Not only active smoking but also passive smoking may influence the development of female lung adenocarcinoma, which reinforces the need for effective programmes aimed refraining from smoking and cessation among men as well as women. [source] Prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV infection in Pacific countriesINTERNAL MEDICINE JOURNAL, Issue 4 2007P. Rupali Abstract Introduction: A generalized epidemic of HIV infection has been evolving in Papua New Guinea over the last decade, whereas in other Pacific Island countries and territories (PICT) HIV transmission has generally been less widespread. Programmes to detect HIV infection in pregnant women and to prevent mother to child transmission (MTCT) during either delivery or breast-feeding can decrease the incidence of infection in infants. The limited health infrastructure present in some PICT may delay the implementation of effective programmes to decrease MTCT of HIV. Methods: We used a standardized questionnaire to survey health-care providers in 22 PICT for information on the epidemiology of HIV infection and strategies used during 2004 to prevent MTCT of HIV infection in their country. We supplemented these survey responses with data obtained from regional organizations supporting national responses to HIV. Results: We obtained responses from 21 PICT. The reported prevalence of known HIV infection was >150 per 100 000 persons in Papua New Guinea, approximately 100 per 100 000 persons in French Polynesia, Guam, New Caledonia and Tuvalu and <50 per 100 000 persons in the remaining 14 PICT. Other than in Papua New Guinea, where an estimated 500 pregnant women had HIV infection diagnosed in 2004, reported HIV infection among pregnant women was rare. Ten PICT reported that an HIV antibody test was offered as a routine component of antenatal care and 11 reported that antiretroviral medications were available for the prevention of MTCT of HIV infection. Conclusion: The prevalence of HIV infection differs greatly between PICT with a varying risk of MTCT of HIV infection. Successful prevention of MTCT of HIV infection throughout the PICT will require improved uptake of antenatal HIV antibody testing and better access to antiretroviral medications. [source] Identifying and implementing prevention programmes for childhood mental health problemsJOURNAL OF PAEDIATRICS AND CHILD HEALTH, Issue 12 2007Femke Giesen Abstract: A substantial number of children and adolescents in Australia have mental health problems. This review provides guidance to service providers for selecting prevention programmes designed to reduce mental health problems experienced by children. It addresses three issues. First, it highlights the importance of utilising programmes that focus on risk and protective factors which have a causal relationship with mental health problems. Second, it describes approaches that can be used to assess the quality of programme evaluations, and identifies common characteristics of more effective programmes. Finally, it identifies general factors which influence the uptake of innovations, such as new prevention programmes, in health services. These features include, for example, compatibility with potential providers' values, norms and perceived needs, and some flexibility which allows potential providers to adapt programmes to suit their specific needs and context. Addressing these general issues is important to maximise the uptake of effective new prevention programmes. [source] Effective Practice in Probation: An Example of ,Advanced Liberal' Responsibilisation?THE HOWARD JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE, Issue 1 2002Hazel Kemshall This article argues that the dominant emphasis upon effective practice in probation work, particularly the emergence of effective programmes can be understood as an example of a key mechanism of social control in advanced liberal societies. Utilising Rose's concept of ,responsibilisation' the article examines the role of effective programmes in the emerging social policy agenda of citizen re-moralisation, responsibilisation and inclusion exemplified in late modern advanced liberal welfare states. The article concludes that the embracement of effective programmes has reconstituted the probation service as a key agency in the social control and exclusion of those citizens deemed ,intransigent' or ,irresponsible', thus assisting in the demarcation of those who can play a full role in the welfare society from those who cannot. 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