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Effective Instrument (effective + instrument)
Selected AbstractsEnvironmental liability and accident prevention: preliminary experiences in Germany,ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND GOVERNANCE, Issue 6 2001Reimund Schwarze Strict environmental liability, in conjunction with improved environmental liability insurance, proves to be an effective instrument to tackle environmental risks of industrial installations. This paper examines the experience with the Environmental Liability Act and Environmental Liability Insurance in Germany. It rebuts the widespread criticism of the preventive effect of the Act and considers the actual changes in the number of environmental accidents in Germany. The picture that emerges from this study is that the Act seems to have a measurable preventive effect from 1993 onwards, the year in which the new environmental liability policy was introduced. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. [source] Reinstatement of Controls at the Internal Borders of Europe: Why and Against Whom?EUROPEAN LAW JOURNAL, Issue 2 2004Kees Groenendijk The actual use of this power may tell us about the functions of border controls. This article analyses on which occasions the governments of the Schengen states did actually use this power after 1995, and what is known about the effects of those temporary controls. It appears that the actual use varied considerably in time and between the Member States. In most cases the temporary controls aimed not at reducing illegal immigration or preventing serious crimes, but at the protection of meetings of political leaders. The individuals checked or stopped at the borders are predominantly union citizens, not third-country nationals. It is contended that the controls at land borders are not considered as an effective instrument of crime or immigration control. They may have a highly symbolic function: showing the public that the state is protecting its citizens against undesired events. [source] Surgical pearl: tissue forceps as a simple and effective instrument for treating skin tagsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 5 2006Consultant Dermatologist, Muhammed Mukhtar MD Skin tags are one of the most common, benign, disfiguring tumors on the flexural aspects of the body of advanced aged and obese people, with higher incidences in females. Various treatment modalities have been advocated for the tags. Even a simple, noninvasive and fast cryotechnique requires approximately 1,3 min for a single skin tag. To hasten the treatment of the tags, tissue forceps have been used as an effective, fast, simple instrument. By utilizing the tissue forceps, 37 skin tags at different parts of body have been treated successfully without cosmetic defects or recurrences at the sites. [source] Relevance of Web documents: Ghosts consensus methodJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 10 2002Andrey L. Gorbunov The dominant method currently used to improve the quality of Internet search systems is often called "digital democracy." Such an approach implies the utilization of the majority opinion of Internet users to determine the most relevant documents: for example, citation index usage for sorting of search results (google.com) or an enrichment of a query with terms that are asked frequently in relation with the query's theme. "Digital democracy" is an effective instrument in many cases, but it has an unavoidable shortcoming, which is a matter of principle: the average intellectual and cultural level of Internet users is very low,everyone knows what kind of information is dominant in Internet query statistics. Therefore, when one searches the Internet by means of "digital democracy" systems, one gets answers that reflect an underlying assumption that the user's mind potential is very low, and that his cultural interests are not demanding. Thus, it is more correct to use the term "digital ochlocracy" to refer to Internet search systems with "digital democracy." Based on the well-known mathematical mechanism of linear programming, we propose a method to solve the indicated problem. [source] Myth and mobilisation: the triadic structure of nationalist rhetoricNATIONS AND NATIONALISM, Issue 2 2001Matthew Levinger Drawing on the theory of collective action frames, this essay analyses the use of images of a primordial ,golden age' in the rhetoric of national mobilisation. Such idealised images of the past, juxtaposed with exaggerated depictions of a degraded present and a utopian future condition, constitute a rhetorical triad that is an effective instrument for motivating mass political movements. The model developed here emphasises the links between identity formation and political mobilisation, analysing how narratives of communal decline and redemption play a central role in defining the agendas of nationalist movements. [source] An evaluation of an aggression management training program to cope with workplace violence in the healthcare sectorRESEARCH IN NURSING & HEALTH, Issue 4 2008Janneke K. Oostrom Abstract Workplace violence is a major occupational hazard for healthcare workers, generating a need for effective intervention programs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an aggression management training program. The evaluation design was based on the internal referencing strategy, an unobtrusive and applicable evaluation method that rules out some major threats to internal validity without the need for a control group. On three occasions, training participants completed a questionnaire containing experimental and control variables. As hypothesized, there was a significant improvement in the experimental variables that was larger than the non-significant change in the control variable. We conclude that aggression management training may be an effective instrument in the fight against workplace violence. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 31:320,328, 2008 [source] Public Service Neutrality in Hong Kong: Problems and ProspectsAUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, Issue 2009Chor-yung Cheung Before 2002, Hong Kong's higher civil servants were required to play the dual role of quasi-ministers and civil servants. In such a context, can we make sense of the claim that Hong Kong's civil service has all along been politically neutral? What role has neutrality played in the governance of Hong Kong? Informed by Kernaghan's model of political neutrality and Oakeshott's idea of civil association, this article argues that the public service should not be regarded solely as an effective instrument of the government in power. In conclusion, this article proposes some institutional measures to strengthen the neutrality of the public service in Hong Kong and argues that properly understanding this will help prevent excessive or illegitimate partisan political power. [source] Union Mobilization: A Consideration of the Factors Affecting the Willingness of Union Members to Take Industrial ActionBRITISH JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS, Issue 2 2008Donna M. Buttigieg Drawing on mobilization theory, this article seeks to identify the factors that shape the willingness of union members to take industrial action. The study utilized data from a large-scale survey (N = 1,111) carried out in a financial services union during the renegotiation of a collective bargaining contract. The results suggested that individuals were more willing to engage in industrial action when they experienced a sense of injustice or unfairness in the employment relationship and when they held a collectivist orientation to work. Moreover, their propensity to take industrial action was greater when they considered that their union was an effective instrument of power. Workplace representatives were also important, particularly when they were seen as being responsive to their members' needs in situations of perceived injustice. The implications for mobilization theory and for union strategy are discussed. [source] | ||||||||||||||||